ABSTRACT
Bacteria are ideal anticancer agents and carriers due to their unique capabilities that are convenient in genetic manipulation, tumor-specific targeting, and deep-tissue penetration. However, the specific molecular mechanisms of bacteria-mediated cancer therapy (BMCT) have not been clarified. In this study, we found that TLR4 signaling pathway is critical for Salmonella-mediated tumor targeting, tumor suppression, and liver and spleen protection. TLR4 knockout in mice decreased the levels of cytokines and chemokines, such as S100a8, S100a9, TNF-α, and IL-1ß, in tumor microenvironments (TMEs) after Salmonella treatment, which inhibited tumor cell death and nutrient release, led to reduced bacterial contents in tumors and attenuated antitumor efficacy in a negative feedback manner. Importantly, we found that S100a8 and S100a9 played a leading role in Salmonella-mediated cancer therapy (SMCT). The antitumor efficacy was abrogated and liver damage was prominent when blocked with a specific inhibitor. These findings elucidated the mechanism of Salmonella-mediated tumor targeting, suppression, and host antibacterial defense, providing insights into clinical cancer therapeutics.
ABSTRACT
Histone methylation is a key epigenetic modification that regulates the chromatin structure and gene expression for proper cellular and physiological processes. Aberrant histone methylation patterns are implicated in many diseases. Therefore, monitoring histone methylation dynamics in living cells and species is essential for elucidating its regulatory mechanisms and identifying potential therapeutic targets. However, current methods for detecting histone methylation are limited by their low sensitivity and specificity. To overcome this challenge, we have developed a genetically encoded biosensor named Phaser-Trim (Phase separation based genetically encoded reporter for H3K9 Trimethylation) to detect the dynamic changes of H3K9me3 in living cells and species through the generation and disappearance of phase-separated droplets. Phaser-Trim demonstrates advantages of clear phenotypic characteristics, convenient operation, quantitative accuracy, biocompatibility, high specificity, and superior imaging performance with high signal-to-background ratio (SBR) for in vivo animal imaging. Using Phaser-Trim, we have successfully detected the dynamics of the H3K9me3 level during the differentiation of neural stem cells in Drosophila. Furthermore, Phaser-Trim also holds promise for application in high-throughput screening systems to facilitate the discovery of novel anticancer drugs.
Subject(s)
Histones , Histones/metabolism , Histones/chemistry , Animals , Methylation , Humans , Biosensing Techniques/methods , Neural Stem Cells/metabolism , Neural Stem Cells/cytology , Drosophila , Cell Differentiation , Phase SeparationABSTRACT
Lithium-sulfur (Li-S) batteries, recognized as one of the most promising next-generation energy storage systems, are still limited by the "shuttle effect" of soluble polysulfides (LiPSs) on the cathode and the uncontrolled growth of lithium dendrites on the anode. These issues are critical obstacles to their practical application. Currently, many researchers have addressed these challenges from a unilateral perspective. Herein, we propose bifunctional hosts based on high-entropy selenides (HE-Se) to simultaneously tackle the persistent problems on both the positive and negative electrodes of Li-S batteries. On the one hand, HE-Se interacts with polysulfides to promote their conversion, effectively mitigating the shuttle effect. On the other hand, HE-Se provides multiple lithophilic sites during the initial nucleation of Li+, which reduces overpotential and exhibits excellent lithophilicity and cyclic stability. As a result, Li-S batteries incorporating the HE-Se host demonstrate outstanding performance in terms of rate capability and cycling stability. Additionally, the porous lithophilic HE-Se structure offers sufficient nucleation sites, inhibits the growth of dendritic lithium, and accommodates volume changes during charging and discharging cycles. This study highlights the potential of sulphophilic/lithophilic high-entropy materials in designing advanced Li-S batteries and encourages further exploration in this area.
ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: Oxidative stress is strongly associated with atopic dermatitis (AD), and increased antioxidant intake could potentially reduce the risk of or alleviate its symptoms. However, the argument is disputed. Therefore, we conducted a Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis to explore the causal relationship between dietary antioxidant vitamin intake and AD. METHODS: We applied MR analysis to examine the causative association between dietary antioxidant vitamin intake (vitamin C, vitamin E, carotene, and retinol) and AD. The genome-wide association study (GWAS) summary data for antioxidant vitamins intake and AD were obtained from the IEU OpenGWAS database and the UK biobank. Our study consisted of two major parts, MR analysis to detect the causal relationship between exposure and outcome, and sensitivity analysis as supplemental evidence to verify the robustness of the results. RESULT: The results revealed a suggestive causal relationship between vitamin E intake and AD (p = 0.038, OR 95% CI = 0.745-0.992). However, there was no causal relationship between the other three vitamins (vitamin C, carotene, and retinol) and AD (p = 0.507, OR 95% CI = 0.826-1.099) (p = 0.890, OR 95% CI = 0.864-1.184) (p = 0.492, OR 95% CI = 0.893-1.264). None of the single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were detected as heterogeneous and pleiotropy in the sensitivity analysis (p > 0.05). CONCLUSION: The analysis suggested that dietary intake of vitamin E may potentially lower the risk of AD. Conversely, intake of vitamin C, retinol, and carotene is not causally related to AD. Although vitamin E intake could be protective against AD, intake of dietary antioxidant vitamins to prevent or treat AD is not necessary.
Subject(s)
Antioxidants , Dermatitis, Atopic , Genome-Wide Association Study , Mendelian Randomization Analysis , Humans , Dermatitis, Atopic/genetics , Dermatitis, Atopic/epidemiology , Antioxidants/administration & dosage , Vitamin E/administration & dosage , Vitamins/administration & dosage , Diet/adverse effects , Diet/statistics & numerical data , Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide , Vitamin A/administration & dosage , Dietary SupplementsABSTRACT
Homologous recombination deficiency (HRD) score is a reliable indicator of genomic instability. The significance of HRD in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC), particularly its influence on prognosis and the immune microenvironment, has yet to be adequately explored. Understanding HRD status comprehensively can offer valuable insights for guiding precision treatment. We utilised three cohorts to investigate HRD status in NPC: the Zhujiang cohort from local collection and the Hong Kong (SRA288429) and Singapore (SRP035573) cohorts from public datasets. The GATK (genome analysis toolkit) best practice process was employed to investigate germline and somatic BRCA1/2 mutations and various bioinformatics tools and algorithms to examine the association between HRD status and clinical molecular characteristics. We found that individuals with a negative HRD status (no-HRD) exhibited a higher risk of recurrence [hazard ratio (HR), 1.43; 95% confidence interval (CI), 2.03-333.76; p = 0.012] in the Zhujiang cohort, whereas, in the Singapore cohort, they experienced a higher risk of mortality (HR, 26.04; 95% CI, 1.43-34.21; p = 0.016) compared with those in the HRD group. In vitro experiments demonstrated that NPC cells with BRCA1 knockdown exhibit heightened sensitivity to chemoradiotherapy. Furthermore, the HRD group showed significantly higher tumour mutational burden and tumour neoantigen burden levels than the no-HRD group. Immune infiltration analysis indicated that HRD tissues tend to have a non-inflamed tumour microenvironment. In conclusion, patients with HRD exhibit a comparatively favourable prognosis in NPC, possibly associated with a non-inflammatory immune microenvironment. These findings have positive implications for treatment stratification, enabling the selection of more precise and effective therapeutic approaches and aiding in the prediction of treatment response and prognosis to a certain extent.
Subject(s)
BRCA1 Protein , Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma , Nasopharyngeal Neoplasms , Tumor Microenvironment , Humans , Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma/genetics , Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma/pathology , Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma/mortality , Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma/therapy , Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma/immunology , Male , Female , Nasopharyngeal Neoplasms/genetics , Nasopharyngeal Neoplasms/pathology , Nasopharyngeal Neoplasms/mortality , Nasopharyngeal Neoplasms/therapy , Nasopharyngeal Neoplasms/immunology , Prognosis , Middle Aged , BRCA1 Protein/genetics , BRCA2 Protein/genetics , Mutation , Adult , Homologous Recombination/genetics , Biomarkers, Tumor/genetics , Neoplasm Recurrence, Local/pathology , Neoplasm Recurrence, Local/genetics , Genomic InstabilityABSTRACT
As sequencing technology transitions from research to clinical settings, due to technological maturity and cost reductions, metagenomic nextgeneration sequencing (mNGS) is increasingly used. This shift underscores the growing need for more costeffective and universally accessible sequencing assays to improve patient care and public health. Therefore, targeted NGS (tNGS) is gaining prominence. tNGS involves enrichment of target pathogens in patient samples based on multiplex PCR amplification or probe capture with excellent sensitivity. It is increasingly used in clinical diagnostics due to its practicality and efficiency. The present review compares the principles of different enrichment methods. The high positivity rate of tNGS in the detection of pathogens was found in respiratory samples with specific instances. tNGS maintains high sensitivity (70.895.0%) in samples with low pathogen loads, including blood and cerebrospinal fluid. Furthermore, tNGS is effective in detecting drugresistant strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, allowing identification of resistance genes and guiding clinical treatment decisions, which is difficult to achieve with mNGS. In the present review, the application of tNGS in clinical settings and its current limitations are assessed. The continued development of tNGS has the potential to refine diagnostic accuracy and treatment efficacy and improving infectious disease management. However, further research to overcome technical challenges such as workflow time and cost is required.
Subject(s)
Communicable Diseases , High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing , Humans , High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing/methods , Communicable Diseases/diagnosis , Communicable Diseases/microbiology , Communicable Diseases/genetics , Metagenomics/methods , Molecular Diagnostic Techniques/methodsABSTRACT
Dopamine is an important neurotransmitter in the body and closely related to many neurodegenerative diseases. Therefore, the detection of dopamine is of great significance for the diagnosis and treatment of diseases, screening of drugs and unraveling of relevant pathogenic mechanisms. However, the low concentration of dopamine in the body and the complexity of the matrix make the accurate detection of dopamine challenging. Herein, an electrochemical sensor is constructed based on ternary nanocomposites consisting of one-dimensional Pt nanowires, two-dimensional MXene nanosheets, and three-dimensional porous carbon. The Pt nanowires exhibit excellent catalytic activity due to the abundant grain boundaries and highly undercoordinated atoms; MXene nanosheets not only facilitate the growth of Pt nanowires, but also enhance the electrical conductivity and hydrophilicity; and the porous carbon helps induce significant adsorption of dopamine on the electrode surface. In electrochemical tests, the ternary nanocomposite-based sensor achieves an ultra-sensitive detection of dopamine (S/N = 3) with a low limit of detection (LOD) of 28 nM, satisfactory selectivity and excellent stability. Furthermore, the sensor can be used for the detection of dopamine in serum and in situ monitoring of dopamine release from PC12 cells. Such a highly sensitive nanocomposite sensor can be exploited for in situ monitoring of important neurotransmitters at the cellular level, which is of great significance for related drug screening and mechanistic studies.
Subject(s)
Carbon , Dopamine , Electrochemical Techniques , Nanocomposites , Nanowires , Platinum , Dopamine/analysis , Dopamine/blood , Dopamine/chemistry , Platinum/chemistry , PC12 Cells , Nanowires/chemistry , Nanocomposites/chemistry , Animals , Carbon/chemistry , Rats , Porosity , Electrochemical Techniques/methods , Neurons/metabolism , Limit of Detection , ElectrodesABSTRACT
Nitrate contamination of water resources poses significant health and environmental risks, necessitating efficient denitrification methods that produce ammonia as a desirable product. The electrocatalytic nitrate reduction reaction (NO3RR) powered by renewable energy offers a promising solution, however, developing highly active and selective catalysts remains challenging. Single-atom catalysts (SACs) have shown impressive performance, but the crucial role of their coordination environment, especially the next-nearest neighbor dopant atoms, in modulating catalytic activity for NO3RR is underexplored. This study aims to optimize the NO3RR performance of tungsten (W) single atoms anchored on graphene by precisely engineering their coordination environment through first and next-nearest neighbor dopants. The stability, reaction paths, activity, and selectivity of 43 different nitrogen and boron doping configurations were systematically studied using density functional theory. The results reveal W@C3, with W coordinated to three carbon atoms, exhibits outstanding NO3RR activity with a low limiting potential of -0.36 V. Intriguingly, introducing next-nearest neighbor B and N dopants further enhances the performance, with W@C3-BN achieving a lower limiting potential of -0.26 V. This exceptional activity originates from optimal nitrate adsorption strengths facilitated by orbital hybridization and charge modulation effects induced by the dopants. Furthermore, high energy barriers for NO2 and NO formation on W@C3 and W@C3-BN ensure their selectivity towards NO3RR products. These findings provide crucial atomic-level insights into rational design strategies for high-performance single-atom NO3RR catalysts via coordination environment engineering.
ABSTRACT
Schistosomiasis is a neglected disease of poverty that affects over 200 million people worldwide and relies on a single drug for therapy. The cathepsin B1 cysteine protease (SmCB1) of Schistosoma mansoni has been investigated as a potential target. Here, a structure-based pharmacophore virtual screening (VS) approach was used on a data set of approved drugs to identify potential antischistosomal agents targeting SmCB1. Pharmacophore (PHP) models underwent validation through receiver operating characteristics curves achieving values >0.8. The data highlighted riboflavin (RBF) as a compound of particular interest. A 1 µs molecular dynamics simulation demonstrated that RBF altered the conformation of SmCB1, causing the protease's binding site to close around RBF while maintaining the protease's overall integrity. RBF inhibited the activity of SmCB1 at low micromolar values and killed the parasite in vitro. Finally, in a murine model of S. mansoni infection, oral administration of 100 mg/kg RBF for 7 days significantly decreased worm burdens by â¼20% and had a major impact on intestinal and fecal egg burdens, which were decreased by â¼80%.
ABSTRACT
MiR-1246 in breast cancer-derived exosomes was a promising biomarker for early diagnosis of breast cancer(BC). However, the low abundance, high homology and complex background interference make the accurate quantitative detection of miR-1246 facing great challenges. In this study, we developed an electrochemical biosensor based on the subtly combined of CRISPR/Cas12a, double-stranded specific nuclease(DSN) and magnetic nanoparticles(MNPs) for the detection of miR-1246 in BC-derived exosomes. Ascribed to the good synergistic effect of DSN, Cas12a and MNPs, the developed electrochemical biosensor exhibited excellent performance with the linear range from 500 aM to 5 pM, and the detection limit as low down to about 50 aM. The target-specific triggered enzyme-digest activity of DSN and Cas12a system, as well as the powerful separation ability of MNPs ensure the high specificity of developed electrochemical biosensor which can distinguish single base mismatches. In addition, the developed electrochemical biosensor has been successfully applied to detect miR-1246 in blood-derived exosomes and realize distinguishing the BC patients from the healthy individuals. It is expected that the well-designed biosensing platform will open up new avenues for clinical liquid biopsy and early screening of breast cancer, as well as provide deeper insights into clinical oncology treatment.
Subject(s)
Biosensing Techniques , Breast Neoplasms , CRISPR-Cas Systems , Electrochemical Techniques , Exosomes , MicroRNAs , Exosomes/chemistry , Exosomes/metabolism , Humans , Biosensing Techniques/methods , Breast Neoplasms/diagnosis , Breast Neoplasms/genetics , MicroRNAs/analysis , MicroRNAs/genetics , Female , Electrochemical Techniques/methods , Limit of Detection , Magnetite Nanoparticles/chemistry , Bacterial Proteins , Endodeoxyribonucleases , CRISPR-Associated ProteinsABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Diabetic retinopathy (DR) stands as a prominent complication of diabetes. Berberine (BBR) has reported to be effective to ameliorate the retinal damage of DR. Studying the potential immunological mechanisms of BBR on the streptozotocin (STZ) induced DR mouse model will explain the therapeutic mechanisms of BBR and provide theoretical basis for the clinical application of this drug. METHODS: C57BL/6 J mice were induced into a diabetic state using a 50 mg/(kg·d) dose of STZ over a 5-day period. Subsequently, they were subjected to a high-fat diet (HFD) for one month. Following a 5-week treatment with 100 mg/(kg·d) BBR, the concentrations of inflammatory factors in the mice's peripheral blood were determined using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Hematoxylin-eosin staining was employed to scrutinize pathological changes in the mice's retinas, while flow cytometry assessed the proportions of T-lymphocyte subsets and the activation status of dendritic cells (DCs) in the spleen and lymph nodes. CD4+T cells and DC2.4 cell lines were utilized to investigate the direct and indirect effects of BBR on T cells under high glucose conditions in vitro. RESULTS: Following 5 weeks of BBR treatment in the streptozotocin (STZ) mouse model of DR, we observed alleviation of retinal lesions and a down-regulation in the secretion of inflammatory cytokines, namely TNF-α, IL-1ß, and IL-6, in the serum of these mice. And in the spleen and lymph nodes of these mice, BBR inhibited the proportion of Th17 cells and promoted the proportion of Treg cells, thereby down-regulating the Th17/Treg ratio. Additionally, in vitro experiments, BBR directly inhibited the expression of the transcription factor RORγt and promoted the expression of the transcription factor Foxp3 in T cells, resulting in a down-regulation of the Th17/Treg ratio. Furthermore, BBR indirectly modulated the Th17/Treg ratio by suppressing the secretion of TNF-α, IL-1ß, and IL-6 by DCs and enhancing the secretion of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) and transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-ß) by DCs. This dual action inhibited Th17 cell differentiation while promoting Treg cells. CONCLUSION: Our findings indicate that BBR regulate T cell subpopulation differentiation, reducing the Th17/Treg ratio by directly or indirectly pathway. This represents a potential therapeutic avenue of BBR for improving diabetic retinopathy.
Subject(s)
Berberine , Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental , Diabetic Retinopathy , T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory , Th17 Cells , Animals , Berberine/pharmacology , Berberine/therapeutic use , Diabetic Retinopathy/drug therapy , Diabetic Retinopathy/immunology , Diabetic Retinopathy/etiology , Th17 Cells/immunology , Th17 Cells/drug effects , Th17 Cells/metabolism , Mice , T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/immunology , T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/drug effects , T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/metabolism , Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/drug therapy , Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/immunology , Male , Cytokines/metabolism , Mice, Inbred C57BL , Disease Models, Animal , Dendritic Cells/immunology , Dendritic Cells/drug effects , Dendritic Cells/metabolism , Retina/pathology , Retina/immunology , Retina/drug effects , Retina/metabolismABSTRACT
Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a difficult intestinal disease characterized by inflammation, and its mechanism is complex and diverse. Angiopoietin-like protein 2 (ANGPT2) plays an important regulatory role in inflammatory diseases. However, the role of ANGPT2 in UC has not been reported so far. After exploring the expression level of ANGPT2 in serum of UC patients, the reaction mechanism of ANGPT2 was investigated in dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced UC mice. After ANGPT2 expression was suppressed, the clinical symptoms and pathological changes of UC mice were detected. Colonic infiltration, oxidative stress, and colonic mucosal barrier in UC mice were evaluated utilizing immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence, and related kits. Finally, western blot was applied for the estimation of mTOR signaling pathway and NLRP3 inflammasome-related proteins. ANGPT2 silencing improved clinical symptoms and pathological changes, alleviated colonic inflammatory infiltration and oxidative stress, and maintained the colonic mucosal barrier in DSS-induced UC mice. The regulatory effect of ANGPT2 on UC disease might occur by regulating the mTOR signaling pathway and thus affecting autophagy-mediated NLRP3 inflammasome inactivation. ANGPT2 silencing alleviated UC by regulating autophagy-mediated NLRP3 inflammasome inactivation via the mTOR signaling pathway.
Subject(s)
Autophagy , Colitis, Ulcerative , Disease Models, Animal , Inflammasomes , NLR Family, Pyrin Domain-Containing 3 Protein , Signal Transduction , TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases , Colitis, Ulcerative/chemically induced , Colitis, Ulcerative/pathology , Colitis, Ulcerative/metabolism , Animals , NLR Family, Pyrin Domain-Containing 3 Protein/metabolism , Autophagy/physiology , TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases/metabolism , Mice , Inflammasomes/metabolism , Humans , Male , Angiopoietin-Like Protein 2 , Mice, Inbred C57BL , Female , Angiopoietin-2/metabolism , Dextran Sulfate , Oxidative Stress , Immunohistochemistry , Blotting, WesternABSTRACT
The abnormality of the p53 tumor suppressor is crucial in lung cancer development, because p53 regulates target gene promoters to combat cancer. Recent studies have shown extensive p53 binding to enhancer elements. However, whether p53 exerts a tumor suppressor role by shaping the enhancer landscape remains poorly understood. In the current study, we employed several functional genomics approaches to assess the enhancer activity at p53 binding sites throughout the genome based on our established TP53 knockout (KO) human bronchial epithelial cells (BEAS-2B). A total of 943 active regular enhancers and 370 super-enhancers (SEs) disappeared upon the deletion of p53, indicating that p53 modulates the activity of hundreds of enhancer elements. We found that one p53-dependent SE, located on chromosome 9 and designated as KLF4-SE, regulated the expression of the Krüppel-like factor 4 ( KLF4) gene. Furthermore, the deletion of p53 significantly decreased the KLF4-SE enhancer activity and the KLF4 expression, but increased colony formation ability in the nitrosamines 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone-induced cell transformation model. Subsequently, in TP53 KO cells, the overexpression of KLF4 partially reversed the increased clonogenic capacity caused by p53 deficiency. Consistently, KLF4 expression also decreased in lung cancer tissues and cell lines. It appeared that overexpression of KLF4 significantly suppressed the proliferation and migration of lung cancer cells. Collectively, our results suggest that the regulation of enhancer formation and activity by p53 is an integral component of the p53 tumor suppressor function. Therefore, our findings offer some novel insights into the regulation mechanism of p53 in lung oncogenesis and introduce a new strategy for screening therapeutic targets.
ABSTRACT
Quantifying the structural variants (SVs) in nonhuman primates could provide a niche to clarify the genetic backgrounds underlying human-specific traits, but such resource is largely lacking. Here, we report an accurate SV map in a population of 562 rhesus macaques, verified by in-house benchmarks of eight macaque genomes with long-read sequencing and another one with genome assembly. This map indicates stronger selective constrains on inversions at regulatory regions, suggesting a strategy for prioritizing them with the most important functions. Accordingly, we identified 75 human-specific inversions and prioritized them. The top-ranked inversions have substantially shaped the human transcriptome, through their dual effects of reconfiguring the ancestral genomic architecture and introducing regional mutation hotspots at the inverted regions. As a proof of concept, we linked APCDD1, located on one of these inversions and down-regulated specifically in humans, to neuronal maturation and cognitive ability. We thus highlight inversions in shaping the human uniqueness in brain development.
Subject(s)
Genome , Genomics , Animals , Humans , Macaca mulatta , BrainABSTRACT
Mitochondrial dysfunction increasingly becomes a target for promoting healthy aging and longevity. The dysfunction of mitochondria with age ultimately leads to a decline in physical functions. Among them, biogenesis dysfunction and the imbalances in the metabolism of reactive oxygen species and mitochondria as signaling organelles in the aging process have aroused our attention. Dietary intervention in mitochondrial dysfunction and physical decline during aging processes is essential, and greater attention should be directed toward healthful legume intake. Legumes are constantly under investigation for their nutritional and bioactive properties, and their consumption may yield antiaging and mitochondria-protecting benefits. This review summarizes mitochondrial dysfunction with age, discusses the benefits of legumes on mitochondrial function, and introduces the potential role of legumes in managing aging-related physical decline. Additionally, it reveals the benefits of legume intake for the elderly and offers a viable approach to developing legume-based functional food.
Subject(s)
Fabaceae , Mitochondrial Diseases , Humans , Aged , Aging , Longevity , Mitochondria/metabolism , Vegetables , Mitochondrial Diseases/metabolismABSTRACT
Hydroformylation is an industrial process for the production of aldehydes from alkenes1,2. Regioselective hydroformylation of propene to high-value n-butanal is particularly important, owing to a wide range of bulk applications of n-butanal in the manufacture of various necessities in human daily life3. Supported rhodium (Rh) hydroformylation catalysts, which often excel in catalyst recyclability, ease of separation and adaptability for continuous-flow processes, have been greatly exploited4. Nonetheless, they usually consist of rotationally flexible and sterically unconstrained Rh hydride dicarbonyl centres, only affording limited regioselectivity to n-butanal5-8. Here we show that proper encapsulation of Rh species comprising Rh(I)-gem-dicarbonyl centres within a MEL zeolite framework allows the breaking of the above model. The optimized catalyst exhibits more than 99% regioselectivity to n-butanal and more than 99% selectivity to aldehydes at a product formation turnover frequency (TOF) of 6,500 h-1, surpassing the performance of all heterogeneous and most homogeneous catalysts developed so far. Our comprehensive studies show that the zeolite framework can act as a scaffold to steer the reaction pathway of the intermediates confined in the space between the zeolite framework and Rh centres towards the exclusive formation of n-butanal.
ABSTRACT
SCOPE: Brown rice, the most consumed food worldwide, has been shown to possess beneficial effects on the prevention of metabolic diseases. However, the way in which maternal brown rice diet improves metabolism in offspring and the regulatory mechanisms remains unclear. The study explores the epigenetic regulation of offspring energy metabolic homeostasis by maternal brown rice diet during pregnancy. METHODS AND RESULTS: Female mice are fed brown rice during pregnancy, and then body phenotypes, the histopathological analysis, and adipose tissues biochemistry assay of offspring mice are detected. It is found that maternal brown rice diet significantly reduces body weight and fat mass, increases energy expenditure and heat production in offspring. Maternal brown rice diet increases uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) protein level and upregulates the mRNA expression of thermogenic genes in adipose tissues. Mechanistically, protein kinase A (PKA) signaling is likely responsible in the induced thermogenic program in offspring adipocytes, and the progeny adipocytes browning program is altered due to decreased level of DNA methyltransferase 1 protein and hypomethylation of the transcriptional coregulator positive regulatory domain containing 16 (PRDM16). CONCLUSIONS: These findings demonstrate that maternal brown rice during pregnancy improves offspring mice metabolic homeostasis via promoting adipose browning, and its mechanisms may be mediated by DNA methylation reprogramming.
Subject(s)
Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinases , DNA Methylation , Oryza , Signal Transduction , Animals , Female , Pregnancy , Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinases/metabolism , Mice , Thermogenesis , Adipose Tissue, Brown/metabolism , Energy Metabolism , Maternal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena , Mice, Inbred C57BL , Diet , Uncoupling Protein 1/metabolism , Uncoupling Protein 1/genetics , Male , Epigenesis, GeneticABSTRACT
Understanding the removal of heavy metals (HMs) in permeable pavement systems is of great significance for controlling urban runoff pollution and optimizing structural design. However, few studies have systematically investigated the mechanism of permeable pavement systems in removing HMs from stormwater runoff. In this study, we adopted a hierarchical strategy to understand the efficiency of individual structural layers on HMs removal in a permeable interlocking concrete pavement (PICP) system. Experimental results illuminated that the surface layer exhibited the highest uptakes of HMs, which can remove up to 64 % of Pb2+, 50 % of Cu2+, 28 % of Cd2+ and 13 % of Zn2+. Meanwhile, as the rainfall return period increased, the removal rates of HMs in PICP was gradually decreased. In addition, batch experiments were conducted and the adsorption results were in accordance with the rainfall filtration experiments. More importantly, X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) and leaching results were investigated to understand the HMs removal mechanism, which found that the ion exchange is the main mechanism in the surface layer to remove HMs, whereas the chemical adsorption play a crucial role in the base and sub-base layers. Overall, these findings provided new insights into the transport patterns of HMs in the internal structural layers of the PICP.
ABSTRACT
Aging-associated hepatic fatty acid (FA) oxidation dysfunction contributes to impaired adaptive thermogenesis. 5-Heptadecylresorcinol (AR-C17) is a prominent functional component of whole wheat and rye, and has been demonstrated to improve the thermogenic capacity of aged mice via the regulation of Sirt3. However, the effect of AR-C17 on aging-associated hepatic FA oxidation dysfunction remains unclear. Here, 18-month-old C57BL/6J mice were orally administered with AR-C17 at a dose of 150 mg/kg/day for 8 weeks. Systemic glucose and lipid metabolism, hepatic FA oxidation, and the lipolysis of white adipose tissues (WAT) were measured. The results showed that AR-C17 improved the hepatic FA oxidation, and especially acylcarnitine metabolism, of aged mice during cold stimulation, with the enhancement of systemic glucose and lipid metabolism. Meanwhile, AR-C17 improved the WAT lipolysis of aged mice, promoting hepatic acylcarnitine production. Furthermore, the adipose-specific Sirt3 knockout mice were used to investigate and verify the regulation mechanism of AR-C17 on aging-associated hepatic FA oxidation dysfunction. The results showed that AR-C17 failed to improve the WAT lipolysis and hepatic FA oxidation of aged mice in the absence of adipose Sirt3, indicating that AR-C17 might indirectly influence hepatic FA oxidation via regulating WAT Sirt3. Our findings suggest that AR-C17 might improve aging-associated hepatic FA oxidation dysfunction via regulating adipose Sirt3.
Subject(s)
Carnitine/analogs & derivatives , Resorcinols , Sirtuin 3 , Animals , Mice , Mice, Inbred C57BL , Obesity , Lipid Metabolism , Aging , Glucose , Mice, Knockout , Fatty AcidsABSTRACT
This study aims to explore the role and regulatory mechanism of Yes-associated protein 1 (YAP1) in the development of Epstein-Barr virus-associated gastric cancer (EBVaGC). Here we showed that EBV can upregulate the expression and activity of YAP1 protein through its encoded latent products EBV-encoded small RNA 1 (EBER1) and latent membrane protein 2A (LMP2A), enhancing the malignant characteristics of EBVaGC cells. In addition, we also showed that overexpression of YAP1 induced the expression of EBV encoding latent and lytic phase genes and proteins in the epithelial cell line AGS-EBV infected with EBV, and increased the copy number of the EBV genome, while loss of YAP1 expression reduced the aforementioned indicators. Moreover, we found that YAP1 enhanced EBV lytic reactivation induced by two known activators, 12-O-tetradecanoylhorbol-13-acetate (TPA) and sodium butyrate (NaB). These results indicated a bidirectional regulatory mechanism between EBV and YAP1 proteins, providing new experimental evidence for further understanding the regulation of EBV infection patterns and carcinogenic mechanisms in gastric cancer.