Profile of patients referred for lung transplant and their transplant-free survival.

INTRODUCTION: Lung transplant (LTx) is a potential treatment option for all patients with chronic, end-stage respiratory disease, who are refractory to optimal medical therapy or where no medical therapy exists. In India, LTx is still in its evolving stages and published literature is sparse. The current study was carried out to study the selection criteria for lung transplant and to evaluate the clinical and socio-economic profile of patients referred for the same at a tertiary health care facility. METHODS: The study was a descriptive, prospective, observational study. All adults referred for lung transplant were evaluated for clinical and laboratory profiles. All enrolled patients were assessed for presence of referral criteria, listing criteria, contraindications, and willingness for lung transplant. These patients were followed up for 2 years for transplant-free survival, and the Cox proportional hazards model was used to determine independent predictors of all-cause mortality. RESULTS: A total of 103 were included in study. The most common diagnosis was interstitial lung disease (57.2%), followed by bronchiectasis (17.5%) and COPD (13.6%). Most patients were referred for LTx at an advanced stage as 90% met listing criteria. Fifty-four (52.4%) patients had an absolute or relative contraindication to transplant; however, the majority of those contraindications were modifiable. Patients with a lower socio-economic status were less likely to be willing for LTx. The median survival was 757 days. A 6-minute walk distance (6MWD) lesser than 250 m was found to be an independent predictor of mortality. CONCLUSION: Making patients aware about lung transplant early in their treatment may give them sufficient time to come to terms with their disease and understand the risk and benefits associated. Efforts should be focused on screening and early treatment of reversible contraindications for the eligible patients. Patients with 6MWD < 250 m are at increased risk of mortality.

Utility and safety of endobronchial ultrasound-guided transbronchial mediastinal cryobiopsy (EBUS-TMC): A systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Modalities to improve tissue acquisition during endobronchial ultrasound-guided transbronchial needle aspiration (EBUS-TBNA) have been investigated. Endobronchial ultrasound-guided transbronchial mediastinal cryobiopsy (EBUS-TMC) is a modality to obtain larger histological samples by inserting a cryoprobe into the mediastinal lesion. We aimed to study the diagnostic yield and safety of EBUS-TMC. METHODS: We performed a systematic search of the PubMed and Embase databases to extract the relevant studies. We then performed a meta-analysis to calculate the diagnostic yield of EBUS-TMC and compare it with EBUS-TBNA. RESULTS: Following a systematic search, we identified 14 relevant studies (869 patients undergoing EBUS-TMC and EBUS-TBNA). We then performed a meta-analysis of the diagnostic yield of EBUS-TMC and EBUS-TBNA from studies wherein both procedures were performed. The pooled diagnostic yield of EBUS-TMC was 92% (95% confidence interval [CI], 89%-95%). The pooled diagnostic yield of EBUS-TBNA was 81% (95% CI, 77%-85%). The risk difference in yield was 11% (95% CI, 6%-15%, I2 = 0%) when EBUS-TMC and EBUS-TBNA were compared. The only complication reported commonly with EBUS-TMC was minor bleeding. The complication rate was comparable with EBUS-TBNA. CONCLUSION: EBUS-TMC provides a greater diagnostic yield with a similar risk of adverse events compared to EBUS-TBNA. Future studies are required to clearly establish which patients are most likely to benefit from this modality.

Author Response: Unanswered Questions and Contradictory Statements in the Antibiotics Prescription Guidelines.

How to cite this article: Khilnani GC, Tiwari P, Mittal S. Author Response: Unanswered Questions and Contradictory Statements in the Antibiotics Prescription Guidelines. Indian J Crit Care Med 2024;28(7):717-718.

Antioxidant therapies for obstructive sleep apnea: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

PURPOSE: Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a common clinical problem that is associated with adverse cardiovascular outcomes attributed to the oxidative stress due to sympathetic overstimulation. Treatment approaches targeting oxidative stress have been tried by multiple investigators. This systematic review and meta-analysis evaluated the efficacy and safety of such approaches. METHODS: Pubmed and Embase databases were searched for human studies evaluating the utility of antioxidant therapies in patients with OSA. RESULTS: A total of six studies (five randomized trials and one case-control study) were included, including 160 patients with OSA using N-acetyl cysteine, vitamin C, carbocysteine, superoxide dismutase, vitamin E, allopurinol, and their combinations. There was a significant improvement in flow-mediated dilatation (FMD) following antioxidants, with the pooled effect being 2.16 % (95% CI 1.65-2.67) using the random-effects model (I2 = 0% and p<0.001). It was also associated with a significant reduction in malondialdehyde levels and an increase in reduced glutathione (GSH) levels. There was also a significant improvement in the Epworth sleepiness scale, oxygen desaturation index, and minimum oxygen saturation during sleep without any significant adverse effects. CONCLUSION: Antioxidant therapy in patients with OSA is associated with improved endothelial function, reduced oxidative stress, and improved sleep parameters. These results call for future multicentre studies with longer follow-ups to assess the utility of antioxidant therapy in patients with OSA.

A multicentre, double-blind, placebo-controlled randomized trial of Mycobacterium w in critically ill patients with COVID-19 (ARMY-2).

BACKGROUND: Mycobacterium w (Mw), an immunomodulator, resulted in better clinical status in severe coronavirus infectious disease 19 (COVID-19) but no survival benefit in a previous study. Herein, we investigate whether Mw could improve clinical outcomes and survival in COVID-19. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In a multicentric, randomized, double-blind, parallel-group, placebo-controlled trial, we randomized hospitalized subjects with severe COVID-19 to receive either 0.3 mL/day of Mw intradermally or a matching placebo for three consecutive days. The primary outcome was 28-day mortality. The co-primary outcome was the distribution of clinical status assessed on a seven-point ordinal scale ranging from discharged (category 1) to death (category 7) on study days 14, 21, and 28. The key secondary outcomes were the change in sequential organ failure assessment (SOFA) score on days 7 and 14 compared to the baseline, treatment-emergent adverse events, and others. RESULTS: We included 273 subjects (136 Mw, 137 placebo). The use of Mw did not improve 28-day survival (Mw vs. placebo, 18 [13.2%] vs. 12 [8.8%], P = 0.259) or the clinical status on days 14 (odds ratio [OR], 1.33; 95% confidence intervals [CI], 0.79-2.3), 21 (OR, 1.49; 95% CI, 0.83-2.7) or 28 (OR, 1.49; 95% CI, 0.79-2.8) between the two study arms. There was no difference in the delta SOFA score or other secondary outcomes between the two groups. We observed higher injection site reactions with Mw. CONCLUSION: Mw did not reduce 28-day mortality or improve clinical status on days 14, 21 and 28 compared to placebo in patients with severe COVID-19. [Trial identifier: CTRI/2020/04/024846].

Association of Leukocyte Subpopulations Identified by Flow Cytometry with Outcomes of Sepsis in a Respiratory Intensive Care Unit: An Observational Study.

INTRODUCTION: The dysregulated host immune response in sepsis is orchestrated by peripheral blood leukocytes. This study explored the associations of the peripheral blood leukocyte subpopulations with early clinical deterioration and mortality in sepsis. METHODS: We performed a prospective observational single-center study enrolling adult subjects with sepsis within 48 h of hospital admission. Peripheral blood flow cytometry was performed for the patients at enrolment and after 5 days. The primary outcome was to explore the association between various leukocyte subpopulations at enrolment and early clinical deterioration [defined as an increase in the sequential organ failure assessment (SOFA) score between enrolment and day 5, or death before day 5]. Other pre-specified outcomes explored associations of leukocyte subpopulations at enrolment and on day 5 with in-hospital mortality. RESULTS: A total of 100 patients, including 47 with septic shock were enrolled. The mean (SD) age of the patients was 53.99 (14.93) years. Among them, 26 patients had early clinical deterioration, whereas 41 died during hospitalization. There was no significant association between the leukocyte subpopulations at enrolment and early clinical deterioration on day 5. On multivariate logistic regression, a reduced percentage of CD8 + CD25+ T-cells at enrolment was associated with in-hospital mortality [odds ratio (OR), 0.82 (0.70-0.97); p-value = 0.02]. A reduced lymphocyte percentage on day 5 was associated with in-hospital mortality [OR, 0.28 (0.11-0.69); p-value = 0.01]. In a post-hoc analysis, patients with "very early" deterioration within 48 h had an increased granulocyte CD64 median fluorescent intensity (MFI) [OR, 1.07 (1.01-1.14); p-value = 0.02] and a reduced granulocyte CD16 MFI [OR, 0.97 (0.95-1.00); p-value = 0.04] at enrolment. CONCLUSIONS: None of the leukocyte subpopulations showed an association with early clinical deterioration at day 5. Impaired lymphocyte activation and lymphocytopenia indicative of adaptive immune dysfunction may be associated with in-hospital mortality.

The Evaluation of Laboratory Parameters as Predictors of Disease Severity and Mortality in COVID-19 Patients: A Retrospective Study From a Tertiary Care Hospital in India.

Background Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection affects and alters various laboratory parameters that are predictors of disease severity and mortality, and hence, their prompt identification can aid in patient triaging and resource allocation. Objectives A retrospective study was conducted on 7416 admitted coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients from 20 March 2020 to 9 August 2021 to identify crucial laboratory biomarkers as predictors of disease severity and outcome; also, their optimal cutoffs were also calculated. A comparison of laboratory markers between both COVID-19 waves was also performed. Results The majority of patients had mild disease (4295/7416, 57.92%), whereas 1262/7416 (17.02%) had severe disease. The overall fatal outcome was reported in 461 (6.22%) patients. Predictors for mortality were age (>52 years), albumin/globulin (A/G) ratio (≤1.47), chloride (≤101 mmol/L), ferritin (>483.89 ng/mL), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) (>393 U/L), procalcitonin (>0.10 ng/mL), interleukin-6 (IL-6) (>8.8 pg/mL), fibrinogen (>403 mg/dL), international normalized ratio (INR) (>1.18), and D-dimer (>268 ng/mL). Disease severity predictors were neutrophils (>81%), lymphocyte (≤25.4%), absolute lymphocyte count (ALC) (≤1.38×103/µL), absolute eosinophil count (AEC) (≤0.03×103/µL), total bilirubin (TBIL) (≥0.51 mg/dL), A/G ratio (≤1.49), albumin (≤4.2 g/dL), ferritin (≥445.4 mg/dL), LDH (≥479 U/L), IL-6 (≥28.6 pg/mL), C-reactive protein/albumin (CRP/ALB) ratio (≥1.78), D-dimer (≥237 ng/mL), and fibrinogen (≥425 mg/dL). The majority of patients admitted in the second wave were older and had severe disease, increased fatality, and significantly deranged laboratory parameters than first wave patients. Conclusion Our findings suggested that several biomarkers are crucial for both severe disease and mortality in COVID-19 patients. Ferritin, LDH, IL-6, A/G ratio, fibrinogen, and D-dimer are important biomarkers for both severity and mortality, and when combined, they provide valuable information for patient monitoring and triaging. In addition to these, older age, INR, chloride, and procalcitonin are also significant risk factors for mortality. For severe COVID-19, TBIL, CRP/ALB, albumin, neutrophil percentage, lymphocyte percentage, ALC, and AEC are also important biomarkers. According to the study, the majority of the baseline laboratory parameters associated with COVID-19 mortality and severe disease were significantly higher during the second wave, which could be one of the possible causes for the high mortality rate in India during the second wave. So, the combination of all these parameters can be a powerful tool in emergency settings to improve the efficacy of treatment and prevent mortality, and the planning of subsequent waves should be done accordingly.

Association of air pollution and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in India.

The COVID-19 pandemic has affected the world, leading to significant morbidity and mortality. Various meteorological parameters are considered essential for the viability and transmission of the virus. Multiple reports from various parts of the world suggest a correlation between the disease spread and air pollution severity. This study was carried out to identify the relationship between meteorological parameters, air pollution, and COVID-19 in New Delhi, one of the worst-affected states in India. We studied air pollution and meteorological parameters in New Delhi, India. We obtained data about COVID-19 occurrence, meteorological parameters, and air pollution indicators from various sources from Apr 1, 2020, till Nov 12, 2020. We performed correlational analysis and employed autoregressive distributed lag models (ARDLM) for identifying the relationship between COVID-19 cases with air pollution and meteorological parameters. We found a significant impact of PM 2.5, PM 10, and meteorological parameters on COVID-19. There was a significant positive correlation between daily COVID-19 cases and COVID-19-related deaths with PM2.5 and PM10 levels. Increasing temperature and windspeed were associated with a reduction in the number of cases while increasing humidity was associated with increased cases. This study demonstrated a significant association of PM2.5 and PM10 with daily COVID-19 cases and COVID-19-related mortality. This knowledge will likely help us prepare well for the future and implement air pollution control measures for other airborne disease epidemics.

Clinical Profile and Quality of Life of Patients With Post-pulmonary Tuberculosis Sequelae Presenting to a Tertiary Care Hospital.

Background and objective There is a dearth of studies on the clinical presentation of patients with post-pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) sequelae and its impact on their quality of life (QoL). In light of this, we conducted this study to analyze the clinical profile and QoL in patients with post-PTB sequelae. Methods Patients with a history of treated PTB and evidence of radiological damage were enrolled prospectively from November 2018 till June 2020 to study their clinical profile and QoL as per the eligibility criteria. A detailed clinical history was taken along with posteroanterior-view chest X-rays and CT scans of the thorax with bronchial angiography in patients with hemoptysis. QoL was assessed using the Hindi version of St. George's Respiratory Questionnaire (SGRQ) for which permission was obtained from the St. George's University of London. SGRQ scores were calculated using score calculation algorithms (Microsoft Excel-based) and missing data imputation as recommended by its developer. Results A total of 174 patients were included in the analysis. The analyzed population was relatively younger (mean age: 44.27 years) with BMIs leaning toward the lower side of normal (median: 19.6 kg/m²); the majority of the patients were males (59%) and non-smokers (77%). PTB had been diagnosed clinico-radiologically in the majority (68%) of patients with non-compliance to antitubercular treatment (ATT) being reported by only 9% of patients. Multiple courses of ATT were received by about one-third of patients, mainly on a clinico-radiologic basis. Systemic hypertension (HTN) (11%) and diabetes mellitus (DM) (9%) were the most common comorbidities. The most common symptom complex found was cough, expectoration, and dyspnea (n=102, 59%). At least one incidence of massive hemoptysis was reported by 20% of patients. Bronchial artery embolization (BAE) was performed for moderate to massive hemoptysis in 26% of patients with a success rate of >90%. One-fifth of the study participants required hospitalization for exacerbation of respiratory symptoms with more than half of these (59%) requiring ventilatory support. Health-related QoL was significantly impaired as reflected by a median SGRQ total score of 45.53. The most affected domain of QoL was the activity domain (mean score: 45.47). Females had worse QoL as compared to males (p=0.0062), and so did underweight patients (p=0.048). The prolonged duration of the illness also significantly impaired the QoL (p<0.001, r=0.313). Conclusion The sequelae of PTB are under-recognized even among physicians and are frequently misdiagnosed as active PTB. The QoL is more severely affected due to residual damage. This study highlights the clinical profile of this patient population and underscores the need to recognize post-PTB sequelae as a separate entity. An important remedy to mitigate its long-term consequences is its inclusion and recognition in national and international TB guidelines to facilitate its early identification and promote further research to address its evidence-based management.

Predictors of Mortality among Patients Hospitalized with COVID-19 during the First Wave in India: A Multisite Case-Control Study.

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 disease (COVID-19) has caused more than 6 million deaths globally. Understanding predictors of mortality will help in prioritizing patient care and preventive approaches. This was a multicentric, unmatched, hospital-based case-control study conducted in nine teaching hospitals in India. Cases were microbiologically confirmed COVID-19 patients who died in the hospital during the period of study and controls were microbiologically confirmed COVID-19 patients who were discharged from the same hospital after recovery. Cases were recruited sequentially from March 2020 until December-March 2021. All information regarding cases and controls was extracted retrospectively from the medical records of patients by trained physicians. Univariable and multivariable logistic regression was done to assess the association between various predictor variables and deaths due to COVID-19. A total of 2,431 patients (1,137 cases and 1,294 controls) were included in the study. The mean age of patients was 52.8 years (SD: 16.5 years), and 32.1% were females. Breathlessness was the most common symptom at the time of admission (53.2%). Increasing age (adjusted odds ratio [aOR]: 46-59 years, 3.4 [95% CI: 1.5-7.7]; 60-74 years, 4.1 [95% CI: 1.7-9.5]; and ≥ 75 years, 11.0 [95% CI: 4.0-30.6]); preexisting diabetes mellitus (aOR: 1.9 [95% CI: 1.2-2.9]); malignancy (aOR: 3.1 [95% CI: 1.3-7.8]); pulmonary tuberculosis (aOR: 3.3 [95% CI: 1.2-8.8]); breathlessness at the time of admission (aOR: 2.2 [95% CI: 1.4-3.5]); high quick Sequential Organ Failure Assessment score at the time of admission (aOR: 5.6 [95% CI: 2.7-11.4]); and oxygen saturation < 94% at the time of admission (aOR: 2.5 [95% CI: 1.6-3.9]) were associated with mortality due to COVID-19. These results can be used to prioritize patients who are at increased risk of death and to rationalize therapy to reduce mortality due to COVID-19.

Lung cancer in Asian Indian females: Identification of disease-specific characteristics and outcome measures over a 12-year period.

Aim: Globally, the incidence of lung cancer amongst women appears to be increasing. We aimed to compare the socio-epidemiological and clinical characteristics of lung cancer amongst men and women from a large cohort at a tertiary care hospital in Northern India. Methods: Records of patients diagnosed with lung cancer between January 2008 and March 2020 were reviewed. Baseline epidemiological data, clinical characteristics, histologic profiles, treatment administered, and survival were compared between males and females. Results: A total of 2054 male and 438 female patients were included in analysis. Compared to males, female patients were younger [median age, 56 vs. 60 years, P < 0.001)], less likely to be working, less educated beyond secondary level and less likely to be smokers (29.1% vs. 84.9%, P < 0.0001). No difference in baseline performance status was observed. Females were more frequently diagnosed with adenocarcinoma (54.2% vs. 30.2%, P = <0.0001), stage IV disease (70.8% vs. 63%, P = 0.001), and had higher rate of EGFR mutation (37.2% vs. 21.5%, P < 0.0001). There was no difference in the proportion of females receiving cancer-specific therapy. Multivariate Cox proportional hazards model revealed higher progression-free survival [median 9.17 vs. 7.23 months; P = 0.007] and overall survival [median 13.80 vs. 9.10 months respectively, P = 0.001] amongst females compared to males. Conclusion: Amongst a large cohort of lung cancer, females demonstrated several distinct and characteristic demographics as well as disease-related features, especially better survival outcomes.

Five Versus 10 Pharyngeal Sprays of 10% Lignocaine for Topical Anesthesia During Flexible Bronchoscopy: A Multicenter, Randomized Controlled Trial.

BACKGROUND: Ensuring adequate patient comfort is crucial during bronchoscopy. Although lidocaine spray is recommended for topical pharyngeal anesthesia, the optimum dose of sprays is unclear. We compared 5 versus 10 sprays of 10% lidocaine for topical anesthesia during bronchoscopy. METHODS: In this investigator-initiated, prospective, multicenter, randomized clinical trial, subjects were randomized to receive 5 (group A) or 10 sprays (group B) of 10% lidocaine. The primary objective was to compare the operator-rated overall procedure satisfaction between the groups. RESULTS: Two hundred eighty-four subjects were randomized (143 group A and 141 group B). The operator-rated overall procedure satisfaction, VAS [mean (SD)] was similar between the groups [group A, 74.1 (19.9) and group B, 74.3 (18.5), P =0.93]. The VAS scores of patient-rated cough [group A, 32.5 (22.9) and group B, 32.3 (22.2), P =0.93], and operator-rated cough [group A, 29.8 (22.3) and group B, 26.9 (21.5), P =0.26] were also similar. The time to reach vocal cords, overall procedure duration, mean doses of sedatives, the proportion of subjects willing to return for a repeat procedure (if required), and complications were not significantly different. Subjects in group A received significantly less cumulative lidocaine (mg) [group A, 293.9 (11.6) and group B, 343.5 (10.6), P <0.001]. CONCLUSION: During bronchoscopy, topical anesthesia with 5 sprays of 10% lidocaine is preferred as it is associated with a similar operator-rated overall procedure satisfaction at a lower cumulative lidocaine dose compared with 10 sprays.

microRNAs in exhaled breath condensate for diagnosis of lung cancer in a resource-limited setting: a concise review.

Lung cancer is one of the common cancers globally with high mortality and poor prognosis. Most cases of lung cancer are diagnosed at an advanced stage due to limited diagnostic resources. Screening modalities, such as sputum cytology and annual chest radiographs, have not proved sensitive enough to impact mortality. In recent years, annual low-dose computed tomography has emerged as a potential screening tool for early lung cancer detection, but it may not be a feasible option for developing countries. In this context, exhaled breath condensate (EBC) analysis has been evaluated recently as a noninvasive tool for lung cancer diagnosis. The breath biomarkers also have the advantage of differentiating various types and stages of lung cancer. Recent studies have focused more on microRNAs (miRNAs) as they play a key role in tumourigenesis by regulating the cell cycle, metastasis and angiogenesis. In this review, we have consolidated the current published literature suggesting the utility of miRNAs in EBC for the detection of lung cancer.

A rare case of hydatid cyst of the neck with concurrent pulmonary hydatid disease.

Echinococcosis, commonly known as hydatid disease, is a zoonotic infection caused by dog tapeworm Echinococcus granulosus. Hydatid disease of the head and neck region is scarcely reported even in endemic areas. We herein report a case with with neck swelling and respiratory symptoms subsequently diagnosed to have disseminated echinococcosis of the neck and left lung.

Gigaelectronvolt emission from a compact binary merger.

An energetic γ-ray burst (GRB), GRB 211211A, was observed on 11 December 20211,2. Despite its long duration, typically associated with bursts produced by the collapse of massive stars, the observation of an optical-infrared kilonova points to a compact binary merger origin3. Here we report observations of a significant (more than five sigma) transient-like emission in the high-energy γ-rays of GRB 211211A (more than 0.1 gigaelectronvolts) starting 103 seconds after the burst. After an initial phase with a roughly constant flux (about 5 × 10-10 erg per second per square centimetre) lasting about 2 × 104 seconds, the flux started decreasing and soon went undetected. Our detailed modelling of public and dedicated multi-wavelength observations demonstrates that gigaelectronvolt emission from GRB 211211A is in excess with respect to the flux predicted by the state-of-the-art afterglow model at such late time. We explore the possibility that the gigaelectronvolt excess is inverse Compton emission owing to the interaction of a late-time, low-power jet with an external source of photons, and find that kilonova emission can provide the seed photons. Our results open perspectives for observing binary neutron star mergers.

Superparamagnetic and Perfect-Paramagnetic Zinc Ferrite Quantum Dots from Microwave-Assisted Tunable Synthesis.

The properties of quantum dot (QD)-size material depend directly upon its unit cell structure. Spinel zinc ferrite QD powder is produced via a one-pot microwave-assisted hydrothermal synthesis for just 5 min. Varying initial pH values of the preparation sol from 6 to 12 enlarges the Zn/Fe atomic ratio (by ca. 10%), unit cell volume (by ca. 0.5%), particle size (3.5-4.5 nm), and degree of inversion. This leads to a change in the magnetic behavior of the QD-size zinc ferrite from a superparamagnetic to a perfect-paramagnetic type. This novel finding points that the significant changes in the inherent structural parameters of spinel ZnFe2O4 QDs (Zn/Fe ratio and degree of inversion) induced by the systematic pH change of the preparation sol are exclusively responsible for the observed unique magnetic behavior instead of mere QD (single domain) nanosizes.

A Delphi consensus statement for the management of post-COVID interstitial lung disease.

INTRODUCTION: As millions of people worldwide recover from COVID-19, a substantial proportion continue to have persistent symptoms, pulmonary function abnormalities, and radiological findings suggestive of post-COVID interstitial lung disease (ILD). To date, there is limited scientific evidence on the management of post-COVID ILD, necessitating a consensus-based approach. AREAS COVERED: A panel of experts in pulmonology and thoracic radiology was constituted. Key questions regarding the management of post-COVID ILD were identified. A search was performed on PubMed and EMBASE and updated till 1 March 2022. The relevant literature regarding the epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis and treatment of post-COVID ILD was summarized. Subsequently, suggestions regarding the management of these patients were framed, and a consensus was obtained using the Delphi approach. Those suggestions which were approved by over 80% of the panelists were accepted. The final document was approved by all panel members. EXPERT OPINION: Dedicated facilities should be established for the care of patients with post-COVID ILD. Symptom screening, pulmonary function testing, and thoracic imaging have a role in the diagnosis. The pharmacologic and non-pharmacologic options for the management of post-COVID ILD are discussed. Further research into the pathophysiology and management of post-COVID ILD will improve our understanding of this condition.

Clinical profile and in-hospital outcomes of COVID-19 among adolescents at a tertiary care hospital in India.

Introduction: We aimed to describe the clinical profile and risk factors for severe disease in adolescents hospitalised with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Methods: A retrospective analysis of an admitted cohort of COVID-19 patients was performed at a tertiary hospital in North India. Adolescents aged 12-18 years who were hospitalised during the first wave (March-December, 2020) and the second wave (March-June, 2021) were included. Data on the demographic details, clinical presentation, laboratory parameters, disease severity at admission, treatments received, and in-hospital outcomes were retrieved. Results: The study included 197 adolescents with a median [inter-quartile range (IQR)] age of 15 (13-17) years, of whom 117 (59.4%) were male. Among these, 170 (86.3%) were admitted during the first wave. Underlying co-morbidities were present in nine (4.6%) patients. A total of 60 (30.9%) patients were asymptomatic. In the severity grading, 148 (84.6%) had mild, 16 (9.1%) had moderate, and 11 (6.3%) had severe disease. Fever (14.9%) and cough (14.9%) were the most commonly encountered symptoms. The median (IQR) duration of hospital stay was 10 (8-13) days, and six (3.1%) patients died in the hospital. Conclusion: Adolescents admitted with COVID-19 had predominantly asymptomatic or mild disease, and the mortality rate was 3.1%.

Statin and aspirin as adjuvant therapy in hospitalised patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection: a randomised clinical trial (RESIST trial).

BACKGROUND: Statins and aspirin have been proposed for treatment of COVID-19 because of their anti-inflammatory and anti-thrombotic properties. Several observational studies have shown favourable results. There is a need for a randomised controlled trial. METHODS: In this single-center, open-label, randomised controlled trial, 900 RT-PCR positive COVID-19 patients requiring hospitalisation, were randomly assigned to receive either atorvastatin 40 mg (Group A, n = 224), aspirin 75 mg (Group B, n = 225), or both (Group C, n = 225) in addition to standard of care for 10 days or until discharge whichever was earlier or only standard of care (Group D, n = 226). The primary outcome variable was clinical deterioration to WHO Ordinal Scale for Clinical Improvement ≥ 6. The secondary outcome was change in serum C-reactive protein, interleukin-6, and troponin I. RESULTS: The primary outcome occurred in 25 (2.8%) patients: 7 (3.2%) in Group A, 3 (1.4%) in Group B, 8 (3.6%) in Group C, and 7 (3.2%) in Group D. There was no difference in primary outcome across the study groups (P = 0.463). Comparison of all patients who received atorvastatin or aspirin with the control group (Group D) also did not show any benefit [Atorvastatin: HR 1.0 (95% CI 0.41-2.46) P = 0.99; Aspirin: HR 0.7 (95% CI 0.27-1.81) P = 0.46]. The secondary outcomes revealed lower serum interleukin-6 levels among patients in Groups B and C. There was no excess of adverse events. CONCLUSIONS: Among patients admitted with mild to moderate COVID-19 infection, additional treatment with aspirin, atorvastatin, or a combination of the two does not prevent clinical deterioration. Trial Registry Number CTRI/2020/07/026791 ( http://ctri.nic.in ; registered on 25/07/2020).