Resilience of finite clusters of carbon flux network under localized attack.

The investigation into the resilience of the carbon flux network regarding its capability to sustain the normal flow and transformation of carbon under extreme climatic events, pollutant emissions, biological invasions, and other factors, and the stability of connections between its nodes, has not yet been deeply studied. In this study, we developed carbon flux network models for various regional lands using complex networks, percolation theory, and introducing time delay effects using carbon flux daily data from 2000 to 2019 for three regions: China, the mainland United States, and Europe, to measure the resilience of finite clusters with sizes greater than or equal to s of the carbon flux network under localized attack. The analysis revealed that the carbon flux networks in different regions are characterized by a degree distribution consistent with the Poisson distribution. The carbon flux network demonstrated continuous phase transition behavior under localized attack. Interestingly, numerical simulation revealed a consistent relationship between the carbon flux network and the theoretical Erdos-Rényi network model. Moreover, the carbon flux network becomes more vulnerable as s increases. In addition, we discovered that there is a general scaling relationship of critical exponent δ≈-2 between the fraction of finite clusters and s. Therefore, investigating the resilience of carbon flux networks can enable us to predict and respond to the various risks and challenges, which will help policy designers formulate appropriate response strategies and enhance carbon flux systems' stability and resilience.

Giant lipoma in the Retzius space resected under laparoscopy: A case report.

Lipoma is a common type of benign soft tissue tumor that can occur in the shoulders, neck and back, in addition to other body parts. The Retzius space is a small anatomical space between the pubic symphysis and the bladder located extraperitoneally and filled with loose fatty connective tissue. Giant lipomas are rare in the Retzius space. A 61-year-old Chinese male arrived at Beijing Yanhua Hospital (Beijing, China) due to frequent urination, and CT scan images of the lower abdomen observed a large pelvic mass and left inguinal hernia. Preoperative clinical manifestations and auxiliary examination suggested that the tumor originated from the urinary bladder wall. The maximum tumor diameter was ~25 cm and abdominal pressure was increased. Therefore, laparoscopic pelvic tumor resection combined with inguinal hernia repair was attempted. Intraoperatively, the tumor was found to originate from the Retzius space and the postoperative pathological diagnosis was lipoma. The present case report may serve as a reference for minimally invasive treatment of this type of rare disease in future.

Impact of sertraline on biohydrogen production from alkaline anaerobic fermentation of waste activated sludge: Focusing on microbial community and metabolism.

Nowadays, antidepressants are massively consumed worldwide, inevitably bringing about the concern for their latent hazard to the natural environment. This research focused on exploring the effect of sertraline (SET, a typical antidepressant) on hydrogen yields from alkaline anaerobic fermentation of waste activated sludge (WAS). The hydrogen accumulation reached the peak of 14.73 mL/g VSS (volatile suspended solids) at a SET dosage of 50 mg/kg TSS (total suspended solids), i.e., 1.90 times of that in the control fermenter. The data of Illumina high-throughput sequencing demonstrated that SET promoted the expression of genes regulating the membrane transport. Microbial community analysis suggested that some species that could degrade refractory substances were enriched after SET exposure. Finally, metabolic pathways of hydrogen production and consumption were found to be significantly affected with SET addition. This study would deepen the concept of typical antidepressants influencing energy recovery from WAS.

Effects of mulching types on the yield and water utilization by broomcorn millet (Panicum miliaceum): Results of a study in the Loess Plateau, China.

Mulching practices have been widely adopted to improve rainfed crop productivity. However, the major resources including water, heat, and light that influenced the yield of broomcorn millet in different dryland regions have rarely been explored. A three-season field experiment with three mulching practices i.e. traditional planting with non-mulching (TP), ridge-furrow mulching system (RF), and plastic film mulching (PFM) was conducted in three semi-arid regions in the Loess Plateau, China, i.e. Guyuan city (GY), Huining county (HN), and Yulin city (YL) between 2020 and 2022 to investigate the impacts of mulching regimes on soil hydrothermal conditions, agronomic characteristics, leaf photosynthetic properties, broomcorn millet yield, and water use efficiency (WUE). Results showed that both PFM and RF treatments increased soil temperature and moisture, and enhanced dry matter accumulation by promoting leaf photosynthetic capacity and chlorophyll content, thereby improving broomcorn millet yield and WUE. PFM and RF increased the average broomcorn millet yield by 15.08% and 24.86% at GY site, 20.86% and 25.61% at HN site, and 15.75% and 25.57% at YL site, respectively, and increased the average WUE by 16.31% and 27.48% at GY site, 23.21% and 28.80% at HN site, 15.55% and 28.57% at YL site, respectively. Partial least squares path modeling analysis revealed that soil moisture was an important environmental factor in determining broomcorn millet yield. Overall, RF practice can be taken to improve the management of agricultural climate factors and maximize yield, thereby promoting the sustainable development of dryland agriculture in the Loess Plateau.

Biochar and Nitrogen Fertilizer Change the Quality of Waxy and Non-Waxy Broomcorn Millet (Panicum miliaceum L.) Starch.

The overuse of nitrogen fertilizers has led to environmental pollution, which has prompted the widespread adoption of biochar as a soil conditioner in agricultural production. To date, there has been a lack of research on the effects of biochar and its combination with nitrogen fertilizer on the quality of broomcorn millet (Panicum miliaceum L.) starch. Thus, this study examined the physicochemical characteristics of starch in two types of broomcorn millet (waxy and non-waxy) under four different conditions, including a control group (N0), nitrogen fertilizer treatment alone (N150), biochar treatment alone (N0+B), and a combination of biochar and nitrogen fertilizer treatments (N150+B). The results showed that, in comparison to the control, all the treatments, particularly N150+B, decreased the content of amylose and gelatinization temperature and enhanced the starch transparency gel consistency and swelling power. In addition, biochar can improve the water solubility of starch and the gelatinization enthalpy. Importantly, the combination of biochar and nitrogen fertilizer increased the proportion of A-granules, final viscosity, starch content, and the average degree of amylopectin in polymerization. Thus, this research indicates that the combinations of biochar and nitrogen fertilizer result in the most significant improvement in the quality of starch produced from broomcorn millet.

The social cost of carbon driven by green behaviors.

With the change of climate issues and the needs of economic development, the idea of practicing green and low-carbon behaviors sinks deeper and deeper into people's hearts. This paper based on the social cost of carbon (SCC) model, this paper constructs a new carbon social cost model by adding the impact of green low-carbon behavior. Classify climate states, based on Bayesian statistical knowledge, study the posterior probability distribution of climate state transitions, and discuss the optimal carbon policy for different climate states by balancing emission utility costs and utility weighted carbon marginal products. This article also discusses the damage caused by rising temperatures and explores their impact on carbon price policies. then, the paper calculates SCC under four kinds of climate states, which will be visually displayed with graphs. Finally, we compare SCC obtained in this paper with that in other researches. The results show that: (1) Climate status has a significant impact on carbon policy, and carbon price predictions will dynamically change with climate status. (2) Green low-carbon behavior has a positive impact on climate status. (3) There are differences in the impact of the three types of damage caused by rising temperatures on carbon price policies. (4) Green development is conducive to stabilizing the value of SCC. (5) Close monitoring of the climate state helps to update the probability of damage in time so that we can precisely adjust the corresponding policies on SCC. This study provides theoretical and empirical reference for the government to formulate carbon price policies and promote the development of social green behavior.

Carbon mitigation potential afforded by rooftop photovoltaic in China.

Rooftop photovoltaics (RPVs) are crucial in achieving energy transition and climate goals, especially in cities with high building density and substantial energy consumption. Estimating RPV carbon mitigation potential at the city level of an entire large country is challenging given difficulties in assessing rooftop area. Here, using multi-source heterogeneous geospatial data and machine learning regression, we identify a total of 65,962 km2 rooftop area in 2020 for 354 Chinese cities, which represents 4 billion tons of carbon mitigation under ideal assumptions. Considering urban land expansion and power mix transformation, the potential remains at 3-4 billion tons in 2030, when China plans to reach its carbon peak. However, most cities have exploited less than 1% of their potential. We provide analysis of geographical endowment to better support future practice. Our study provides critical insights for targeted RPV development in China and can serve as a foundation for similar work in other countries.

Biogeographic Pattern and Network of Rhizosphere Fungal and Bacterial Communities in Panicum miliaceum Fields: Roles of Abundant and Rare Taxa.

Unraveling how microbial interactions and assembly process regulate the rhizosphere abundant and rare taxa is crucial for determining how species diversity affects rhizosphere microbiological functions. We assessed the rare and abundant taxa of rhizosphere fungal and bacterial communities in proso millet agroecosystems to explore their biogeographic patterns and co-occurrence patterns based on a regional scale. The taxonomic composition was significantly distinct between the fungal and bacterial abundant and rare taxa. Additionally, the rare taxa of bacteria and fungi exhibited higher diversity and stronger phylogenetic clustering than those of the abundant ones. The phylogenetic turnover rate of abundant taxa of bacteria was smaller than that of rare ones, whereas that of fungi had the opposite trend. Environmental variables, particularly mean annual temperature (MAT) and soil pH, were the crucial factors of community structure in the rare and abundant taxa. Furthermore, a deterministic process was relatively more important in governing the assembly of abundant and rare taxa. Our network analysis suggested that rare taxa of fungi and bacteria were located at the core of maintaining ecosystem functions. Interestingly, MAT and pH were also the important drivers controlling the main modules of abundant and rare taxa. Altogether, these observations revealed that rare and abundant taxa of fungal and bacterial communities showed obvious differences in biogeographic distribution, which were based on the dynamic interactions between assembly processes and co-occurrence networks.

Enhancing methane production from waste activated sludge with heat-assisted potassium ferrate (PF) pretreatment: Reaction kinetics and mechanisms.

This work proposed a novel strategy via heat-assisted potassium ferrate (PF) pretreatment to enhance methane production from waste activated sludge (WAS) during anaerobic digestion. In this research, five dosages of PF (i.e., 0, 0.05, 0.1, 0.3 and 0.5 g/g VSS) at two temperatures (i.e., 25 °C and 55 °C) were explored. Biochemical methane potential experiments illustrated that heat-assisted PF pretreatment improved cumulative methane production with the maximum yield up to 163.93 mL CH4/g VSS, 149.0 %, 119.6 % and 121.0 % of that in the control, individual 0.5 g PF/g VSS and individual heat (i.e., 55 °C) pretreatment digesters, respectively. The maximum methane potential (B0) was promoted by 63.2 % with heat-assisted PF pretreatment compared to the control, while the hydrolysis rate (k) changed slightly. Mechanism analysis revealed that heat-assisted PF pretreatment accelerated WAS solubilization and enhanced the biodegradability of released substances, providing more available matrix for bacteria during the following anaerobic digestion processes. Microbial community analysis exhibited that several microbes such as Proteiniclasticum sp., Sedimentibacter sp. and Methanosaeta sp. associated with hydrolysis, acidification and methanogenesis respectively were improved after heat-assisted PF pretreatment. In addition, the relative bioactivities of protease, butyrate kinase and acetate kinase were also increased. Furthermore, variation of dominant genes associated with methane production indicated that acetate-dependent methanogenesis was the main pathway while CO2-dependent methanogenesis pathway was inhibited by heat-assisted PF pretreatment.

Enhanced anaerobic digestion of waste activated sludge with periodate-based pretreatment.

The potential of periodate (PI) in sludge anaerobic digestion is not tapped, although it has recently attracted great research interest in organic contaminants removal and pathogens inactivation in wastewater treatment. This is the first work to demonstrate significant improvement in methane generation from waste activated sludge (WAS) with PI pretreatment and to provide underlying mechanisms. Biochemical methane potential tests indicated that methane yield enhanced from 100.2 to 146.3 L per kg VS (VS, volatile solids) with PI dosages from 0 to 100 mg per g TS (TS, total solids). Electron spin resonance showed PI could be activated without extra activator addition, which might be attributed to the native transition metals (e.g., Fe2+) in WAS, thereby generating hydroxyl radical (•OH), superoxide radicals (•O2 -), and singlet oxygen (1O2). Further scavenging tests demonstrated all of them synergistically promoted WAS disintegration, and their contributions were in the order of •O2 - > •OH > 1O2, leading to the release of substantial biodegradable substances (i.e., proteins and polysaccharides) into the liquid phase for subsequent biotransformation. Moreover, fluorescence and ultraviolet spectroscopy analyses indicated the recalcitrant organics (especially lignocellulose and humus) could be degraded by reducing their aromaticity under oxidative stress of PI, thus readily for methanogenesis. Microbial community analysis revealed some microorganisms participating in hydrolysis, acidogenesis, and acetoclastic methanogenesis were enriched after PI pretreatment. The improved key enzyme activities and up-regulated metabolic pathways further provided direct evidence for enhanced methane production. This research was expected to broaden the application scope of PI and provide more diverse pretreatment choices for energy recovery through anaerobic digestion.

Optimization and Benefit Analysis of Grain Trade in Belt and Road Countries.

Grain trade in Belt and Road (B&R) countries shows a mismatch between the volume and direction of grain flows and actual demand. With economic and industrial development, the water crisis has intensified, which poses a great challenge to the security of world grain supply and demand. There are few studies on the reconstruction of grain trade relations from the perspective of grain economic value. In this paper, a linear optimization model considering opportunity cost is proposed to fill the gap, and it is compared and analyzed with the optimization model considering only transportation cost. The grain supply and demand structures in both optimization results show characteristics of geographical proximity and long-tail distribution. Furthermore, the economic and water resource benefits resulting from the two optimal configurations are compared and analyzed. It is found that the economic benefits generated by grain trade in B&R countries with the consideration of opportunity cost not only cover transportation costs but also generate an economic value of about 130 trillion US dollars. Therefore, considering opportunity cost in grain trade is of great significance for strengthening cooperation and promoting the economic development of countries under the B&R framework. In terms of resource benefits, the grain trade with consideration of opportunity cost saves nearly 28 billion cubic meters of water, or about 5% of the total virtual water flow. However, about 72 billion cubic meters of water is lost for the grain trade with consideration of transportation cost. This study will help to formulate and adjust policies related to the "Belt and Road Initiative" (B&R Initiative), so as to maximize the economic benefits while optimizing the structure of grain trade and alleviating water scarcity pressures.

Nitrogenous Fertilizer Levels Affect the Physicochemical Properties of Sorghum Starch.

Nitrogen is a key factor affecting sorghum growth and grain quality. This experiment was designed to investigate the physicochemical properties of sorghum starch in four sorghum varieties (Liaoza 10, Liaoza 19, Jinza 31, and Jinza 34) under four nitrogen levels: 0 kg/ha urea (N1), 300 kg/ha urea as base fertilizer (N2), 300 kg/ha urea as topdressing at the jointing stage (N3), and 450 kg/ha urea as topdressing at the jointing stage (N4). The results showed that grain size and amylose content increased with increasing nitrogen fertilizer level, peaking at N3. The peak viscosity, final viscosity, gelatinization temperature, initial temperature, final temperature, and enthalpy value increased with the nitrogenous fertilizer level, peaking at N3. The application of nitrogen fertilizer at the jointing period significantly increased the above indicators. However, excess nitrogen at the jointing period (N4) can significantly reduce the above indicators, thus changing the physicochemical properties and structure of sorghum starch. Overall, nitrogen significantly affects the structure and physicochemical properties of sorghum starch.

Unveiling the Mechanism of Urine Source Separation-Derived Pretreatment on Enhancing Short-Chain Fatty Acid Yields from Anaerobic Fermentation of Waste Activated Sludge.

A novel strategy employing urine wastewater derived from source separation technology, to pretreat waste activated sludge (WAS) for promoting yields of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), has been proposed in this study. It was found experimentally that SCFA production could ascend up to 305.4 mg COD/g VSS (volatile suspended solids) with a urine volumetric proportion of 1:2 to the whole reaction system, being 8.8 times that produced in the control. Exploration of the mechanism indicated that WAS disintegration was significantly enhanced due to the synergistic effect of urea and free ammonia (FA). Degradation rates of model organic substrates and measurements of critical enzymatic activities demonstrated that hydrolysis and acidogenesis were inhibited under high urine content (urine proportion of 1:2), while not significantly affected under low urine content (i.e., 1:4), which might be attributed to metal ions existing in urine wastes alleviating the inhibition induced by FA. In contrast, methanogenesis was negatively suppressed by any urine concentration owing to its higher sensitivity to the environmental variations. Shift of microbial population further elucidated the abundance of hydrolytic and acidogenic microbes were enriched in the fermenters with urine addition. The findings provide a new thought for recovering resources from wastes, potentially reducing the pressure of sewage and sludge treatment in wastewater treatment plants.

Ultrasound-sodium percarbonate effectively promotes short-chain carboxylic acids production from sewage sludge through anaerobic fermentation.

Short-chain carboxylic acids (SCCAs) production from sewage sludge via anaerobic fermentation is usually restricted by low substrates availability and rapid products consumption. Therefore, the ultrasound (US)-sodium percarbonate (SPC) technique was proposed to effectively break the bottlenecks. Results showed the total SCCAs yield, acetate yield and particulate organics reduction respectively attained 392.8 mg COD/g VSS, 204.6 mg COD/g VSS and 47.4 % under the optimal condition. Mechanistic explorations disclosed that US + SPC largely reduced biodegradation resistances of particulate organics and improved sludge biodegradability. The destruction of spatial structure was the inherent mechanisms for initial solubilization and further degradation of solid-phase sludge. Besides, US + SCP up-regulated hydrolytic and SCCAs-forming enzymes, but downregulated the key enzyme for methanation. Meanwhile, US + SPC altered the microbial structure and stimulated functional microorganism enrichment, well correlated with substrate biotransformation and products output. Overall, this strategy could effectively enhance SCCAs production from WAS and reduce the environmental risk for subsequent sludge disposal.

Integrated Starches and Physicochemical Characterization of Sorghum Cultivars for an Efficient and Sustainable Intercropping Model.

Sorghum has good adaptation to drought tolerance and can be successfully cultivated on marginal lands with low input cost. Starch is used in many foods and nonfood industrial applications and as a renewable energy resource. Sorghum starches with different amylose contents affect the different physicochemical properties. In this study, we isolated starches from six sorghum varieties (i.e., Jinza 34, Liaoza 19, Jinnuo 3, Jiza 127, Jiniang 2, and Jiaxian) and investigated them in terms of their chemical compositions and physicochemical properties. All the starch granules had regular polygonal round shapes and showed the characteristic "Maltese cross". These six sorghum starches showed an A-type diffraction pattern. The highest amylose content of starch in Jinza 127 was 26.90%. Jiaxian had a higher water solubility at 30, 70, and 90 °C. From the flow cytometry analysis based on six sorghum starch granules, Liaoza 19 had a larger and more complex granules (particle percentage (P1) = 66.5%). The Jinza 34 starch had higher peak (4994.00 mPa∙s) and breakdown viscosity (4013.50 mPa∙s) and lower trough viscosity (973.50 mPa∙s). Jinnuo 3 had higher onset temperature, peak temperature, conclusion temperature, gelatinization enthalpy, and gelatinization range. The principal component analysis and hierarchical cluster analysis based on classification of different sorghum starches showed that Jiniang 2 and Jinnuo 3 had similar physicochemical properties and most divergent starches, respectively. Our result provides useful information not only on the use of sorghum starches in food and non-food industries but for the great potential of sorghum-based intercropping systems in maintaining agricultural sustainability.

How to advance China's carbon emission peak?- A comparative analysis of energy transition in China and the USA.

This paper investigates carbon emission peak in China based on a comparative analysis of energy transition in China and the United States (US). The LMDI model is adopted to decompose carbon emissions into several driving factors in 2000-2018 for China and the US. Gray forecasting and NAR neural network are combined to predict peak time and identify optimal transition paths. The factor decomposition indicates that energy intensity is the main inhibitory factor for increased carbon emissions, while economic growth and population size are contributors for increased carbon emissions. There are significant differences in the impact of structure effect on carbon emissions in the two countries. The industry decomposition indicates that industry development is a critical inhibitor for increased carbon emissions after 2014 in China. The growth of transport and agriculture are basically contributing to increase carbon emissions in China and the US. The forecast results illustrate that China could complete carbon emission peak by 2030 under the baseline scenario, with a peak volume of 11354.72Mt CO2. Under the industrial structure adjustment scenario, the carbon peak year may be advanced to 2028. While adjusting industrial structure and energy consumption structure at the same time, China could achieve carbon emission peak at 9918.21Mt CO2 in 2025.

Insights into Fe(â ¡)-sulfite-based pretreatment strategy for enhancing short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) production from waste activated sludge: Performance and mechanism.

This paper proposed a concept of "co-treating" waste activated sludge (WAS) with waste-derived sulfite and environmentally-friendly ferrous iron. The maximal short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) production from WAS anaerobic fermentation ascended by 27.1 times after pretreated by Fe(Ⅱ) activated sulfite with a sulfite dosage of 500 mg S/L and a Fe(Ⅱ)/sulfite ratio of 1.25. Mechanism explorations elucidated that the production of SO4·- and ·OH induced by Fe(Ⅱ)-activated sulfite-auto-oxidation remarkably promoted the disintegration of WAS and the biodegradability of dissolved organic matter, leading to enrichment of substances available for SCFAs-producing microbes. Besides, activities of hydrolytic and acidogenic enzymes were stimulated, while enzymes related to SCFAs consumption were inhibited severely. Further microbial community investigation confirmed that the abundances of hydrolytic microorganisms and acidogens were enriched. In addition, sludge dewaterability and vivianite production was enhanced after Fe(Ⅱ)-sulfite pretreated WAS fermentation, thereby benefiting the subsequent sludge disposal and resource recovery.

Phase transition behavior of finite clusters under localized attack.

Most previous studies focused on the giant component to explore the structural robustness of complex networks under malicious attacks. As an important failure mode, localized attacks (LA) can excellently describe the local failure diffusion mechanism of many real scenarios. However, the phase transition behavior of finite clusters, as important network components, has not been clearly understood yet under LA. Here, we develop a percolation framework to theoretically and simulatively study the phase transition behavior of functional nodes belonging to the finite clusters of size greater than or equal to s(s=2,3,…) under LA in this paper. The results reveal that random network exhibits second-order phase transition behavior, the critical threshold pc increases significantly with increasing s, and the network becomes vulnerable. In particular, we find a new general scaling relationship with the critical exponent δ=-2 between the fraction of finite clusters and s. Furthermore, we apply the theoretical framework to some real networks and predict the phase transition behavior of finite clusters in real networks after they face LA. The framework and results presented in this paper are helpful to promote the design of more critical infrastructures and inspire new insights into studying phase transition behaviors for finite clusters in the network.

Comparative assessment of nutritional and functional properties of different sorghum genotypes for ensuring nutritional security in dryland agro-ecosystem.

The cultivation of unique sorghum (resistant to abiotic stresses and re-recognized as healthy food) has attracted interest as an environmentally friendly minor cereal and may be a solution to food and nutritional security. However, information about how the use of selected sorghum grains affects nutritive values and its functional properties from sorghum flours is still lacking. To address this question, we selected six sorghum varieties (i.e., JinZa 34, LiaoZa 19, JinNuo 3, JiZa 127, JiNiang 2, and JiaXian) for the comprehensive analysis of the relationship among nutritional compositions, energy value contributions, and functional properties of sorghum grains. Results showed that Carr's index (CI) and angle of repose (AR) of all sorghum flours indicated good flow and compressibility properties in terms of micrometric parameters. All sorghums were considered free of tannin. Based on the scatterplot analysis, the proportions of energy contributions due to protein, fat, and carbohydrate (CHO), were highly positively correlated with protein, fat, and CHO, respectively. The significantly different flours of six sorghum varieties resulted in different functional properties. The amylose content showed a highly negative association with light transmittance and water and oil absorption capacities. In addition, amylose had a highly positive relationship with water solubility (WS) and swelling power (SP). JinNuo 3 had the highest nutritional compositions [proximate, mineral, anti-nutritional values, and amino acid (AA) profiles] and functional properties indicating that it could be used as a brewing liquor. Our findings will provide a new opportunity to cultivate sorghum as an environment friendly minor cereal crop in dryland agro-ecosystems of arid and semi-arid regions of northern China for nutritional security, agriculture processing, and non-food industry in the future.

Unveiling the mechanisms of a novel polyoxometalates (POMs)-based pretreatment technology for enhancing methane production from waste activated sludge.

This study proposed a novel polyoxometalates (POMs)-based pretreatment technology to improve methane production from waste activated sludge (WAS) for the first time. Experimental results indicated methane production from WAS pretreated with 0.25 g POMs/g TSS increased by 43.7%. Mechanism analysis revealed POMs pretreatment promoted WAS disintegration and improved the biodegradability of the released organics. The declined oxidation-reduction potential of digestion system provided a more favorable situation for anaerobes, and hence had positive impacts on the activity of enzymes associated with hydrolysis/acidification/methanogenesis. Model-based analysis elucidated POMs pretreatment remarkably increased both biochemical methane potential and hydrolysis rate. Microbial community analysis showed microbial community was shifted toward increase hydrolytic and acidification-associated microbes and enriched the abundance of Methanosaeta sp. This work is expected to develop an innovative technology that will simultaneously enhance energy production from WAS in the sludge treatment line and improve biological nutrient removal in the wastewater treatment line of WWTPs.