Social Health and Related Factors in Nurses: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Background: The present study was conducted to evaluate the level of social health and related factors in nurses. Materials and Methods: This systematic review and meta-analysis were done based on searching English and Persian articles published in PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Science Direct databases, Google Scholar, Scientific Information Database, Iranmedex, and Magiran from inception to January 2022. The mean (SD) of nurses' social health scores, their various dimensions, and related factors were extracted from the retrieved articles. Data analysis was performed using Review Manager software, and p < 0.05 was considered significant. Results: A total of 36 studies were reviewed for systematic review and 34 studies for meta-analysis. The total mean (SD) of social health in 9281 nurses was 57.13 (6.82) (on a scale of 0-100) with a 95% confidence interval of 50.31-63.95. Social health of nurses showed a statistically significant relationship with some demographic-personal factors and occupational-organizational factors. Conclusions: The level of nurses' social health was moderate which needs to be improved. To improve the performance of professional roles and the nursing care quality, it is necessary for healthcare system managers, especially nursing managers, to consider individual and organizational factors affecting nurses' social health in planning and decision making and try to increase nurses' social health. Some of the limitations of this study were that only reviewing quantitative cross-sectional studies and couldn't combine words when searching in Iranian databases.

Predictive factors of occupational stress among nurses during the COVID-19 pandemic: a cross-sectional study in Kashan, Iran.

BACKGROUND: Considering the severe and sudden changes in the job conditions of nurses during the covid-19 pandemic, the increase in job tensions during this critical period and its consequences on the quantity and quality of nursing care, this study aims to investigate the job stress of nurses during the covid-19 pandemic and its predictors in Iran. METHODS: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 400 nurses in 'Kashan', Iran, who were randomly selected using stratified sampling. Data were collected using two questionnaires on occupational stress and potential related factors. The data were analyzed in SPSS version 16. RESULTS: The results showed that the occupational stress of nurses in Iran was at a medium to high level with a mean and standard deviation of 103.773 ± 15.742 (scale of 34-136). Factors such as satisfaction with physical health, quality of work life, satisfaction with the availability of facilities, sense of coherence, education level, work experience, job burnout, male gender, being native, and workplace were predictors of occupational stress and explained 23.3% of the variance in occupational stress score. The highest contribution was related to satisfaction with physical health. CONCLUSION: Considering the consequences of occupational stress for nurses, it is crucial for health and nursing authorities to take these factors into consideration in policy-making and planning.

Clinical nursing competency during epidemics: a qualitative content analysis.

BACKGROUND: Nurses are on the frontline for managing epidemic diseases. Different aspects of clinical nursing competencies during epidemics are important issues that need investigation. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to determine the required clinical competencies for nurses during epidemics. Understanding these competencies could provide valuable information for health care services and nursing education organizations to prepare nurses for future epidemics. METHODS: The qualitative conventional content analysis study was conducted using semi-structured interviews with 12 nurses that were actively engaged in providing patient care during COVID-19 pandemic in Shahid Beheshti hospital in Kashan/Iran, from October 2022 to March 2023. The data analysis process was conducted according to 5 steps suggested by Graneheim and Lundman. RESULTS: After analysis, the 159 competencies were derived from interviews that were categorized to 11 subcategories, and three categories of clinical nursing skills in epidemics, knowledge of epidemics, and soft skills for nurses in epidemics. CONCLUSION: Nurses need wide range of competencies to address the professional expectations regarding providing acceptable care during epidemics. Knowing these competencies can help nursing managers to prepare nurses for crisis such as what world experienced during COVID-19 pandemic.

The effects of auriculotherapy on depression among elderly people: A randomized controlled clinical trial.

BACKGROUND: Given the high prevalence of depression in elderly people, appropriate interventions are essential. This study aimed to assess the effects of auriculotherapy on depression among elderly people. METHODS: This randomized controlled clinical trial was conducted in 2021. Fifty-two elderly were conveniently selected and randomly allocated to the sham (n = 26) and intervention (n = 26) groups through block randomization. The intervention group was subjected to four weeks of auriculotherapy at the Shen-Men, zero, heart, antidepressant, and master cerebral points using Vaccaria seeds fixed with adhesive tape. In the sham group, adhesive tapes were attached to the points with neither seeds nor compression. The elderly and data collector were blinded. The 15-item Geriatric Depression Scale was used to assess depression before, immediately after, and four weeks after the intervention (T1-T3). The statistical methods used were repeated measures analysis of variance and covariance. RESULTS: Groups significantly differed concerning participants' gender, education, and employment (p < 0.05). After adjusting for confounding effects, the time-group interaction significantly affected the mean depression score (p < 0.0001, effect size = 0.54). There was no significant difference between the depression score in the sham and intervention groups at T1 (9.6 ± 2.5 vs 9.5 ± 2.5, p = 0.263); however, this difference was found to be significant at T2 (8.6 ± 2 vs 4.2 ± 1.2, p < 0.0001, effect size = 0.68) and T3 (9.3 ± 2.3 vs 4.3 ± 1.3, p < 0.0001, effect size = 0.65). Within-group analysis revealed significant differences in the depression scores of the intervention group at T1 compared with those at T2 and T3 (p < 0.05). In contrast, the mean depression score in the sham group at T2 was significantly lower than that at T1 (p = 0.003) and greater than that at T3 (p = 0.049). CONCLUSIONS: Auriculotherapy alleviates depression and can be used as a complementary therapy for elderly people with depression.

Cross-cultural adaptation and psychometric evaluation of the social frailty scale in Iranian older adults.

BACKGROUND: Social frailty is a holistic concept encompassing various social determinants of health. Considering its importance and impact on health-related outcomes in older adults, the present study was conducted to cross-culturally adapt and psychometrically evaluate the Social Frailty Scale in Iranian older adults in 2023. METHODS: This was a methodological study. The translation and cross-cultural adaptation of the Social Frailty Scale 8-item (SFS-8) was conducted according to Wild's guideline. Content and face validity were assessed using qualitative and quantitative methods. Then, 250 older adults covered by comprehensive health centers were selected using multistage random sampling. Participants completed the demographic questionnaire, the Abbreviated Mental Test score, the SFS-8, and the Lubben Social Network Scale. Construct validity was assessed by principal component analysis (PCA) and known-group comparisons. The Mann‒Whitney U test was used to compare social frailty scores between the isolated and non-isolated older adults. Internal consistency, equivalence, and stability were assessed using the Kuder-Richardson method, the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), the standard error of measurement (SEM), and the minimum detectable change (MDC). The ceiling and floor effects were also assessed. The data were analyzed using JASP 0.17.3. RESULTS: The ratio and index of content validity and the modified kappa coefficient of all the items were 1.00. The impact score of the items was greater than 4.6. PCA identified the scale as a single component by removing two questions that could explain 52.9% of the total variance in the scale score. The Persian version of the Social Frailty Scale could distinguish between isolated and non-isolated older adults (p < 0.001). The Kuder-Richardson coefficient, ICC, SEM, and MDC were 0.606, 0.904, 0.129, and 0.358, respectively. The relative frequencies of the minimum and maximum scores obtained from the scale were 34.8 and 1.2, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The Persian version of the Social Frailty Scale (P-SFS) can be used as a valid and reliable scale to assess social frailty in Iranian older adults.

Translation and Psychometric Evaluation of the Comfort Questionnaire in a Sample of Iranian Nurses: A Methodological Study.

Background and Purpose: This study was conducted to translate the Nurses' Comfort Questionnaire (NCQ) into Persian and examine its psychometric properties. Methods: In this methodological study, after translation, and face and content validity of the instrument, 300 nurses were randomly selected from the various hospitals in Kashan, during 2022. The construct validity and reliability of the instrument were examined. Results: The extracted five factors in exploratory factor analysis were able to explain 35.7% of the total variance of the questionnaire score. Cronbach's alpha, intraclass correlation coefficient, standard error of measurement, and the smallest measurable change of the psychometric of NCQ (P-NCQ) were calculated as .872, .899, ±4.284, and 5.737, respectively. Conclusions: The P-NCQ has 30 items in five subscales and can be used as a valid and reliable instrument to measure the comfort of nurses.

Translation and Psychometric Evaluation of the Mahoney Pain Scale Among Iranian Elderly With Dementia: A Methodological Study.

Valid and reliable measurement tools are necessary for pain assessment among the elderly with dementia. This study aimed to translate the Mahoney Pain Scale (MPS) into Persian and evaluate its psychometric properties among Iranian elderly with dementia. In this methodological study, after translating and assessing the face and content validity of MPS, 100 elderly with dementia were selected via convenience sampling from nursing homes and clinics in Kashan in 2018-19; then, MPS was completed for them both at rest and during a movement pain protocol. MPS was assessed by exploratory factor analysis, known-group comparison, convergent validity, internal consistency, equivalence, and stability. The factor analysis revealed a one-factor structure, which explained 57.11% of the total variance. The Persian MPS differentiated patients with and without known painful conditions, as well as pain at rest and during the movement pain protocol (p < .0001). There was a significant positive correlation between the scores of MPS and PACSLAC-II (r = .87, p < .0001). The Cronbach's α, intraclass correlation coefficient and standard error of measurement of MPS were .91, .79, and ±1.37, respectively. As a valid and reliable tool, the Persian MPS can be used for pain assessment among Iranian elderly with dementia.

Development and psychometric evaluation of the Hospital Nurse Interpersonal Empathy Questionnaire.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to develop the Hospital Nurse Interpersonal Empathy Questionnaire (HNIEQ) and evaluate its psychometric properties. METHODS: The primary version of HNIEQ was deductively developed through reviewing the literature, and then, its face and content validity were assessed. For construct validity assessment, 250 hospital nurses were randomly selected from hospitals of Kashan, Iran. Their data were used for exploratory factor analysis. Internal consistency was assessed through Cronbach's α coefficient and questionnaire stability was assessed through test-retest intraclass correlation coefficient. Ceiling and floor effects were also assessed. Data analysis was done via the SPSS program (v. 16.0). RESULTS: The final version of HNIEQ contained 45 items. Exploratory factor analysis revealed a six-factor structure (empathetic and ethical attention, perspective adoption, emotional affectability, altruism, emotion identification and responsivity, and reflection forecasting) for the questionnaire which explained 52.7% of the total variance of its total score. The Cronbach's α coefficient and the intraclass correlation coefficient of HNIEQ were 0.953 and 0.972, respectively. CONCLUSION: HNIEQ is a valid and reliable instrument for empathy assessment among nurses.

Psychometric evaluation of the Persian version of the Doloplus-2 (P-Doloplus-2) scale in elderly with dementia

Background/aim: A scale for behavioural pain assessment is useful for the detection and determination of pain in the elderly with dementia. This study aimed to translate and evaluate the psychometric properties of Doloplus-2 in the elderly with dementia in Iran. Materials and methods: In this methodological study, after translation and evaluating the face and content validity of Doloplus-2, 100 elderly people were selected by the convenience sampling method in Kashan, 2018­2019. Exploratory factor analysis, convergent validity, and known-groups comparison were applied to determine construct validity. Reliability was also assessed through internal consistency, equivalence, and stability methods were used. The ceiling and floor effects were also examined. Data were analyzed using the SPSS-v16 and via Mann-Whitney U test, Cronbach's alpha, Spearman-Brown, and intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). Results: The scale's content validity index was 0.95%, and the item impact of each item was above 1.5. Factor analysis identified 2 "social- functional" and "conventional subjective-objective" factors in scale that altogether were able to explain 76% of the total variance. The results revealed that P-Doloplus-2 could discriminate between the 2 groups of elderly with and without known chronic painful diseases (P < 0.0001). There was a significant positive correlation between P-Doloplus-2 and PACSLAC-II-IR scores (r = 0.878, P < 0.0001). Cronbach's alpha, ICC, and standard error of measurement for the scale were 0.950, 0.864, and ± 1.759, respectively. The frequency of minimum and maximum possible score of scale was less than 15%. Conclusion: The Persian version of Doloplus-2 can be considered as a valid and reliable scale for pain assessment in the elderly with dementia.

Quality of Life among Iranian Postmenopausal Women: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Menopause can cause mental, physical, vasomotor, and sexual symptoms and problems, which negatively affect the quality of life (QOL). The aim of this study was to systematically evaluate QOL among Iranian postmenopausal women. This systematic review was conducted on cross-sectional studies that were published between 2000 and 2018. An online search to find studies published in English or Persian was conducted in the databases of Web of Science, PubMed, ScienceDirect, Scopus, Google Scholar, Scientific Information Database, Magiran, and IranMedex. Search key terms were "quality of life", "menopause", and "Iran". Fourteen studies were eligible for this study. The Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) checklist was used for quality appraisal. The mean and standard deviation of QOL and its domains were extracted from the selected studies. Study data were analyzed using the Review Manager (v. 5.0) and the STATA (v. 12.0) software. The mean of total QOL among 3413 postmenopausal women was 57.89±12.8 (in the possible range of 0-174). The means of its vasomotor, psychosocial, physical, and sexual domains were 7.86±2.14, 19.43±2.05, 40.58±3.33, and 6.71±1.77, respectively. The QOL among Iranian postmenopausal women is nearly higher than the moderate level. The lowest and the highest levels of QOL are related to the physical and sexual domains, respectively. Health authorities need to develop educational interventions to promote postmenopausal women's QOL, particularly in the physical domain.

Psychometric Evaluation of the Persian Version of the Successful Aging Inventory.

BACKGROUND: The first step to successful aging planning is to assess the current status using valid instruments. This study aimed to evaluate the psychometric properties of the Persian version of the Successful Aging Inventory (SAI). MATERIALS AND METHODS: In the first step, SAI. was translated through forward-backward translation, and its face and content validity were qualitatively and quantitatively assessed. For construct validity assessment, 300 elderly were recruited through multi-stage random sampling. Exploratory factor analysis and known-group comparison were used. SAI reliability through internal consistency and stability was assessed using the Cronbach's alpha values of the inventory and intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), respectively. The standard error of measurement, smallest detectable change, and floor and ceiling effects were calculated. RESULTS: The impact scores, content validity ratios, and content validity indices of all items were more than 1.5, 0.62, and 0.8, respectively. The scale-level content validity index was 0.94. Factor analysis identified four factors for the inventory, which explained 58.17% of the total variance of the SAI score. SAI mean score among mentally healthy participants was significantly higher (P<0.001). The relative frequencies with the lowest and highest possible scores of SAI were 0 and 3.7%, respectively. The Cronbach's alpha, ICC, standard error of measurement, and the smallest detectable change of SAI were 0.835, 0.999, ±0.47, and 1.9, respectively. CONCLUSION: As a valid and reliable instrument, the Persian version of SAI could be used for a successful aging assessment.

Predictors of happiness among Iranian nurses.

OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to assess happiness and its predictors among a group of Iranian hospital nurses. METHODS: This cross-sectional study was done in 2016 on 620 hospital nurses who worked in five teaching hospitals affiliated to Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran. Nurses were recruited through the census method. Data collection instruments were a researcher-made demographic and occupational characteristics questionnaire, the Oxford Happiness Inventory, and the Minnesota Job Satisfaction Questionnaire. Data analysis was done through stepwise multiple linear regression analysis. RESULTS: Among 620 recruited nurses, 422 returned their questionnaires completely filled. The mean of their happiness was 123.4 ±â€¯18.4 in the possible score range of 29-174. The significant predictors of happiness were satisfaction with mental health, monthly salary, satisfaction with salary, quality of life, current hospital ward, the length of working in the current ward, work shift, age, job satisfaction, and satisfaction with physicians' conduct and performance. These variables explained 50.3% of the total variance of happiness. Satisfaction with mental health had the greatest proportion in explaining the variance of happiness. CONCLUSION: Nurses in teaching hospitals in Kashan, Iran, have moderate happiness. Their happiness is affected by different factors, particularly by satisfaction with their mental health. Health policy-makers and authorities, in developing workforce-related plans and programs, need to pay special attention to nurses' happiness and its contributing factors.

Psychometric Evaluation of the Cognitive State Test (COST) in a Sample of Iranian Elderly People.

BACKGROUND: An absolute prerequisite to the effective management of dementia is its early diagnosis. Successful dementia screening requires precise and sensitive instruments that can be completed even by illiterate elderly people. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to evaluate the psychometric properties of the Persian version of the cognitive state test (COST). MATERIALS AND METHODS: This methodologic study was conducted in Kashan, Iran, during 2013 - 2014. A purposeful sample of 150 healthy elderly people and 50 elderly patients with dementia was recruited. After translating the instrument by using the standard forward-backward technique, we assessed its qualitative and quantitative face and content validity. The validity of the test was assessed by using the concurrent validity and the exploratory factor analysis. We also calculated Cronbach's alpha and employed the test-retest method for evaluating the internal consistency and the stability of the test, respectively. Study data were analyzed by using the SPSS v16.0, the Spearman-Brown, and the intraclass correlation coefficient tests and the principal components factor analysis with varimax rotation. RESULTS: The Persian COST consists of nineteen items. The impact scores, the content validity ratios and the content validity indices of all test items were greater than 4.5, 0.69, and 0.84, respectively. The COST had a significant correlation with the clinical dementia rating (rS = -0.76, P value < 0.001), indicating an acceptable concurrent validity for the test. The exploratory factor analysis revealed a five-factor structure that explained 60.59% of the total variance of the total cognitive state score. The Cronbach's alpha, Spearman-Brown, and interclass correlation coefficients were 0.82, 0.95, and 0.88, respectively (P value < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The Persian version of the COST can be used as a valid and reliable instrument for assessing cognitive state and screening dementia in literate and illiterate elderly people.

Clinical nurses' perceptions of the opportunities for using complementary therapies in Iranian clinical settings: A qualitative study.

Nurses need to use complementary therapies in their clinical practice in order to fulfill community's needs. There are potential opportunities for using complementary therapies in different clinical settings. This study was done to explore nurses' perceptions of these opportunities in Iranian clinical settings. In this qualitative study, sampling was done purposively and ended after reaching data saturation. Semi-structured interviews were done with fifteen nurses. The data were analyzed via the conventional content analysis approach. The participants' perceptions fell into three main categories of 'consumer demand', 'environmental potentials', and 'optimal official regulations' from which, the main theme of 'A potentially-supportive environment' was abstracted. The context of Iranian clinical settings is appropriate for using complementary therapies in nursing practice. A potentially-supportive environment automatically directs nurses towards using such therapies. These findings can be used by nursing managers to integrate complementary therapies into nursing practice.

Diagnostic Accuracy of the Cognitive State Test in the Detection of Dementia Among Iranian Older Adults.

Dementia screening tests need to have acceptable sensitivity and specificity. The current study aimed to determine the cutoff point of the Persian Cognitive State Test (P-COST) and test its diagnostic accuracy. The study was conducted using the known-groups method. A purposive sample of 50 patients with dementia and 150 older adults without dementia was recruited in Kashan, Iran. The reference standard included clinical interviewing and findings of a computerized tomography scan. The P-COST was the index test. Mean P-COST scores of the two groups differed significantly (p < 0.001). The P-COST is a sensitive and precise test for assessing cognitive state and thus can be used for dementia screening and monitoring of older adults' health.

The Effect of Narrative Reminiscence on Happiness of Elderly Women.

BACKGROUND: Happiness has a considerable impact on elderly quality of life. Reminiscence therapy can be an effective intervention in increasing the positive emotions among elderly. OBJECTIVES: This study was performed to investigate the effect of reminiscence therapy on Iranian elderly women's happiness. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This randomized clinical trial conducted on 32 elderly women (census sampling) attending the jahandidegan daycare elderly center IN Gorgan city, Iran, in 2013. Happiness scores of 4 phases were measured: before, the third session, the sixth session and one month after the intervention. Three instruments were used in this study including a demographic questionnaire, the mini mental state examination test, and Oxford happiness questionnaire. The intervention group participated in six sessions of narrative group reminiscence that were held in three consecutive weeks, two sessions per week. The control group was also participated in six sessions of group discussions that were held in three consecutive weeks, two sessions per week. Data analysis was performed the chi-square, independent t-test, Paired t-test. RESULTS: From a total of 32 elderly women, 29 cases completed the study. No significant differences were found between the two groups in terms of demographic characteristics. The mean happiness scores before the intervention between the two groups were not significantly different (P = 0.824). Comparison of the mean happiness scores of the intervention group in the four measurement times revealed a significant difference only after the third and sixth sessions (P = 0.03), and no significant difference was found between the mean happiness scores of the control group in the four measurement times. CONCLUSIONS: The elderly participating in the matched group sessions can be effective in increasing positive emotions.

The effects of inhalation aromatherapy on anxiety in patients with myocardial infarction: a randomized clinical trial.

BACKGROUND: Anxiety is an important mental health problem in patients with cardiac disease. Anxiety reduces patients' quality of life and increases the risk of different cardiac complications. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of inhalation aromatherapy on anxiety in patients with myocardial infarction. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This was a randomized clinical trial conduced on 68 patients with myocardial infarction hospitalized in coronary care units of a large-scale teaching hospital affiliated to Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran in 2013. By using the block randomization technique, patients were randomly assigned to experimental (33 patients receiving inhalation aromatherapy with lavender aroma twice a day for two subsequent days) and control (35 patients receiving routine care of study setting including no aromatherapy) groups. At the beginning of study and twenty minutes after each aromatherapy session, anxiety state of patients was assessed using the Spielberger's State Anxiety Inventory. Data was analyzed using SPSS v. 16.0. We used Chi-square, Fisher's exact, independent-samples T-test and repeated measures analysis of variance to analyze the study data. RESULTS: The study groups did not differ significantly regarding baseline anxiety mean and demographic characteristics. However, after the administration of aromatherapy, anxiety mean in the experimental group was significantly lower than the control group. CONCLUSIONS: Inhalation aromatherapy with lavender aroma can reduce anxiety in patients with myocardial infarction. Consequently, healthcare providers, particularly nurses, can use this strategy to improve postmyocardial infarction anxiety management.

Investigating happiness and its related factors in married women referred to health centers of shahroud city.

BACKGROUND: Happiness is one of the most important factors affecting women's mental health. Several factors contribute to happiness in different societies. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to investigate the level of happiness in married women and its related factors. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study with stratified sampling proportional to different age groups of married women in selected health centers (based on socioeconomic status). Subjects were 379 married women. The Oxford Happiness Inventory (scale: 0-87) was used to measure happiness. The Enrich Marital Satisfaction Inventory including 47 questions (scale: 47-235) and demographic information questionnaires were also used. Descriptive statistics, correlation, T-test, One-way ANOVA and Regression were used to analyze data. RESULTS: The mean of happiness was 45.11 ± 14.40. Marital satisfaction was 164.68 ± 28.33 and 64% of the participants had a relative marital satisfaction. Univariate analysis of happiness showed significant effects of husband and wife education, husband job, economic status, stress in past six months, marital satisfaction and having social activates, but was not statistically significant for other factors (P < 0.05). Adjusting for the confounding effect of other variables, multiple linear regressions showed significant association of happiness with marital satisfaction, economic status and social activity. CONCLUSIONS: Regarding lower level of happiness of married women in Shahroud comparing to some other studies in Iran and abroad, leisure time programs, training life skills especially stress management skills, increasing marital satisfaction and improving economic status should be considered.

Frequency and predictors of courses repetition, probation, and delayed graduation in kashan faculty of nursing and midwifery.

BACKGROUND: Course failing and delayed graduation are important concerns in educational systems. The reasons of these educational failures need to be clarified. OBJECTIVES: This study was designed to determine the academic failure rate and its predictors in Nursing and Midwifery Students in Kashan University of Medical Sciences. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this cross-sectional study, the records of all the students graduated in Nursing and Midwifery faculty during 18 years (1986 - 2003) were evaluated (1174 graduates). The demographic variables and the educational situation were recorded. The frequency of course repetition, probation, and delayed graduation were determined and the data were analyzed using the chi-square and logistic regression tests. RESULTS: The frequency of course repetition, probation, and delayed graduation was reported to be 19.25%, 3.9% and 19.85%, respectively. Gaining Low grade in high school, transferring from other universities, having special quota, and transferring temporarily to other universities were mentioned as the risk factors of academic failure. The major had a significant relationship with academic failure. Day time students had more course failure and night time students stayed longer in the university. CONCLUSIONS: The individual characteristics, educational background and admission criteria had showed relation with academic failure. Vulnerable students should be identified and educational supports should be provided for these students.