Effects of water restriction and dirt on grooming behavior in neotropical rodents (Trinomys setosus and T. yonenagae) (Echimyidae).

Grooming in rodents presents an evolutionarily conserved behavioral pattern that may cause water loss since saliva is deposited during washing onto large body surfaces. Trinomys yonenagae and Trinomys setosus are sister species of spiny rats occurring in Brazil, the former inhabiting a paleodesert of fixed dunes in the Caatinga, the latter being found in mesic environments of the Atlantic Forest. Consequently, it is expected that both species evolved under different selective pressures related to water balance, with T. yonenagae presenting mechanisms for dealing with water deprivation not found in T. setosus. Reduction of self-cleaning expression seems to offer a possible way to save water, as previously suggested by studies of the sand-dwelling spiny rat. Therefore, we propose to investigate grooming under four conditions: 'control' (C), a regimen of 'water restriction' (WR), of 'dirt' (D), and the combination of both conflicting stimuli (WR + D), in T. setosus, T. yonenagae, and Rattus norvegicus to compare the behavioral responses of these species. The main differences are observed in the forest dweller: T. setosus expresses a low relative duration of face washing under C, whose value is intermediate between the ones found in the two other species. WR treatment does not alter this pattern, however, the addition of dirt (D, WR + D) significantly increases the relative duration of washing in relation to C. Locomotor activity is decreased both in T. setosus and Wistar rats when they are under WR, a situation that could jeopardize antipredatory performance. T. yonenagae, the sand dweller, maintains a significantly lower expression of washing under C, as previously suggested, and under WR, D and WR + D. In addition, differently from the other two species the sand dweller maintains a normal activity level during all treatments. This study suggests differences in grooming as a strategy alluding to water balance by the two spiny rats inhabiting different ecosystems. A significantly clear pattern that saves water is observed in T. yonenagae, which probably has contributed to his evolution in one of the hottest semiarid areas of the world.

Quo vadis? Career of Brazilian ethologists earning a doctoral degree in 2010 / Quo vadis? A carreira dos Etólogos no Brasil que obtiveram seu título de Doutor em 2010

Fifty two doctors (22 male, 30 female) got a degree in Ethology in 2010, according to a previous study; 46 curricula vitae (21 male, 25 female), 88% of the initial group, provided career information at Plataforma Lattes database during a life-span of six years. Employability was high, at least 90% for both sexes. 48% of doctors work at the public sector, holding stable jobs; 40% are professors at public universities. Fellowships provide 10 positions (19%), and the private sector nine jobs (17%); mostly at private universities (15%). Men occupy the majority of positions at public universities (14 of 21, representing 67%), while most women are holding positions at the private sector or as public servants outside professorship (nine out of 13, corresponding to 69%). 70% of fellowship holders are women. 96% advised or are advising academic works. 89% of all are co-authors of at least one peer-reviewed article: a total of 366 reports (male= 166, female= 170; 61 articles.year-1; 1.5 article.year-1.doctor-1). 56% of doctors graduate at Institutions located in the Southeast region, where most graduation programs are. A clear regional transference of doctors is observed when employment is considered, in this case the participation of the Southeast region shrinks to 30%. This indicates a role played by the Southeast region as disseminator of animal behavior knowledge within Brazil. This opens the possibility of an equitable relationship among regions in Brazil concerning higher education in Ethology. It is foreseen a positive effect upon the knowledge of the particular fauna of Brazilian regions, diverse and numerous, and mostly unknown from the ethological point of view. In our sample women are in slightly greater number than men, and are involved in mentoring and publishing, as well as men. Most females holding doctorate in Ethology work in less stable jobs (at private institutions or holding temporary fellowships) and probably endure less favorable conditions regarding research and remuneration. Not surprisingly this is the scenario seen in 30 out of 35 countries of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development community, including in countries like USA and Germany. So it is not enough just to support accessibility; special attention should be given to assure fair working conditions for all. Our data also show a favorable scenario for Ethology in Brazil, mostly associated with the public educational system that is tuition-free and dependent of governmental resources. Recent governmental cutbacks for Science and Technology may curb further expansion of Ethology in Brazil

Cinquenta e dois doutores(as) (22 masculino, 30 feminino) defenderam teses em Etologia em 2010, de acordo com um estudo prévio; 46 curricula vitae (21 masculino, 25 feminino), 88% do grupo inicial, forneceram informações a partir de consulta à base de dados da Plataforma Lattes, durante seis anos. A empregabilidade foi alta, de pelo menos 90% para ambos os sexos. 48% dos doutores(as) trabalham no setor público, e têm empregos estáveis; 40% são professores(as) em universidades públicas. Dez posições são ocupadas por bolsistas (19%), e o setor privado é responsável por nove empregos (17%); a maioria deles em universidades privadas (15%). Homens ocupam a maioria das posições nas universidades públicas (14 de 21, representando 67%), enquanto que a maioria das mulheres tem posição no setor privado ou são servidoras públicas não docentes (nove de 13, correspondendo a 69%). Setenta por cento dos pesquisadores bolsistas são mulheres. 96% supervisionaram ou estão supervisando trabalhos acadêmicos. A maioria (89%) é coautor(a) de pelo menos um artigo peer-reviwed: um total de 366 publicações (masculino= 166, feminino= 170; 61 artigos.ano-1; 1,5 artigos.ano-1.autor-1). 56% dos doutores fizeram Pós Graduação em Instituições do sudeste brasileiro, onde a maioria dos programas de Pós Graduação está situada. Observa-se uma clara transferência regional de doutores quando se considera os empregos ocupados, nesse caso a participação do sudeste se reduz a 30%. Este dado indica que o sudeste pode ser considerado um disseminador de conhecimentos sobre comportamento animal dentro do Brasil. É possível se antever um futuro de relações de maior igualdade entre as regiões brasileiras em relação ao ensino superior de Etologia. Efeitos positivos são previstos com relação ao conhecimento de faunas muito particulares das regiões brasileiras, que são diversas e numerosas, além de majoritariamente pouco conhecidas do ponto de vista etológico. Na presente amostra as mulheres estão ligeiramente mais representadas em número do que os homens, e estão envolvidas em atividades de orientação e publicação, tanto quanto os homens. Entretanto, a maioria das doutoras trabalha em empregos menos estáveis (em instituições privadas ou como bolsistas temporárias), e provavelmente convivem com condições menos favoráveis tanto com relação à pesquisa e à remuneração. Não surpreendentemente este é o cenário visto em 30 dos 35 países da Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, inclusive em países como os Estados Unidos e a Alemanha. Não é suficiente, portanto, aumentar a acessibilidade; atenção especial deve ser dispensada de maneira a assegurar condições adequadas de trabalho para todos(as). Os dados também mostram um cenário favorável para a Etologia no Brasil, principalmente no sistema público de educação, que é isento de taxas e dependente de fundos governamentais. Cortes recentes no orçamento governamental da Ciência e Tecnologia podem interferir com a continuidade da expansão da Etologia no Brasil