Decolourization and detoxification of Reactive Red-195 azo dye by Staphylococcus caprae isolated from textile effluent.

Azo dyes are used as coloring agent in textile industries at larger scale. As a result, large quantity of dye-enriched waste water is generated which subsequently poses environmental problems. Biological tool involving bacteria having azoreductase enzyme has proved to be more effective and efficient in dye effluent treatment. Current work focuses on Staphylococcus caprae (S. caprae) for degradation and decolorization of Reactive Red-195 (RR-195) azo dye. For this purpose, factors such as pH, temperature, inoculums, carbon and nitrogen sources, and dye concentrations have been optimized for maximum decolorization and degradation. S. caprae (4 mg/mL) efficiently resulted into 90% decolorization of RR-195 dye under static condition at 100 µg/mL concentration, 30 °C and pH 7.0 at a 12-h contact period. FTIR analysis has revealed the formation of new functional groups in the treated dye such as O-H stretch at 3370 cm-1, C-H band stretching at 2928 cm-1, and new band at 1608 cm-1 which specify the degradation of aromatic ring, 1382 and 1118 cm-1 represents desulfonated peaks. Biodegraded metabolites of RR-195 dye such as phenol, 3, 5-di-tert-butylphenol, and phthalic acid have been identified respectively that find industrial applications. Phytotoxicity test has shown non-toxic effects of treated dye on germination of Vigna radiata and Triticum aestivum seeds. Further, antibiotic diffusion assay has confirmed the biosafety of S. caprae.

Biodegradation of Reactive Yellow-145 azo dye using bacterial consortium: A deterministic analysis based on degradable Metabolite, phytotoxicity and genotoxicity study.

Azo dyes are used at larger-scale as coloring agent in the textile industry. It generates a huge amount of dye containing wastewater and its toxicity threatens all kinds of life and also impacts human beings. At present, more impetus is being given to the biological treatment of dye effluent because of its azoreductase enzyme action to break down azo bond which leads to decolorization and degradation of dye. Bacterial consortium of E. asburiae and E. cloacae (1:1 ratio) was used for degradation and decolorization of Reactive Yellow-145 (RY-145) dye. The optimization of dye concentration, temperature, pH, and media has been carried out to determine the conditions required for maximum degradation and decolorization. The mixed consortium (10%) has shown 98.78% decolorization of RY-145 dye under static condition at 500 mgL-1 concentration, 35 °C and pH 7.0 at 12 h contact period. FTIR analysis showed formation of new functional groups in the treated dye, such as O-H stretch at 1361 cm-1, C-H stretch at 890 cm-1, N-H stretch at 1598 cm-1 and aromatic C-H at 671 cm-1 revealing degradation of dye. Biodegraded metabolites of RY-145 dye were identified through GC-MS analysis that includes 2-Cyclohexen-1-ol, 5-Nitroso-2, 4, 6-triaminopyrimidine, Octahydroquinoline-9-hydroxyperoxide, Tetramethyl-2-hexadecen-1-ol, 9-Octadecanoic acid, methyl ester and Hexadecanoic acid, methyl ester, respectively which have industrial applications. Cyclohexane was used in gasoline and adhesive while Octahydroquinoline-9-hydroxyperoxide and 5-Nitroso-2, 4, 6-triaminopyrimidine were used in manufacturing drugs. Tetramethyl-2-hexadecen-1-ol, 9-Octadecanoic acid, methyl ester and Hexadecanoic acid, methyl ester are antimicrobial and antioxidant. Phytotoxicity test also showed non-toxic effects of treated dye on germination of Cicer arietinum and Vigna radiata seeds. Similarly, genotoxicity study indicated less toxic effects of biodegraded dye products on Mitotic index (MI) and cell division of Allium cepa.

Identification of genes involved in phosphate solubilization and drought stress tolerance in chickpea symbiont Mesorhizobium ciceri Ca181.

Chickpea plant root colonizing bacteria Mesorhizobium ciceri Ca181 promotes plant growth and development through symbiotic association with root nodules. The potentially beneficial effects on plants generated due to this bacterium are mineral nutrient solubilization, abiotic stress tolerance, and nitrogen-fixation, though the molecular mechanisms underlying these probiotic capacities are still largely unknown. Hence, this study aims to describe the molecular mechanism of M. ciceri Ca181 in drought stress tolerance and phosphorus solubilization. Here we have developed the transposon inserted mutant library of strain Ca181 and further screened it to identify the phosphorous solubilization and PEG-induced drought stress tolerance defective mutants, respectively. Resultantly, a total of four and three mutants for phosphorous solubilization and drought stress tolerance were screened and identified. Consequently, Southern blot confirmation was done for the cross verification of insertions and stability in the genome. Through the sequencing of each mutant, the interrupted gene was confirmed, and the finding revealed that the production of gluconic acid is necessary for phosphorus solubilization, while otsA, Auc, and Usp genes were involved in the mechanism of drought stress tolerance in M. ciceri Ca181.

Insight in the transcriptome data of hairy root disease-causing bacterium-Agrobacterium rhizogenes.

Agrobacterium rhizogenes induce the production of the hairy root through the transformation of plant genomes. In this article, we executed the transcriptome of A. rhizogenes through RNA-sequencing. RNA-sequencing of A. rhizogenes generated a total of 2.6 Gb raw data with a 75 bp paired-end sequence. The raw data has been submitted to the SRA database of NCBI with accession number SRR5641651. Reads were generated 2946 unigenes and all unigenes were annotated in the database. The length of transcripts ranged from 90 to 6369 bp, with a median transcript length of 968. The transcripts were annotated through the number of databases to obtain information about SSRs, SNPs, Gene Ontology, Transcription factors, and pathways analysis .

Assessment of molecular diversity in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) rhizobia and structural analysis of 16S rDNA sequences from Mesorhizobium ciceri.

Molecular diversity studies of 19 rhizobia isolates from chickpea were conducted using simple sequence repeats (SSR) and 16S rDNA-RFLP markers. Phenotypic characterization with special reference to salinity and pH tolerance was performed. These isolates were identified as different strains of Mesorhizobium, Rhizobium, Bradyrhizobium, and Agrobacterium. Twenty SSR loci of Mesorhizobium ciceri, distributed across the other rhizobial genome, clearly differentiated 19 rhizobial isolates. Analogous clustering supported the results of 16S rDNA sequence-based phylogeny. Analysis of the 16S rDNA sequences from M. ciceri strains revealed that nucleotide variables (signature sites) were located at 20 different positions; most of them were present in the first 820 bp region from 5' terminal. Interestingly, 14 signature sites were located in two main regions, the variable region V1 (nt 527-584), and variable region V2 (nt 754-813). The secondary structure and minimal free energy were determined in these two regions. These results will be useful in characterizing the micro-evolutionary mechanisms of species formation and increase understanding of the symbiotic relationship.

Effect of arsenic contaminated drinking water on human chromosome: a case study.

Arsenic contamination of ground water has become a serious problem all over the world. Large number of people from Uttar Pradesh, Bihar and West Bengal of India are suffering due to consumption of arsenic contaminated drinking water. Study was carried out on 30 individuals residing in Ballia District, UP where the maximum concentration of arsenic was observed around 0.37 ppm in drinking water. Blood samples were collected from them to find out the problem related with arsenic. Cytogenetic study of the blood samples indicates that out of 30, two persons developed Klinefelter syndrome.

Study of Ni uptake and its compartmentalization in Ni(r), Pd(r) and Ni(s)/ Pd(s) strain of Nostoc muscorum.

A Ni(r)20 and its analog Pd(r)20 mutant strain was obtained from its Ni(s)/Pd(s) (nickel and palladium sensitive) strain of Nostoc muscorum. Ni(r)20 and Pd(r)20 mutant strain of Nostoc muscorum was resistant to 20 microM Ni and Pd. Ni uptake was observed in Ni(s)/Pd(s), Ni(r)20 and Pd(r)20 mutant strain of Nostoc muscorum by treating with 120 microM Ni saturating concentration. Ni uptake was two fold more in Ni(r)20 cells (31.0 nmol microg(-1) protein) than the Ni(s) cells, however Pd(r)20 strain took less Ni (9.31 nmol microg(-1) protein). Phosphate uptake was also investigated to determine the poly phosphate synthesis. The cells of Ni(s)/ Pd(s), Ni(r)20 and Pd(r)20 strain were treated for four hours in 2mM K2HPO4 exposure. Phosphate uptake in Ni(r)20 strain was 1.8 fold more over Ni(s)/Pd(s), and was least in Pd(r)20 strain. Polyphosphate level was determined to better understand the Ni transport in Ni(s), Ni(r)20, Pd(r)20 strain. Polyp level was increased two fold in Ni(r) strain and least in Pd(r) strain followed by Ni(s) strain. Results based on the Ni distribution pattern in Ni(s), Ni(r)20, Pd(r)20 are the evidence that poly p is the main metal sink.

Fe(II) speciation and its uptake by free and immobilized cells of Pseudomonas fluorescens from industrial waste water.

Studies are carried out to remove Fe(II) from wastewater using free and immobilized cells of Pseudomonas fluorescens. Experiments are carried out with free cells between 6 and 8 pH and the uptake of Fe(II) is observed to be maximum at pH 7. Further experiments are done at pH 7. Studies with free and immobilized cells revealed that immobilized cells are more efficient for the removal of Fe(II) than free cells. Fe(II) uptake with Pseudomonas fluorescens is also investigated after the addition of NaCl and MgCl2 to the cells. It is found that the uptake has increased when Sodium chloride (NaCl) and Magnesium Chloride (MgCl2) mixed cells are used. Effect of deficiency of nutrients is also studied. It is found that glucose deficient conditions inhibit Fe(II) uptake more than yeast extract deficient ones. pH also plays an important role in the transport of Fe(II) across the membrane of the cells.