Favorable effects of ezetimibe alone or in association with simvastatin on the removal from plasma of chylomicrons in coronary heart disease subjects.

OBJECTIVE: Reductions on the clearance from plasma of chylomicrons are associated with atherosclerosis. Statins improve the removal from plasma of chylomicrons in a dose dependent manner. There is controversy whether ezetimibe modifies the plasma clearance of chylomicrons. Effects of ezetimibe alone or in combination with simvastatin were compared with low and high dose of the latter, upon the kinetics of a chylomicron-like emulsion in coronary heart disease (CHD) patients. METHODS: 25 CHD patients were randomized for treatment with ezetimibe 10 mg (group 1) or simvastatin 20 mg (group 2) with progression to ezetimibe + simvastatin 10/20 mg or simvastatin 80 mg, respectively. Kinetic studies were performed at baseline and after each treatment period of 6 weeks. The fractional catabolic rates (FCR) of the emulsion labeled with (14)C-CE and (3)H-TG, that represent respectively chylomicron remnant and triglyceride removal, were calculated. Comparisons were made by ANOVA. RESULTS: The (14)CE-FCR in group 1 were 0.005 ± 0.004, 0.011 ± 0.008 and 0.018 ± 0.005 min(-1) and in group 2 were 0.004 ± 0.003, 0.011 ± 0.008 and 0.019 ± 0.007 min(-1) respectively at baseline, after 6 and 12 weeks (p < 0.05 vs. baseline, and 6 vs. 12 weeks). The (3)H-TG-FCR in group 1 were 0.017 ± 0.011, 0.024 ± 0.011 and 0.042 ± 0.013 min(-1) and in group 2 were 0.016 ± 0.009, 0.022 ± 0.009 and 0.037 ± 0.012 min(-1) at baseline, after 6 and 12 weeks (p < 0.05 vs. baseline, and 6 vs. 12 weeks). There were no differences between groups in time. CONCLUSION: Both treatments increased similarly the removal from plasma of chylomicron and remnants in CHD patients.

Autoecologia das espécies florestais em regime de plantio de enriquecimento em linha na floresta primária da Amazônia Central / Autoecology of forest species in line plannting enrichment system in primary forest in Central Amazonia

A autoecologia das três espécies florestais em linhas de enriquecimento foi avaliada junto com o monitoramento do microclima e fertilidade do solo na floresta primária de terra-firme da Amazônia brasileira. A área situa-se no município de Novo Aripuanã Amazonas - Brasil (5°18'S, 60°04'W.). Nas três diferentes larguras de linhas (3, 5 e 7m) foram monitoradas os parâmetros de radiação com fotografias hemisféricas e sensor RFA. As linhas de 5 e 7m classificam-se como grande abertura de dossel (19,77-20,78 por cento), a de 3m mostrou maior variação na radiação RFA. Quanto à análise química do solo observou-se, uma redução significativa de K e Ca em relação ao aumento das larguras das linhas. Também foram monitorados os crescimentos em altura e diâmetro, índice de ganho foliar e o teor de clorofila nas plântulas das três espécies estidadas: Astronium lecointei Ducke, Cordia goeldiana Huber e Scleronema micranthum Ducke. Todas espécies sofreram devido à alta radiação e ao estresse hídrico. Astronium lecointei apresentou uma maior resistência tanto durante forte seca, como também ao excesso de chuva. Scleronema micranthum apresentou diferenças de crescimento entre linhas, principalmente na estação chuvosa. Beneficiou-se positivamente com a radiação direta nas linhas largas de enriquecimento. As duas apresentaram alta amplitude de nicho entre tolerante à sombra a intermediária. Já C.goeldiana apresentou maior variação em seu crescimento (CV: Cordia goeldiana: 113> Astronium lecointei: 60,6> Scleronema micranthum: 59,7). A largura de linha de 5m na floresta primária de terra-firme foi suficiente para estabelecimento de espécies tolerante à sombra e intermediária.

In this study, autoecological traits of three Amazonian terra-firme tree species grown in enrichment plantation lines were evaluated. The microclimatological parameters also were assessed in these lines. The study site is located in Novo Aripuanã, Amazonas State, Brazil (5(0)18'S, 60(0)04'W). Light condition in the three width lines (3, 5 and 7m) were assessed using hemispherical photographs and PAR sensor focusing radiation parameters. Although lines of 5 and 7m widths can be classified as large canopy opening (19,77-20,78 percent), lines of 3m represented major PAR variation. For soil chemical analysis, a significant reduction of K ans Ca was observed. Three tree species seedlings, Astronium lecointei Ducke, Cordia goeldiana Huber and Scleronema micranthum Ducke were set in the enrichment plantation lines. The relative growth rate (stem diameter+height) and chlorophyll contents were monitored in these plants. All species were subjected to high direct and diffuse radiation, low levels of nutrients and water stress. Astronium lecointei Ducke showed high drought resistance. Scleronema micranthum in the rainy season also benefited in the wider enrichment lines, showing positive responses to direct radiation. These two species showed features of intermediate to shade tolerant species (broad niche) when growth patterns were compared. On the other hand, C.goeldiana showed greater growth fluctuation than others (VC: Cordia goeldiana: 113> Astronium lecointei: 60,6> Scleronema micranthum: 59,7). Lines with five meters widths of primary terra-firme forests should be sufficient to establish shade tolerant and intermediate species.

Autoecologia das espécies florestais em regime de plantio de enriquecimento em linha na floresta primária da Amazônia Central

In this study, autoecological traits of three Amazonian terra-firme tree species grown in enrichment plantation lines were evaluated. The microclimatological parameters also were assessed in these lines. The study site is located in Novo Aripuanã, Amazonas State, Brazil (5(0)18'S, 60(0)04'W). Light condition in the three width lines (3, 5 and 7m) were assessed using hemispherical photographs and PAR sensor focusing radiation parameters. Although lines of 5 and 7m widths can be classified as large canopy opening (19,77-20,78%), lines of 3m represented major PAR variation. For soil chemical analysis, a significant reduction of K ans Ca was observed. Three tree species seedlings, Astronium lecointei Ducke, Cordia goeldiana Huber and Scleronema micranthum Ducke were set in the enrichment plantation lines. The relative growth rate (stem diameter+height) and chlorophyll contents were monitored in these plants. All species were subjected to high direct and diffuse radiation, low levels of nutrients and water stress. Astronium lecointei Ducke showed high drought resistance. Scleronema micranthum in the rainy season also benefited in the wider enrichment lines, showing positive responses to direct radiation. These two species showed features of intermediate to shade tolerant species (broad niche) when growth patterns were compared. On the other hand, C.goeldiana showed greater growth fluctuation than others (VC: Cordia goeldiana: 113> Astronium lecointei: 60,6> Scleronema micranthum: 59,7). Lines with five meters widths of primary terra-firme forests should be sufficient to establish shade tolerant and intermediate species.

A autoecologia das três espécies florestais em linhas de enriquecimento foi avaliada junto com o monitoramento do microclima e fertilidade do solo na floresta primária de terra-firme da Amazônia brasileira. A área situa-se no município de Novo Aripuanã Amazonas - Brasil (5º18'S, 60º04'W.). Nas três diferentes larguras de linhas (3, 5 e 7m) foram monitoradas os parâmetros de radiação com fotografias hemisféricas e sensor RFA. As linhas de 5 e 7m classificam-se como grande abertura de dossel (19,77-20,78%), a de 3m mostrou maior variação na radiação RFA. Quanto à análise química do solo observou-se, uma redução significativa de K e Ca em relação ao aumento das larguras das linhas. Também foram monitorados os crescimentos em altura e diâmetro, índice de ganho foliar e o teor de clorofila nas plântulas das três espécies estidadas: Astronium lecointei Ducke, Cordia goeldiana Huber e Scleronema micranthum Ducke. Todas espécies sofreram devido à alta radiação e ao estresse hídrico. Astronium lecointei apresentou uma maior resistência tanto durante forte seca, como também ao excesso de chuva. Scleronema micranthum apresentou diferenças de crescimento entre linhas, principalmente na estação chuvosa. Beneficiou-se positivamente com a radiação direta nas linhas largas de enriquecimento. As duas apresentaram alta amplitude de nicho entre tolerante à sombra a intermediária. Já C.goeldiana apresentou maior variação em seu crescimento (CV: Cordia goeldiana: 113> Astronium lecointei: 60,6> Scleronema micranthum: 59,7). A largura de linha de 5m na floresta primária de terra-firme foi suficiente para estabelecimento de espécies tolerante à sombra e intermediária.