Association Between Asian Dust Exposure and Pneumonia Hospitalization in Western Japan: A Case-Crossover Study.

Epidemiological studies have reported that Asian dust (AD), a type of desert dust, has harmful effects on human health. This study aimed to examine the association between AD exposure and hospitalization due to pneumonia. Data on patients in Western Japan admitted for pneumonia were included from a real-world database derived from electronic medical records. We used the meteorological observatory data of the most populous city in each prefecture, in which AD event was defined as a loss of visibility from a distance ≤10 km. A case-crossover design and conditional logistic regression model were used. Overall, 12 938 patients were included, and AD exposure events were observed for 557 days. Exposure to an AD event five days prior to hospitalization was significantly associated with hospitalization for pneumonia after adjusting for weather variables (odds ratio = 1.17; 95% confidence interval = [1.01, 1.36]). These findings suggest that AD exposure is associated with an increased rate of admission for pneumonia in Western Japan.

Narcolepsy and risk of traumatic injury: a population-based matched cohort study.

STUDY OBJECTIVES: We evaluated the risk of traumatic injury in patients with narcolepsy compared to the general population. METHODS: We conducted a population-based matched cohort study using a Japanese health insurance claims database. For each patient with narcolepsy, up to 5 individuals from the general population without narcolepsy were matched by variables such as sex, age, and cohort entry month. The primary outcome was traumatic injury, and the secondary outcome was fracture. The study population was followed for up to 5 years from the cohort entry date. We estimated crude incidence rates, adjusted incidence rate differences (aIRDs), adjusted hazard ratios (aHRs), and their 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for study outcomes using crude and multivariable Poisson and Cox regression models. RESULTS: We included 2,451 patients with narcolepsy (mean age, 30.3 years; male, 58.0%) and 10,591 matched individuals (mean age, 30.6 years; male, 58.4%). Crude incidence rate of traumatic injury was 11.4 per 100 person-years for patients with narcolepsy compared with 6.2 per 100 person-years for matched individuals (aIRD, 6.2 excess events per 100 person-years [95% CI, 4.9-7.4]; aHR, 1.8 [95% CI, 1.5-2.2]). Crude incidence rate of fracture was 2.3 per 100 person-years for patients with narcolepsy compared with 1.3 per 100 person-years for matched individuals (aIRD, 1.2 excess events per 100 person-years [95% CI, 0.7-1.7]; aHR, 1.7 [95% CI, 1.4-2.1]). CONCLUSIONS: Narcolepsy was associated with increased risk of traumatic injury. For patients with narcolepsy, optimized approaches to injury prevention should be considered.

Comparative effectiveness of sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors in improvement of fatty liver index in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease: A retrospective nationwide claims database study in Japan.

AIM: To date, there are limited clinical studies and real-world evidence investigating whether sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) are associated with improved hepatic steatosis. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of SGLT2i compared with that of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors (DPP4i) in improving the fatty liver index (FLI) in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD). MATERIALS AND METHODS: This retrospective cohort study included new users of SGLT2i or DPP4i with T2DM and MASLD from a large claims database (JMDC Claims Database). The primary outcome was the incidence of improvement of the FLI. Cox proportional hazard models, weighted using propensity scores for predicting the initiation of treatment, were fitted to estimate hazard ratios with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Time-course changes in the FLI values were also assessed. RESULTS: This study included 9127 SGLT2i and 12 286 DPP4i initiators. SGLT2i showed a higher incidence of improvement in the FLI (≥30%, ≥40% and ≥50% reduction from baseline FLI) compared with DPP4i, and the weighted hazard ratios were 1.27 (95% CI 1.18-1.38), 1.24 (95% CI 1.13-1.37) and 1.19 (95% CI 1.05-1.33), respectively. SGLT2i indicated a greater decreased in FLI values compared with DPP4i at up to 3 years of the follow-up period. CONCLUSION: SGLT2is use appeared to be associated with a greater improvement of the FLI than DPP4i use in patients with T2DM and MASLD. In the absence of direct head-to-head comparisons from clinical studies, our study, using real-world data, may support physicians' decision-making in clinical practice.

Incidence, prevalence, and treatment of Moyamoya disease in Japan: A population-based descriptive study.

BACKGROUND: Moyamoya disease (MMD) is characterized by progressive stenosis or occlusion of the terminal portions of the bilateral internal carotid arteries. A Japanese survey in 2003 reported an incidence and prevalence of MMD of 0.54 and 6.03 per 100,000 people, respectively, showing an upward trend over previous surveys. An update to these estimates is therefore warranted. Additionally, evidence is lacking on trends in revascularization and antiplatelet therapy in MMD patients. METHODS: We conducted a population-based descriptive study using a Japanese claims database. From fiscal year (FY) 2015 to 2019, we standardized the incidence and prevalence estimates of MMD to the 2015 Japanese census population by age and sex. We also estimated the 1-year cumulative incidence of revascularization among incident MMD patients and the proportion of prevalent MMD patients receiving antiplatelet therapy in each FY. RESULTS: The age-standardized male-to-female ratio of both incident and prevalent MMD patients was approximately 1:2. Standardized incidence and prevalence of MMD per 100,000 population increased slightly from 1.8 to 2.4 and 14.7 to 17.6, respectively. The 1-year cumulative incidence of revascularization among incident MMD patients varied between 21.9 % and 28.9 %. Among prevalent MMD patients, 36.6 % to 39.0 % received antiplatelet therapy. CONCLUSIONS: The incidence and prevalence of MMD in Japan from FY 2015 to 2019 were higher than those estimated in 2003. The trends in revascularization and antiplatelet therapy identified in this study will be useful in further improving the quality of MMD clinical practice.

Association between maternal heavy metal exposure and Kawasaki Disease, the Japan Environment and Children's Study (JECS).

Kawasaki disease (KD) is an acute systemic vasculitis primarily affecting young children, with an unclear etiology. We investigated the link between maternal heavy metal exposure and KD incidence in children using the Japan Environment and Children's Study, a large-scale nationwide prospective cohort with approximately 100,000 mother-child pairs. Maternal blood samples collected during the second/third trimester were analyzed for heavy metals [mercury (Hg), cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), selenium (Se), manganese (Mn)], divided into four quartiles based on concentration levels. KD incidence within the first year of life was tracked via questionnaire. Among 85,378 mother-child pairs, 316 children (0.37%) under one year were diagnosed with KD. Compared with the lowest concentration group (Q1), the highest (Q4) showed odds ratios (95% confidence interval) for Hg, 1.29 (0.82-2.03); Cd, 0.99 (0.63-1.58); Pb, 0.84 (0.52-1.34); Se, 1.17 (0.70-1.94); Mn, 0.70 (0.44-1.11), indicating no concentration-dependent increase. Sensitivity analyses with logarithmic transformation and extended outcomes up to age 3 yielded similar results. No significant association was found between maternal heavy metal levels and KD incidence, suggesting that heavy metal exposure does not increase KD risk.

Treatment for patients with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease in the chronic kidney disease without kidney replacement therapy in real-world clinical practice: a descriptive retrospective cohort study.

BACKGROUND: In real-world clinical practice, treatments selected for patients with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) in the chronic kidney disease (CKD) without kidney replacement therapy (KRT) have not been reported. This study investigated the oral treatments used in these patients and the changes in their use in recent years. Additionally, we studied the factors affecting tolvaptan dose reduction or discontinuation. METHODS: This retrospective cohort study was conducted using the medical records of 160 hospitals in Japan. Patients with ADPKD or polycystic kidney disease registered on the database between January 2014 and December 2020 were selected. Changes in prescription proportions over time were assessed using the Cochran-Armitage test. We focused on patients prescribed with >15 mg of tolvaptan daily to identify the factors related to its dose reduction or discontinuation and used Multivariate Cox regression analysis to evaluate them. RESULTS: Tolvaptan use in patients with ADPKD in the CKD without KRT stage has increased. As of 2020, 25% of patients were treated with tolvaptan. Overall, 3639 patients with ADPKD were enrolled in the database, of whom 156 were treated with tolvaptan. Of these, 64 patients (41%) reduced or discontinued tolvaptan during the observation period. The presence of an estimated glomerular filtration rate <60 mL/min/1.73 m2 at the beginning of the treatment was associated with a higher risk of tolvaptan dose reduction or discontinuation. CONCLUSION: The proportion of patients with ADPKD treated with high-dose tolvaptan is increasing. However, patients with late-stage CKD tended to reduce or discontinue tolvaptan.

Safety of advanced laparoscopic hepatectomy for elderly patients: a Japanese nationwide analysis.

BACKGROUND: Although basic laparoscopic hepatectomy (LH) has become the standard procedure for hepatectomy, the safety of advanced LH remains to be clarified, especially in elderly patients. We investigated the safety of advanced LH in elderly Japanese patients. METHODS: Elderly patients (≥ 65 years) who underwent advanced LH between 2016 and 2021 were analyzed using a nationwide claims database in Japan. The perioperative outcomes of patients who underwent open hepatectomy (OH group) or LH (LH group) were compared using propensity score matching (PSM). The primary outcome was in-hospital mortality. The E-value method was performed to assess the strength of the outcome point estimates against possible unmeasured confounding factors. RESULTS: Among 5,021 patients, eligible patients were classified into the OH (n = 4,152) and LH (n = 527) groups. The median patient age was 74 years in both groups. Hepatocellular carcinoma and metastatic liver tumors were the major indications for hepatectomy (OH: 52.5% versus 30.6%; LH: 60.7% versus 26.4%). After PSM, in-hospital mortality rates for OH and LH were 1.7 and 0.76%, respectively. The risk ratio was 0.45 (95% confidence interval, 0.16-1.25; E-value = 3.87). Compared with OH, LH was associated with a longer anesthesia time (411 versus 432 min), lower rate of blood product use (red blood concentrate: 33.5% versus 20.3%; fresh frozen plasma: 29.2% versus 17.1%), and shorter hospital stay (13 versus 12 days). CONCLUSIONS: In elderly patients, the safety of advanced LH was similar to that of advanced OH, or might be better in Japan under the current policy of hospital accreditation.

Effect of multidisciplinary care on diabetic kidney disease: a retrospective cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is the most common disease among patients requiring dialysis for the first time in Japan. Multidisciplinary care (MDC) may prevent the progression of kidney failure. However, the effectiveness and timing of MDC to preserve kidney function in patients with DKD is unclear. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate whether MDC for patients with DKD affects the preservation of kidney function as well as the timing of MDC in clinical practice. METHODS: In this retrospective cohort study, we identified patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and DKD from April 2012 to January 2020 using a nationwide Japanese healthcare record database. The fee code for medical guidance to prevent dialysis in patients with diabetes was used to distinguish between the MDC and non-MDC groups. The primary outcome was a 40% decline in the estimated glomerular filtration rate, and secondary outcomes were death, hospitalization, permanent dialysis, kidney failure with replacement therapy, and emergency temporary catheterization. Propensity score matching was performed, and Kaplan-Meier and multivariable Cox regression analyses were performed. RESULTS: Overall, 9,804 eligible patients met the inclusion criteria, of whom 5,614 were matched for the main analysis: 1,039 in the MDC group, and 4,575 in the non-MDC group. The primary outcome did not differ between the groups (hazard ratio: 1.18, [95% confidence interval: 0.99-1.41], P = 0.07). The groups also did not differ in terms of the secondary outcomes. Most patients with DKD received their first MDC guidance within 1 month of diagnosis, but most received guidance only once per year. CONCLUSIONS: Although we could not demonstrate the effectiveness of MDC on kidney function in patients with DKD, we clarified the characteristics of such patients assigned the fee code for medical guidance to prevent dialysis related to diabetes.

Functional opsin patterning for Drosophila color vision is established through signaling pathways in adjacent object-detection neurons.

Vision is mainly based on two different tasks, object detection and color discrimination, carried out by photoreceptor (PR) cells. The Drosophila compound eye consists of ∼800 ommatidia. Every ommatidium contains eight PR cells, six outer cells (R1-R6) and two inner cells (R7 and R8), by which object detection and color vision are achieved, respectively. Expression of opsin genes in R7 and R8 is highly coordinated through the instructive signal from R7 to R8, and two major ommatidial subtypes are distributed stochastically; pale type expresses Rh3/Rh5 and yellow type expresses Rh4/Rh6 in R7/R8. The homeodomain protein Defective proventriculus (Dve) is expressed in yellow-type R7 and in six outer PRs, and it is involved in Rh3 repression to specify the yellow-type R7. dve mutant eyes exhibited atypical coupling, Rh3/Rh6 and Rh4/Rh5, indicating that Dve activity is required for proper opsin coupling. Surprisingly, Dve activity in R1 is required for the instructive signal, whereas activity in R6 and R7 blocks the signal. Our results indicate that functional coupling of two different neurons is established through signaling pathways from adjacent neurons that are functionally different.

Timing of Initiation of Xanthine Oxidase Inhibitors Based on Serum Uric Acid Level Does Not Predict Renoprognosis in Patients with Preserved Kidney Function.

Background: Despite recent evidence of remaining possibility that early initiation of xanthine oxidase inhibitors (XOIs) is beneficial in renoprognosis for patients with stage 2 or less chronic kidney disease (CKD), no evidence is available regarding the difference in renoprognosis based on serum uric acid (sUA) levels at the initiation of XOIs among patients with preserved kidney function. Methods: New XOI initiators were divided into quartiles based on baseline sUA. Primary outcome was the composite incidence of a significant estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) decline (≥40% decline in eGFR from baseline or development of eGFR <30 mL/1.73 m2/min) or all-cause death within 5 years. Results: After excluding inapplicable patients, 1170 XOI initiators were analyzed (mean ± standard deviation age: 68 ± 14.3 years; sUA: 10.6 ± 1.15 mg/dL). On overall median [interquartile range (IQR)] follow-up of 824 (342, 1576) days, incidence rate of the primary outcome was 287 per 1000 person-years for 5 years. Although the nonadjusted model showed a dose-response association between baseline sUA level and the outcome, the adjusted model showed no significant association. Adjusted hazard ratios (95% confidence interval) of the second, third, and fourth quartiles of baseline sUA with the composite outcome within 5 years compared to the first quartile were 1.00 (0.78, 1.29), 1.00 (0.80, 1.30), and 1.02 (0.80, 1.32), respectively. Conclusions: Early initiation of XOIs did not predict a significant benefit on renoprognosis even among the population with preserved kidney function. The validity of initiating XOIs with the aim of improving renoprognosis based on sUA is questionable.

Effectiveness of sublingual immunotherapy in pediatric cedar pollinosis: A real-world database study.

BACKGROUND: Pediatric allergic rhinitis (AR), including cedar pollinosis (CP), is increasing in Japan. We investigated the effects of sublingual immunotherapy (SLIT), which has limited studies of its effectiveness in real-world settings, on children with CP. METHODS: This retrospective cohort study used a claim database in 2018-2021. Children aged ≤15 years with CP records in 2019 were eligible and were followed up through 2021. We included 2962 CP children undergoing SLIT and 547 who were not. The medication score was used to evaluate SLIT effectiveness in the cedar pollen dispersal season each year. Adverse events and the occurrence of allergic diseases were also evaluated. RESULTS: Medication score was higher in the SLIT group during the index period but lower in 2021 compared to the non-SLIT group (mean ± standard deviation: 5.17 ± 2.39 and 4.74 ± 2.38 in 2019, 3.13 ± 2.30 and 3.55 ± 2.48 in 2021, respectively). The adjusted mean difference between groups from 2019 to 2021 was -0.62 (95% confidence interval: -0.86 to -0.39, p < .0001), and the medication score was reduced in the SLIT group (risk ratio: 1.2: 1.1 to 1.3). The occurrence of adverse events involving abdominal disorders (adjusted odds ratio [aOR]: 0.64: 0.51 to 0.81), asthma exacerbation (aOR: 0.37: 0.24 to 0.57), and allergic diseases involving hay fever unrelated to CP (aOR: 0.60: 0.45 to 0.80) or asthma (aOR: 0.71: 0.58 to 0.86) was lower in the SLIT group. CONCLUSION: In children with CP, SLIT is effective, well tolerated, and could decrease the occurrence of other allergic diseases.

Validity of Using Japanese Administrative Data to Identify Inpatients With Acute Pulmonary Embolism: Referencing the COMMAND VTE Registry.

BACKGROUND: Acute pulmonary embolism (PE) is a life-threatening in-hospital complication. Recently, several studies have reported the clinical characteristics of PE among Japanese patients using the diagnostic procedure combination (DPC)/per diem payment system database. However, the validity of PE identification algorithms for Japanese administrative data is not yet clear. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the validity of using DPC data to identify acute PE inpatients. METHODS: The reference standard was symptomatic/asymptomatic PE patients included in the COntemporary ManageMent AND outcomes in patients with Venous ThromboEmbolism (COMMAND VTE) registry, which is a cohort study of acute symptomatic venous thromboembolism (VTE) patients in Japan. The validation cohort included all patients discharged from the six hospitals included in both the registry and DPC database. The identification algorithms comprised diagnosis, anticoagulation therapy, thrombolysis therapy, and inferior vena cava filter placement. Each algorithm's sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value (NPV) were estimated. RESULTS: A total of 43.4% of the validation cohort was female, with a mean age of 67.3 years. The diagnosis-based algorithm showed a sensitivity of 90.2% (222/246; 95% confidence interval [CI], 85.8-93.6%), a specificity of 99.8% (228,485/229,027; 95% CI, 99.7-99.8%), a PPV of 29.1% (222/764; 95% CI, 25.9-32.4%) and an NPV of 99.9% (228,485/229,509; 95% CI, 99.9-99.9%) for identifying symptomatic/asymptomatic PE. Additionally, 94.6% (159/168; 95% CI, 90.1-97.5%) of symptomatic PE patients were identified using the diagnosis-based algorithm. CONCLUSION: The diagnosis-based algorithm may be a relatively sensitive method for identifying acute PE inpatients in the Japanese DPC database.

Cardiovascular Safety of Atomoxetine and Methylphenidate in Patients With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in Japan: A Self-Controlled Case Series Study.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the association between atomoxetine or methylphenidate use and arrhythmia, heart failure (HF), stroke, and myocardial infarction (MI) in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) patients mainly focused on the people of working age. METHODS: In a self-controlled case series study using a Japanese claims database, we identified events of arrhythmia, HF, stroke, and MI among 15,472 atomoxetine new users and 12,059 methylphenidate new users. Adjusted incidence rate ratios (aIRRs) of outcome events were estimated using multivariable conditional Poisson regression. RESULTS: An increased risk of arrhythmia was observed during the first 7 days after the initial atomoxetine exposure (aIRR 6.22, 95% CI [1.90, 20.35]) and in the subsequent exposure (3.23, [1.58, 6.64]). No association was found between methylphenidate exposure and arrhythmia, nor between atomoxetine or methylphenidate exposure and HF. The limited number of stroke and MI cases prevented thorough analysis. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians should consider monitoring for arrhythmia after patients initiating or re-initiating atomoxetine.

Are Dental Procedures Associated With Pyogenic Vertebral Osteomyelitis?

BACKGROUND: Dental procedures can lead to bacteremia and have been considered a potential risk factor for pyogenic vertebral osteomyelitis (PVO). However, data on the association between dental procedures and PVO are limited. QUESTIONS/PURPOSES: (1) After controlling for relevant confounding variables, are dental procedures associated with an increased risk of PVO? (2) Does antibiotic prophylaxis before dental procedures effectively decrease the risk of PVO? METHODS: A case-crossover study was conducted to investigate the association between dental procedures and PVO using a Japanese claims database. The advantage of this study design is that confounding factors that do not vary over time are automatically adjusted for, because cases act as their own controls. From April 2014 to September 2021, the database included 8414 patients who were hospitalized for PVO. Of these, 50% (4182 of 8414) were excluded because they had not undergone any dental procedures before the index date, a further 0.1% (10 of 8414) were excluded because they were younger than 18 years at the index date, and a further 7% (623 of 8414) were excluded because they did not have at least 20 weeks of continuous enrollment before the index date, leaving 43% (3599 of 8414) eligible for analysis here. The mean age was 77 ± 11 years, and 55% (1985 of 3599) were men. Sixty-five percent (2356 of 3599) of patients had a diagnosis of diabetes mellitus, and 42% (1519 of 3599) of patients had a diagnosis of osteoporosis. We compared the frequency of dental procedures between a 4-week hazard period before the admission date for PVO and two control periods, 9 to 12 weeks and 17 to 20 weeks before the admission date for PVO, within individuals. We calculated odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals using conditional logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: Comparing the hazard and matched control periods within individuals demonstrated that dental procedures were not associated with an increased risk of PVO (OR 0.81 [95% CI 0.72 to 0.92]; p < 0.001). Additional analysis stratified by antibiotic prophylaxis use showed that antibiotic prophylaxis was not associated with a lower OR of developing PVO after dental procedures (with antibiotic prophylaxis: OR 1.11 [95% CI 0.93 to 1.32]; p < 0.26, without antibiotic prophylaxis: OR 0.72 [95% CI 0.63 to 0.83]; p < 0.001). Our sensitivity analyses, in which the exposure assessment interval was extended from 4 to 8 or 12 weeks and exposure was stratified by whether the dental procedure was invasive, demonstrated results that were consistent with our main analysis. CONCLUSION: Dental procedures were not associated with an increased risk of subsequent PVO in this case-crossover study. The effectiveness of antibiotic prophylaxis was not demonstrated in the additional analysis that categorized exposure according to the use of antibiotic prophylaxis. Our results suggest that the association between dental procedures and PVO may have been overestimated. Maintaining good oral hygiene may be important in preventing the development of PVO. The indications for antibiotic prophylaxis before dental procedures should be reconsidered in view of the potential risk of adverse drug reactions to antibiotic prophylaxis and the emergence of drug-resistant pathogens. Larger randomized controlled trials are needed to confirm these findings and assess the role of antibiotic prophylaxis. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level III, therapeutic study.

Clinical Characteristics and Outcomes of Patients With Venous Thromboembolism Receiving Edoxaban in the Real World.

BACKGROUND: The effectiveness and safety of edoxaban for venous thromboembolism (VTE) in unselected real-world patients have not been fully evaluated.Methods and Results: In the Japanese nationwide administrative database, we identified 6,262 VTE patients in whom edoxaban was initiated; these patients were divided into 3 groups based on their index doses: 15 mg/day (n=235), 30 mg/day (n=4,532), and 60 mg/day (n=1,495). We evaluated patient characteristics, recurrent VTEs, and a composite endpoint of intracranial hemorrhage (ICH) and gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding. Patient characteristics among the 15-, 30-, and 60-mg edoxaban groups varied widely regarding several aspects, including age (mean 81.0, 76.2, and 65.0 years, respectively) and body weight (mean 49.5, 51.8, and 70.3 kg, respectively). At 180 days, the cumulative incidence of recurrent VTEs in the 15-, 30-, and 60-mg edoxaban groups was 4.4%, 2.6%, and 1.8%, respectively, whereas that of ICH or GI bleeding was 7.3%, 5.4%, and 3.3%, respectively. Subgroup analyses showed that the cumulative incidence of ICH or GI bleeding in patients in the 15-mg edoxaban group was 3.6% for patients aged ≥80 years, 8.4% for those with a body weight <60 kg, and 31.3% for those with renal dysfunction. CONCLUSIONS: Only a minority of patients with VTEs received a super low dose (15 mg) of edoxaban, and these patients may be at higher risk of bleeding as well as VTE recurrence.

Association between sedation during spinal anesthesia and mortality in older patients undergoing hip fracture surgery: A nationwide retrospective cohort study in Japan.

STUDY OBJECTIVE: Intraoperative sedation plays an important role in the management of regional anesthesia. Few studies have investigated the association of sedation during spinal anesthesia with postoperative mortality in older patients as a primary outcome. This study aimed to test the hypothesis that sedation during spinal anesthesia increases postoperative mortality in older patients undergoing hip fracture surgery. DESIGN: Retrospective, cohort study. SETTING: Acute and subacute care hospitals in Japan. PATIENTS: Patients aged 65 years and older who received hip fracture surgery under spinal anesthesia between April 2014 and May 2022. EXPOSURE: Sedation during spinal anesthesia. MEASUREMENTS: Postoperative in-hospital all-cause mortality within 30 days. MAIN RESULTS: In total, 25,554 eligible patients were identified. Propensity score matching created 4735 pairs, and baseline patient characteristics were acceptably balanced between the sedation and non-sedation groups. There was no significant difference in 30-day postoperative mortality between the two groups (hazard ratio [95% CIs]: 0.92 [0.59-1.44]). CONCLUSIONS: There was no association between sedation during hip fracture surgery in older patients under spinal anesthesia and postoperative mortality. However, these results are limited to our population, and further prospective studies are needed to determine the safety of sedation.

Frequency and determinants of serum calcium monitoring during eldecalcitol therapy in patients with osteoporosis.

INTRODUCTION: Eldecalcitol (ELD) is an active vitamin D3 analog (AVD) commonly used to treat osteoporosis in Japan. Although routine monitoring of serum calcium levels during ELD therapy is recommended, little is known about the actual frequency and determinants of monitoring. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This was a descriptive cohort study using a Japanese electronic medical records database. We identified osteoporosis patients who initiated treatment with ELD or other AVDs (alfacalcidol and calcitriol) between April 1, 2011 and September 10, 2021. The index date for cohort entry was the first prescription date of ELD or other AVDs. The frequency of serum calcium monitoring was evaluated every 6 months. Determinants of serum calcium monitoring were identified using multivariable logistic regression models. We also calculated the incidence of hypercalcemia and the frequency of serum calcium monitoring within 6 months before hypercalcemia. RESULTS: We identified 12,671 ELD users and 7867 other AVD users. Within 6 months after cohort entry, 45.9% of ELD users and 58.7% of other AVD users underwent serum calcium monitoring. Female sex, no use of systemic corticosteroids, moderate-to-good renal function, treatment in smaller hospitals, and treatment in orthopedic surgery departments were associated with a lower likelihood of receiving serum calcium monitoring during ELD therapy. The incidence of hypercalcemia among ELD users was 6.36 per 100 person-years, with 20.6% of cases not receiving serum calcium monitoring before hypercalcemia. CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest that serum calcium monitoring is not given adequate attention during ELD therapy in routine clinical practice.

Prediction models for in-hospital deaths of patients with COVID-19 using electronic healthcare data.

OBJECTIVE: Many models for predicting various disease prognoses have achieved high performance without laboratory test results. However, whether laboratory test results can improve performance remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate whether laboratory test results improve the model performance for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). METHODS: Prediction models were developed using data from the electronic healthcare record database in Japan. Patients aged ≥18 years hospitalized for COVID-19 after February 11, 2020, were included. Their age, sex, comorbidities, laboratory test results, and number of days from February 11, 2020, were collected. We developed a logistic regression, XGBOOST, random forest, and neural network analysis and compared the performance with and without laboratory test results. The performance of predicting in-hospital death was evaluated using the area under the curve (AUC). RESULTS: Data from 8,288 hospitalized patients (females, 46.5%) were analyzed. The median patient age was 71 years. A total of 6,630 patients were included in the training dataset, and 312 (4.7%) died. In the logistic regression model, the area under the curve was 0.88 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.83-0.93) and 0.75 (95% CI = 0.68-0.81) with and without laboratory test results, respectively. The performance was not fundamentally different between the model types, and the laboratory test results improved the performance in all cases. The variables useful for prediction were blood urea nitrogen, albumin, and lactate dehydrogenase. CONCLUSIONS: Laboratory test results, such as blood urea nitrogen, albumin, and lactate dehydrogenase levels, along with background information, helped estimate the prognosis of patients hospitalized for COVID-19.