Blockage of Akt activation suppresses cadmium-induced renal tubular cellular damages through aggrephagy in HK-2 cells.

We have reported that an environmental pollutant, cadmium, promotes cell death in the human renal tubular cells (RTCs) through hyperactivation of a serine/threonine kinase Akt. However, the molecular mechanisms downstream of Akt in this process have not been elucidated. Cadmium has a potential to accumulate misfolded proteins, and proteotoxicity is involved in cadmium toxicity. To clear the roles of Akt in cadmium exposure-induced RTCs death, we investigated the possibility that Akt could regulate proteotoxicity through autophagy in cadmium chloride (CdCl2)-exposed HK-2 human renal proximal tubular cells. CdCl2 exposure promoted the accumulation of misfolded or damaged proteins, the formation of aggresomes (pericentriolar cytoplasmic inclusions), and aggrephagy (selective autophagy to degrade aggresome). Pharmacological inhibition of Akt using MK2206 or Akti-1/2 enhanced aggrephagy by promoting dephosphorylation and nuclear translocation of transcription factor EB (TFEB)/transcription factor E3 (TFE3), lysosomal transcription factors. TFEB or TFE3 knockdown by siRNAs attenuated the protective effects of MK2206 against cadmium toxicity. These results suggested that aberrant activation of Akt attenuates aggrephagy via TFEB or TFE3 to facilitate CdCl2-induced cell death. Furthermore, these roles of Akt/TFEB/TFE3 were conserved in CdCl2-exposed primary human RTCs. The present study shows the molecular mechanisms underlying Akt activation that promotes cadmium-induced RTCs death.

Elevated Electron Temperature Coincident with Observed Fusion Reactions in a Sheared-Flow-Stabilized Z Pinch.

The sheared-flow-stabilized Z pinch concept has been studied extensively and is able to produce fusion-relevant plasma parameters along with neutron production over several microseconds. We present here elevated electron temperature results spatially and temporally coincident with the plasma neutron source. An optical Thomson scattering apparatus designed for the FuZE device measures temperatures in the range of 1-3 keV on the axis of the device, 20 cm downstream of the nose cone. The 17-fiber system measures the radial profiles of the electron temperature. Scanning the laser time with respect to the neutron pulse time over a series of discharges allows the reconstruction of the T_{e} temporal response, confirming that the electron temperature peaks simultaneously with the neutron output, as well as the pinch current and inductive voltage generated within the plasma. Comparison to spectroscopic ion temperature measurements suggests a plasma in thermal equilibrium. The elevated T_{e} confirms the presence of a plasma assembled on axis, and indicates limited radiative losses, demonstrating a basis for scaling this device toward net gain fusion conditions.

Multi-ancestry genome-wide analysis identifies shared genetic effects and common genetic variants for self-reported sleep duration.

Both short (≤6 h per night) and long sleep duration (≥9 h per night) are associated with increased risk of chronic diseases. Despite evidence linking habitual sleep duration and risk of disease, the genetic determinants of sleep duration in the general population are poorly understood, especially outside of European (EUR) populations. Here, we report that a polygenic score of 78 European ancestry sleep duration single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) is associated with sleep duration in an African (n = 7288; P = 0.003), an East Asian (n = 13 618; P = 6 × 10-4) and a South Asian (n = 7485; P = 0.025) genetic ancestry cohort, but not in a Hispanic/Latino cohort (n = 8726; P = 0.71). Furthermore, in a pan-ancestry (N = 483 235) meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies (GWAS) for habitual sleep duration, 73 loci are associated with genome-wide statistical significance. Follow-up of five loci (near HACD2, COG5, PRR12, SH3RF1 and KCNQ5) identified expression-quantitative trait loci for PRR12 and COG5 in brain tissues and pleiotropic associations with cardiovascular and neuropsychiatric traits. Overall, our results suggest that the genetic basis of sleep duration is at least partially shared across diverse ancestry groups.

Probing local electron temperature and density inside a sheared flow stabilized Z-pinch using portable optical Thomson scattering.

We report the first optical Thomson scattering measurements inside a high electron temperature (≳1 keV) and moderate electron density (mid 1016 cm-3) plasma. This diagnostic has been built to provide critical plasma parameters, such as electron temperature and density, for Advanced Research Projects Agency-Energy-supported fusion-energy concepts. It uses an 8 J laser at 532 nm in 1.5 ns to measure the high frequency feature of the Thomson scattering profile at 17 locations along the probe axis. It is able to measure electron density from 5 × 1017 cm-3 to several 1019 cm-3 and electron temperatures from tens of eV to several keV. Here, we describe the design, deployment, and analysis on the sheared flow stabilized Z-pinch machine at Zap Energy named FuZE. The probe beam is aimed at an axial distance of 20 cm from the central electrode and is timed within the temporal envelope of neutron emission. The high temperature and moderate density plasmas generated on FuZE lie in an unconventional regime for Thomson scattering as they are between tokamaks and laser-produced plasmas. We described the analysis considerations in this regime, show that the electron density was below 5 × 1016 cm-3 at all times during these measurements, and present a sample shot where the inferred electron temperature varied from 167 ± 16 eV to 700 ± 85 eV over 1.6 cm.

Risk factors for persistent positive anticardiolipin antibodies in women with recurrent pregnancy loss.

Antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) is an established cause of recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL). It is necessary to detect persistently positive antiphospholipid antibodies to diagnose APS. This study aimed to explore risk factors for persistent anticardiolipin (aCL) positivity. Women with a history of RPL or with a history of one or more intrauterine fetal deaths after 10 weeks underwent examinations to determine the causes of RPL, including antiphospholipid antibodies. If aCL-IgG or aCL-IgM antibodies were positive, retests were performed at least 12 weeks apart. Risk factors for persistent aCL antibody positivity were retrospectively investigated. The number and percentage of cases above the 99th percentile were 74/2399 (3.1%) for aCL-IgG, and 81/2399 (3.5%) for aCL-IgM. Of the initially tested cases, 2.3% (56/2399) for aCL-IgG and 2.0% (46/2289) for aCL-IgM were ultimately positive above the 99th percentile in retests. Retest values after 12 weeks were significantly lower than the initial values for both IgG and IgM immunoglobulin classes. Initial aCL antibody titers were significantly higher in the persistent-positive group than in the transient-positive group for both IgG and IgM immunoglobulin classes. The cut-off values for predicting persistent positivity of aCL-IgG antibodies and aCL-IgM antibodies were 15 U/mL (99.1 percentile) and 11 U/mL (99.2 percentile), respectively. The only risk factor for persistently positive aCL antibodies is a high antibody titer during the initial test. When the aCL antibody titer in the initial test exceeds the cut-off value, therapeutic strategies can be defined in subsequent pregnancies without waiting for 12 weeks.

Search for the Pair Production of Dark Particles X with K_{L}

We present the first search for the pair production of dark particles X via K_{L}^{0}→XX with X decaying into two photons using the data collected by the KOTO experiment. No signal was observed in the mass range of 40-110 MeV/c^{2} and 210-240 MeV/c^{2}. This sets upper limits on the branching fractions as B(K_{L}^{0}→XX)<(1-4)×10^{-7} and B(K_{L}^{0}→XX)<(1-2)×10^{-6} at the 90% confidence level for the two mass regions, respectively.

Regression of venous thrombus after trans-sphenoidal hypophysectomy for pituitary-dependent hyperadrenocorticism in a dog.

An 8.0-kg 8-year-old male dachshund was presented for surgical treatment of suspected pituitary-dependent hyperadrenocorticism with portal vein thrombosis. Advanced diagnostic imaging revealed a thrombus in the splenic and portal veins. For the portal vein thrombus, CT angiography showed an enhanced timing delay in the lateral right and caudate liver lobes. Blood tests showed a marked increase in the liver panel, including total bile acid. Brain MRI revealed a pituitary mass, suggesting pituitary-dependent hyperadrenocorticism. The mass was completely resected. The preoperative antithrombotic therapy of rivaroxaban (0.66 mg/kg, PO, once per day) and clopidogrel sulphate (1.66 mg/kg, PO, once per day) was continued postoperatively. Six months after resection of the pituitary mass, the thrombus had disappeared. Further studies are required to prove a causal association between the disappearance of the thrombus and the treatments provided.

Mass-resolved ion measurement by particle counting analysis for characterizing relativistic ion beams driven by lasers.

Particle counting analysis is a possible way to characterize GeV-scale, multi-species ions produced in laser-driven experiments. We present a multi-layered scintillation detector to differentiate multi-species ions of different masses and energies. The proposed detector concept offers potential advantages over conventional diagnostics in terms of (1) high sensitivity to GeV ions, (2) realtime analysis, and (3) the ability to differentiate ions with the same charge-to-mass ratio. A novel choice of multiple scintillators with different ion stopping powers results in a significant difference in energy deposition between the scintillators, allowing accurate particle identification in the GeV range. Here, we report a successful demonstration of particle identification for heavy ions, performed at the Heavy Ion Medical Accelerator in Chiba. In the experiment, the proposed detector setup showed the ability to differentiate particles with similar atomic numbers, such as C6+ and O8+ ions, and provided an excellent energy resolution of 0.41%-1.2% (including relativistic effect, 0.51%--1.6%).

HslO ameliorates arrested ΔrecA polA cell growth and reduces DNA damage and oxidative stress responses.

Chromosome damage combined with defective recombinase activity has been widely considered to render cells inviable, owing to deficient double-strand break repair. However, temperature-sensitive recAts polA cells grow well upon induction of DNA damage and supplementation with catalase at restrictive temperatures. These treatments reduce intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, which suggests that recAts polA cells are susceptible to ROS, but not chronic chromosome damage. Therefore, we investigated whether polA cells can tolerate a complete lack of recombinase function. We introduced a ΔrecA allele in polA cells in the presence or absence of the hslO-encoding redox molecular chaperon Hsp33 expression plasmid. Induction of the hslO gene with IPTG resulted in increased cell viability in ΔrecA polA cells with the hslO expression plasmid. ΔrecA polA cells in the absence of the hslO expression plasmid showed rich medium sensitivity with increasing ROS levels. Adding catalase to the culture medium considerably rescued growth arrest and decreased ROS. These results suggest that hslO expression manages oxidative stress to an acceptable level in cells with oxidative damage and rescues cell growth. Overall, ROS may regulate several processes, from damage response to cell division, via ROS-sensitive cell metabolism.

Effects of tourism promotion on COVID-19 spread: The case of the "Go To Travel" campaign in Japan.

Introduction: On July 22, 2020, the Japanese government launched the "Go to Travel" campaign that subsidizes 50% of personal travel expenditure to support the tourism industry under the COVID-19 pandemic. This policy was controversial from the viewpoint of infection spread and was temporarily cancelled in December 2020, though there was no statistical evidence. Methods: This is the first study that measures the extent to which this campaign increased COVID-19 cases. This study regards the campaign as a natural experiment: although Tokyo and its commuting areas experienced the same time-series trends of COVID-19 cases before the "Go To Travel" campaign, this campaign was implemented in areas outside Tokyo, but not in Tokyo. Then, the comparison (difference-in-differences) yields the campaign's effect. Results: The estimation shows that the "Go To Travel" campaign significantly raised the increment rate of cases by 23.7%-34.4% during July 30-August 4. There is no significant effect after August 5. In addition, our simulation identified the number of campaign-related cases in each city. Conclusions: Although the campaign significantly spread COVID-19, the effect was not continuous to permanently change the time-series trend.

First Application of Mass Measurements with the Rare-RI Ring Reveals the Solar r-Process Abundance Trend at A=122 and A=123.

The Rare-RI Ring (R3) is a recently commissioned cyclotronlike storage ring mass spectrometer dedicated to mass measurements of exotic nuclei far from stability at Radioactive Isotope Beam Factory (RIBF) in RIKEN. The first application of mass measurement using the R3 mass spectrometer at RIBF is reported. Rare isotopes produced at RIBF-^{127}Sn, ^{126}In, ^{125}Cd, ^{124}Ag, ^{123}Pd-were injected in R3. Masses of ^{126}In, ^{125}Cd, and ^{123}Pd were measured whereby the mass uncertainty of ^{123}Pd was improved. This is the first reported measurement with a new storage ring mass spectrometry technique realized at a heavy-ion cyclotron and employing individual injection of the preidentified rare nuclei. The latter is essential for the future mass measurements of the rarest isotopes produced at RIBF. The impact of the new ^{123}Pd result on the solar r-process abundances in a neutron star merger event is investigated by performing reaction network calculations of 20 trajectories with varying electron fraction Y_{e}. It is found that the neutron capture cross section on ^{123}Pd increases by a factor of 2.2 and ß-delayed neutron emission probability, P_{1 n}, of ^{123}Rh increases by 14%. The neutron capture cross section on ^{122}Pd decreases by a factor of 2.6 leading to pileup of material at A=122, thus reproducing the trend of the solar r-process abundances. The trend of the two-neutron separation energies (S_{2n}) was investigated for the Pd isotopic chain. The new mass measurement with improved uncertainty excludes large changes of the S_{2n} value at N=77. Such large increase of the S_{2n} values before N=82 was proposed as an alternative to the quenching of the N=82 shell gap to reproduce r-process abundances in the mass region of A=112-124.

Loss of IκBζ Drives Dentin Formation via Altered H3K4me3 Status.

Enforced enrichment of the active promoter marks trimethylation of histone H3 lysine 4 (H3K4me3) and acetylation of histone H3 lysine 27 (H3K27ac) by inhibiting histone demethylases and deacetylases is positively associated with hard tissue formation through the induction of osteo/odontogenic differentiation. However, the key endogenous epigenetic modulator of odontoblasts to regulate the expression of genes coding dentin extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins has not been identified. We focused on nuclear factor (NF)-κB inhibitor ζ (IκBζ), which was originally identified as the transcriptional regulator of NF-κB and recently regarded as the NF-κB-independent epigenetic modulator, and found that IκBζ null mice exhibit a thicker dentin width and narrower pulp chamber, with aged mice having more marked phenotypes. At 6 mo of age, dentin fluorescent labeling revealed significantly accelerated dentin synthesis in the incisors of IκBζ null mice. In the molars of IκBζ null mice, marked tertiary dentin formation adjacent to the pulp horn was observed. Mechanistically, the expression of COL1A2 and COL1A1 collagen genes increased more in the odontoblast-rich fraction of IκBζ null mice than in wild type in vivo, similar to human odontoblast-like cells transfected with small interfering RNA for IκBζ compared with cells transfected with control siRNA in vitro. Furthermore, the direct binding of IκBζ to the COL1A2 promoter suppressed COL1A2 expression and the local active chromatin status marked by H3K4me3. Based on whole-genome identification of H3K4me3 enrichment, ECM and ECM organization-related gene loci were selectively activated by the knockdown of IκBζ, which consistently resulted in the upregulation of these genes. Collectively, this study suggested that IκBζ is the key negative regulator of dentin formation in odontoblasts by inhibiting dentin ECM- and ECM organization-related gene expression through an altered local chromatin status marked by H3K4me3. Therefore, IκBζ is a potential target for epigenetically improving the clinical outcomes of dentin regeneration therapies such as pulp capping.

Free space Thomson scattering to study high energy density shocks.

A free space collective Thomson scattering system has been developed to study pulsed power produced plasmas. While most Thomson scattering diagnostics on pulsed power machines use a bundle of fibers to couple scattered light from the plasma to the spectrometer, this system used free space coupling of the light, which enabled a spatially continuous image of the plasma. Initial experiments with this diagnostic were performed on an inverse wire array generated by a 200 kA, 1100 ns rise time pulse power generator. The capabilities of this diagnostic were demonstrated by using the low frequency ion acoustic wave feature of the Thomson scattering spectra to measure the plasma flow velocity. The diagnostic was demonstrated to measure velocities between 20 and 40 km/s with an error of 4.7 km/s when fitting with a 600 µm spatial resolution or 8.9 km/s when fitting with a 150 µm spatial resolution. In some experiments, the diagnostic observed a bow shock in the plasma flow as the scattering intensity increased and flow velocity decreased.

Drug repositioning of antipsychotic drugs for cisplatin-induced pica behavior in mice.

We aimed to clarify whether various antipsychotics ameliorate cisplatin-induced pica behavior in mice using a drug repositioning approach. Mice were administered cisplatin (12.5 mg/kg, i.p.) with or without olanzapine (1 mg/kg, i.p.), asenapine (4 mg/kg, i.p.), mirtazapine (5 mg/kg, i.p.) or standard three-drug antiemetics (granisetron [0.5 mg/kg, i.p.], fosaprepitant [25 mg/kg, i.p.], and dexamethasone [3 mg/kg, i.p.]). Kaolin, food, and water intake, and spontaneous motor activity on the day before and seven consecutive days after the cisplatin administration were measured using a telemetry system. At the primary endpoint, kaolin intake was significantly higher at day three in the cisplatin group than in the pre-treatment and saline groups ( p < 0.05). Additionally, kaolin intake was not significantly higher in cisplatin with olanzapine, asenapine, and mirtazapine groups for seven days than in the pre-treatment group. At the secondary endpoint, cisplatin decreased the food and water intake, and spontaneous motor activity in a time-dependent manner. Three antipsychotics failed to improve the cisplatin-induced decrease in food and water intake, and spontaneous motor activity. The findings suggest that prophylactic administration of antipsychotics besides olanzapine may improve cisplatin-induced nausea and vomiting in a delayed phase and de-escalate standard 3-drug antiemetics.

Change in sense of food safety associated with social connectedness and information sources-A 10-year longitudinal survey before and after the Fukushima nuclear power plant accident.

OBJECTIVES: This study analyzes the change in the sense of food safety over time, from 2 years before to 8 years after the Fukushima accident in 2011, and its association with social connectedness using cohort data, taking into account regional differences in Fukushima Prefecture. STUDY DESIGN: Repeated cross-sectional data from Fukushima Prefectural Government from 2009 to 2018 were used. METHODS: We randomly selected 1300 people every fiscal year (FY). The survey gathered data on age, gender, occupation, residential region, and the explanatory variables 'sense of social connectedness' and 'recovery-related information source' (information source). The prefecture was divided into three regions for the survey-Hamadori region, where the nuclear power plant is located, Nakadori region, where the air dose rate after the earthquake was high, and in Aizu, far from the nuclear power station but has suffered from harmful rumors. RESULTS: Focusing on FY 2014, when the sense of safety first showed recovery, we performed a binominal logistic regression analysis with 'sense of safety' as the outcome and 'sense of social connectedness' and 'information source' as the explanatory variables. The sense of safety significantly decreased in all regions in 2011 relative to earlier years. The sense of food safety decreased markedly in Hamadori and Nakadori but started to improve 3 years after the earthquake and reached the pre-earthquake level in 2018. The effect sizes were larger in the Hamadori region and in Nakadori than in Aizu. In FY 2014, multivariate analysis found that a sense of food safety was significantly positively associated with a sense of social connectedness, whereas the use of information from newspapers and TV and word of mouth was negatively associated. CONCLUSION: Although the recovery of a sense of food safety may take some time, a focus on social connectedness during recovery and scrutiny of information sources may facilitate recovery. Health communication has an important role when the provider sends information intelligibly and the recipient can distinguish good news from bad and link it to self-determination. It is necessary to improve literacy.

Heat-killed Lactobacillus brevis KB290 attenuates visceral fat accumulation induced by high-fat diet in mice.

AIMS: This study aimed to evaluate the anti-adiposity effect of heat-killed Lactobacillus brevis KB290 originating from traditional Japanese fermented pickles in mice fed a high-fat diet (HFD). METHODS AND RESULTS: C57BL/6J mice were fed a normal-fat diet, HFD or HFD supplemented with heat-killed KB290 for 8 weeks. Epididymal and renal adipose tissue weights, as well as areas of epididymal adipocytes, were significantly lower in the mice fed a HFD supplemented with KB290 than in those fed an unsupplemented HFD. Mice whose diets were supplemented with KB290 had elevated adiponectin and ß3-adrenergic receptor expression in epididymal adipose tissue and an accompanying higher serum free fatty acid level. Furthermore, the HFD-induced elevations in serum glucose, insulin and HOMA-IR were significantly suppressed by dietary supplementation with KB290. Amplicon sequencing of 16S rRNA genes revealed that KB290 ingestion altered the composition of the intestinal microbiota. CONCLUSIONS: Heat-killed L. brevis KB290 suppressed diet-induced visceral fat accumulation and ameliorated diet-induced metabolic symptoms and intestinal gut microbiota modifications, suggesting possibility of novel paraprobiotic. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: Heat-killed L. brevis KB290 is useable as a material to develop functional foods that attenuate visceral fat accumulation.

QTL analysis for early growth in an intercross between native Japanese Nagoya and White Plymouth Rock chicken breeds using RAD sequencing-based SNP markers.

An F2 population of 239 chickens was obtained by an intercross between Nagoya (NAG), a native Japanese breed with low growth, and White Plymouth Rock (WPR), a Western breed with high growth. Using SNP markers obtained by restriction site-associated DNA sequencing, genome-wide QTL analysis was performed and it revealed three QTL for early postnatal growth in the F2 population at genome-wide 5% significance levels. The most highly significant QTL affecting body weights at 2-4 weeks of age and weight gains at 2-3 and 0-4 weeks was located on GGA4 between 34.0 and 65.6 Mb with LOD scores of 3.9-5.9 and it explained 4.9-9.9% of the total variance of the traits. The analysis provided evidence for significant QTL on GGA2 between 105.6 and 125.2 Mb (LOD = 4.6) and on GGA1 between 51.1 and 61.6 Mb (LOD = 4.0) which had effects on body weight at 3 weeks and body weight gain at 0-1 week respectively. These two genomic regions explained 6.6 and 6.9% of the phenotypic F2 variance of the corresponding traits respectively. The allele derived from WPR at all QTL increased the corresponding traits. Neither sex-specific nor epistatic QTL was detected. The results showed that the GGA4 QTL affecting multiple traits is a key locus responsible for early growth in our chicken cross, suggesting that this QTL may make a great contribution to genetic improvement of growth performance of the NAG breed with a low growth rate.

Safety and feasibility of minimally invasive esophagectomy for elderly esophageal cancer patients.

The number of elderly patients with esophageal cancer has increased in recent years. The use of thoracoscopic esophagectomy has also increased, and its minimal invasiveness is believed to contribute to postoperative outcomes. However, the short- and long-term outcomes in elderly patients remain unclear. This study aimed to elucidate the safety and feasibility of minimally invasive esophagectomy in elderly patients. This retrospective study included 207 patients who underwent radical thoracoscopic esophagectomy for thoracic esophageal squamous cell carcinoma at Kobe University Hospital between 2005 and 2014. Patients were divided into non-elderly (<75 years) and elderly (≥75 years) groups. A propensity score matching analysis was performed for sex and clinical T and N stage, with a total of 29 matched pairs. General preoperative data, surgical procedures, intraoperative data, postoperative complications, in-hospital death, cancer-specific survival, and overall survival were compared between groups. The elderly group was characterized by lower preoperative serum albumin levels and higher American Society of Anesthesiologists grade. Intraoperative data and postoperative complications did not differ between the groups. The in-hospital death rate was 4% in the elderly group, which did not significantly differ from the non-elderly group. Cancer-specific survival was similar between the two groups. Although overall survival tended to be poor in the elderly group, it was not significantly worse than that of the non-elderly group. In conclusion, the short- and long-term outcomes of minimally invasive esophagectomy in elderly versus non-elderly patients were acceptable. Minimally invasive esophagectomy is a safe and feasible modality for elderly patients with appropriate indications.

Roles of cytokines and T cells in the pathogenesis of myasthenia gravis.

Myasthenia gravis (MG) is characterized by muscle weakness and fatigue caused by the presence of autoantibodies against the acetylcholine receptor (AChR) or the muscle-specific tyrosine kinase (MuSK). Activated T, B and plasma cells, as well as cytokines, play important roles in the production of pathogenic autoantibodies and the induction of inflammation at the neuromuscular junction in MG. Many studies have focused on the role of cytokines and lymphocytes in anti-AChR antibody-positive MG. Chronic inflammation mediated by T helper type 17 (Th17) cells, the promotion of autoantibody production from B cells and plasma cells by follicular Th (Tfh) cells and the activation of the immune response by dysfunction of regulatory T (Treg ) cells may contribute to the exacerbation of the MG pathogenesis. In fact, an increased number of Th17 cells and Tfh cells and dysfunction of Treg cells have been reported in patients with anti-AChR antibody-positive MG; moreover, the number of these cells was correlated with clinical parameters in patients with MG. Regarding cytokines, interleukin (IL)-17; a Th17-related cytokine, IL-21 (a Tfh-related cytokine), the B-cell-activating factor (BAFF; a B cell-related cytokine) and a proliferation-inducing ligand (APRIL; a B cell-related cytokine) have been reported to be up-regulated and associated with clinical parameters of MG. This review focuses on the current understanding of the involvement of cytokines and lymphocytes in the immunological pathogenesis of MG, which may lead to the development of novel therapies for this disease in the near future.

Analysis of effects and indications of cryosurgery for oral mucoceles.

Cryosurgery is a recognized method for the treatment of mucoceles in the oral cavity. In this study, cryosurgery was used for mucoceles at the lip or buccal mucosa, and the effect and the indication were evaluated clinically. The subjects were patients with a clinical diagnosis of mucocele on the lip or buccal mucosa and who chose cryosurgery after procedures for both surgical excision and cryosurgery for the lesion were explained. Cryosurgery was performed with a freezing device using liquid nitrogen without local anesthesia. Twenty-four patients chose cryosurgery, including seven preschool children. There were no serious adverse events during and after cryosurgery. Healing progress after cryosurgery was not affected by patient age, lesion size, or how long the patients had the lesion. Two cases later underwent surgical excision because cryosurgery was not successful. Twenty-three patients chose surgical excision, one case had a recurrence. The number of younger patients who chose cryosurgery was significantly higher than that who chose surgical excision. This study suggests that cryosurgery is effective for mucoceles of the lip or buccal mucosa and is a simple and safe treatment method, especially for preschool children.