ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Type III Intestinal Failure (IF) is a devastating clinical condition.characterized by the inability of the gut to absorb necessary macronutrients, and/or water and electrolytes, requiring Parenteral Nutrition (PN) as chronic therapy. Long-term PN may lead to life-threatening complications; the loss of central venous access (LCVA) is the most frequent and challenging. To date, few studies in the literature have reported the relevance of Non-conventional Vascular Accesses (NCVA) in the management IF as part of the comprehensive multidisciplinary care. METHODS: A retrospective analysis of a database collected from January 2006 to December 2019 was performed using SPSS v25.0 for statistical analysis, followed by a systematic review, using the PRISMA.methodology RESULTS: From January 2006 to December 2019, 184 NCVA were placed in 71 patients with LCVA as IF-related complication; 173 were placed in 61 patients by interventional radiology (IR) and 11 NCVA were placed in 10 patients by the surgical team during the intestinal transplant (ITx) operation. From the 173 IR procedures 166 (95.9%) were successful with 3 ± 2.7 procedures/patient; average catheter permanence rate was 738.68 ± 997 days; complications related to the procedures occurred in 18/173 (10.4%), including two deaths. On the other hand, among the 11 NCVA implanted by the surgical team, 7 (64%) were successful and were safely withdrawn 30 days after ITx when were no longer needed; 2 (18%) catheters malfunctioned during the first week and could not be further used, and 1 was accidently removed; average catheter permanence rate was 26 ± 4 days. There was one complication (9%) requiring laparotomy; there was no mortality associated the procedure in this group. A systematic review was conducted to evaluate the success and safety of NCVA as part of the treatment of HPN-related complications; from 337,542 papers, 14 studies were included. A total of 28 HPN-patients with LCVA received NCVA; 34 procedures were successfully performed, while procedure-related complications were reported in 11.7%, as well as one death. CONCLUSIONS: The data analyzed show that NCVAs may be successfully placed by expert teams, allowing to sustain long-term PN, as well as increasing the Intestinal Transplantation applicability for candidates in the extreme need of vascular access.
Subject(s)
Superior Vena Cava Syndrome , Humans , Parenteral Nutrition, Total , Retrospective StudiesABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Intestinal failure-associated liver disease (IFALD) is a frequent indication for intestinal transplantation. Liver biopsy (LBX) is the gold standard test for its diagnosis. Identifying noninvasive markers of fibrosis progression would be of considerable clinical use. Aspartate aminotransferase/platelet ratio index (APRI) has a good correlation in adult patients with chronic liver disease; few studies have been performed in children with IFALD. AIM: To evaluate APRI in a cohort of children with IFALD. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Retrospective analysis of a prospective database of patients <18 years with severe intestinal failure and at least 1 LBX, registered in our unit from March 2006 to December 2014. RESULTS: Forty-nine LBX were done on 36 patients: 20 were male, and 31 had short gut. Fibrosis was found in 71% of LBX. Biopsies were grouped according to the fibrosis stage (METAVIR [M]): (1) group 1 (G1) LBX with M 0, 1, 2 (n = 33) and (2) group 2 (G2) LBX with M 3, 4 (n = 16). The median APRI score was 0.92 (interquartile range [IQR] 0.63-1.50) for G1 and 2.50 (IQR 1.81-5.82) for G2 ( P = .001) The c statistic of the receiving operating characteristic curve was 0.79 (95% CI 0.64-0.94; P < .001). The analyses allowed identifying a cutoff value for APRI of 1.6 as the point with the best sensitivity (81%) and specificity (76%) to predict advanced fibrosis. CONCLUSIONS: APRI in this cohort of patients shows that a score >1.6 correlates with advanced fibrosis.
Subject(s)
Aspartate Aminotransferases/blood , Blood Platelets/chemistry , Intestinal Diseases/blood , Liver Cirrhosis/blood , Alanine Transaminase/blood , Biomarkers/blood , Child , Female , Humans , Intestinal Diseases/complications , Intestinal Diseases/diagnosis , Liver/drug effects , Liver/metabolism , Liver Cirrhosis/complications , Liver Cirrhosis/diagnosis , Male , Medical Records , Parenteral Nutrition , Prospective Studies , Retrospective Studies , Sensitivity and SpecificityABSTRACT
Introducción: El trasplante pulmonar es una opción terapéutica válida para enfermedades pulmonares en estadío terminal. La sobrevida se encuentra relacionada al desarrollo de rechazo crónico que se presenta en el 50 - 55% de los pacientes a los 5 años del trasplante. Los fenotipos de disfunción pulmonar crónica del injerto pulmonar (DPCI) son el síndrome de bronquiolitis obliterante y el síndrome restrictivo. Objetivo principal: Demostrar nuestra experiencia en pacientes con diferentes fenotipos de rechazo pulmonar crónico. Objetivo secundario: Dar a conocer las diferencias clínicas y hallazgos tomográficos que diferencian los diferentes fenotipos DPCI. Materiales y métodos: Se procedió a revisar las historias clínicas de todos los pacientes trasplantados pulmonares con sospecha clínica o diagnóstico histológico de DPCI y se las analizó. Dicha sospecha se estableció en base a la espirometría. Para el síndrome de bronquiolitis obliterante, una caída de VEF1 mayor o igual al 20% del valor máximo, registrado en 2 tomas separadas por al menos 3 semanas. Para el síndrome restrictivo, una caída persistente de a CVF mayor o igual al 10% asociado o no a caída de VEF1, registrado en 2 tomas separadas por al menos 3 semanas. Resultados: De 359 trasplantes pulmonares realizados en 21 años se estableció el diagnóstico de DPCI en 59 pacientes (16,4%). Se identificó gran predominio del síndrome de bronquiolitis obliterante en el 93% de los pacientes; el restante 7% correspondió al síndrome restrictivo. Pudimos establecer que el mayor porcentaje de pacientes trasplantados pulmonares desarrollan DPCI a los 3 años post cirugía (31%) y el tiempo medio de mortalidad desde el diagnóstico fue de 2 años. Ninguno de nuestros pacientes presentó reversibilidad del SBO con el tratamiento con azitromicina. De los 59 pacientes con DPCI, 7 de ellos fueron re trasplantados, lo que representa el 12% de los casos.
Introduction: Lung Transplantation is a valid therapeutic option for end-stage lung diseases. The survival is related to the development of chronic graft dysfunction, which occurs in 50-55% of patients at 5 years after transplantation. The phenotypes of chronic rejection are bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome and restrictive syndrome. Main objective: Describe our experience in patients with different phenotypes of pulmonary chronic graft dysfunction. Secondary objective: Identify the CT fndings and clinical differences which distinguish the different phenotypes of pulmonary chronic graft dysfunction. Materials and Methods: We proceeded to review and analyze the medical records of all patients with lung transplant and suspected pulmonary chronic graft dysfunction. The clinical manifestations and spirometry parameters or histological diagnosis of chronic rejection were registered. Results: The study included 359 lung transplants performed in 21 years. Pulmonary chronic graft dysfunction diagnosis was established in 59 patients (16.4%). Bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome was present in 93% of these patients; restrictive syndrome was present in the remaining 7%. The highest percentage of lung transplant patients who developed pulmonary chronic graft dysfunction took place at 3 years after surgery (31%) and the median time to death from diagnosis was 2 years. None of our patients presented reversibility of bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome after treatment with azithromycin. Re-transplantation was performed in 7 (12%) of the 59 patients with pulmonary chronic graft dysfunction.
Subject(s)
Lung Transplantation , Lung DiseasesABSTRACT
The present is a retrospective analysis of all pediatric patients that underwent intestinal transplant from March 2006 to March 2010, describing demographics, indications, contraindications, clinical follow up and survival in a single center in Argentina. Based on the results shown one can conclude that intestinal transplant should be considered as a valid treatment for patients with intestinal insufficiency and complications related to parenteral nutrition. The results of our program are similar to those reported in the international Intestinal Transplant Registry. This opens a new perspective to a special population that otherwise would not have any other therapeutic option.
Subject(s)
Intestinal Diseases/surgery , Intestines/transplantation , Adolescent , Argentina , Child , Child, Preschool , Female , Humans , Infant , Male , Postoperative Complications/epidemiology , Retrospective StudiesABSTRACT
El presente trabajo comunica la evolución posoperatoria inmediata y alejada de los pacientes pediátricos trasplantados en un único centro enla Argentina, desde marzo de 2006 hasta marzo de 2010, en variables demográficas, indicaciones, contraindicaciones, evolución y supervivencia de pacientes e injerto. Basándose en los resultados se puede concluir que el trasplante intestinal debe ser considerado como un tratamiento válido para todos aquellos pacientes que presenten insuficiencia intestinal,con complicaciones del soporte parenteral. Los resultados adquiridos en nuestro programa son similares a los comunicados internacionalmentey abren una nueva perspectiva para un grupo especial de niños que carecían de solución en nuestro medio.
The present is a retrospective analysis of all pediatric patients that underwent intestinal transplant from march 2006 to march 2010, describing demographics, indications, contraindications, clinical follow up and survival in a single center in Argentina. Based on the results shown one can conclude that intestinal transplant should be considered as a valid treatment for patients with intestinal insufficiency and complications related to parenteral nutrition. The results of our program are similar to those reported in the international Intestinal Transplant Registry. This opens a new perspective to a special population that otherwise would not have any other therapeutic option.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Infant , Child, Preschool , Child , Adolescent , Intestines , Intestines/pathology , Parenteral Nutrition , Transplantation , Epidemiology, Descriptive , Retrospective StudiesABSTRACT
El presente trabajo comunica la evolución posoperatoria inmediata y alejada de los pacientes pediátricos trasplantados en un único centro enla Argentina, desde marzo de 2006 hasta marzo de 2010, en variables demográficas, indicaciones, contraindicaciones, evolución y supervivencia de pacientes e injerto. Basándose en los resultados se puede concluir que el trasplante intestinal debe ser considerado como un tratamiento válido para todos aquellos pacientes que presenten insuficiencia intestinal,con complicaciones del soporte parenteral. Los resultados adquiridos en nuestro programa son similares a los comunicados internacionalmentey abren una nueva perspectiva para un grupo especial de niños que carecían de solución en nuestro medio.(AU)
The present is a retrospective analysis of all pediatric patients that underwent intestinal transplant from march 2006 to march 2010, describing demographics, indications, contraindications, clinical follow up and survival in a single center in Argentina. Based on the results shown one can conclude that intestinal transplant should be considered as a valid treatment for patients with intestinal insufficiency and complications related to parenteral nutrition. The results of our program are similar to those reported in the international Intestinal Transplant Registry. This opens a new perspective to a special population that otherwise would not have any other therapeutic option.(AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Infant , Child, Preschool , Child , Adolescent , Transplantation , Intestines , Parenteral Nutrition , Intestines/pathology , Retrospective Studies , Epidemiology, DescriptiveABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Alagille 's syndrome is the main syndromic chronic intrahepatic cholestasis characterized by hypoplasia of the intrahepatic bile ducts. It is a multisystem disorder of autosomal dominant inheritance with involvement of multiple organs. Usually it becomes apparent in the neonatal period, presenting as subclinical cases or severe degrees of the disease with the consequent development of liver cirrhosis and subsequent liver failure associated with multiple abnormalities: defects in the vertebral arches, typical facies, pulmonary stenosis, mental retardation and hypogonadism. OBJECTIVE: To present the first case of partial external biliary diversion in Argentina, showing the surgical technique and the improvement in the quality of life, as an alternative to be considered in patients with Alagille's syndrome before the development of cirrhosis. RESULTS: It has been shown that partial external biliary diversion can stop the process of liver fibrogenesis, halting the progression of the disease and avoiding the need for transplantation in some types of intrahepatic cholestasis when cirrhosis has not been established. DISCUSSION: This surgical technique can improve the quality of life and morbidity associated with hypercholesterolemia in patients with Alagille's syndrome, delaying and maybe avoiding the need for liver transplantation.
Subject(s)
Alagille Syndrome/surgery , Biliary Tract Surgical Procedures/methods , Cholestasis, Intrahepatic/surgery , Xanthomatosis/surgery , Alagille Syndrome/complications , Argentina , Child, Preschool , Cholestasis, Intrahepatic/etiology , Female , HumansABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION: Hepatitis A virus (HAV) infection is a vaccine-preventable disease. The most severe complication in children is fulminant hepatic failure (FHF), estimated to occur in 0.4% of cases; patients with FHF often require a liver transplant (LT). Following another outbreak of HAV infection in Argentina during 2003-2004, a one-dose HAV universal immunization (UI) program was started in 2005, resulting in a reduction in the incidence of HAV infection. We have investigated the impact of HAV UI on the trends in the occurrence of FHF and LT in children. METHODS: All pediatric cases of FHF admitted to four pediatric centers in Buenos Aires during March 1993-July 2005 were retrospectively reviewed, and data of cases during August 2005-December 2008 were collected. Information about demography, HAV infections and vaccination status, diagnostic data for FHF using the Pediatric Acute Liver Failure criteria, clinical laboratory results, encephalopathy, the severity of liver disease using the Pediatric End Stage Liver Disease score, assessment of patients on the LT waiting list using King's College Criteria for LT, treatment given for FHF (pre- and post-transplant), and clinical outcome were collected using a case report form. The frequency and outcomes of HAV-associated FHF and LT cases before and after UI were analyzed. RESULTS: During the pre-immunization period, March 1993-July 2005, 54.6% (N = 165) of FHF cases were caused by HAV; HAV-associated FHF cases peaked during 2003-2004. During the post-immunization period, August 2005-December 2008, only 27.7% (N = 18) of FHF cases were caused by HAV infection; only one of these patients had received the HAV vaccine (one dose only). The number of HAV-associated FHF cases decreased from 2005, and no cases were reported from November 2006-December 2008. Multivariate analyses showed that the association of FHF with HAV infection rather than other etiologies decreased with increasing age (P = 0.03), UI against HAV (P = 0.002), and anti-actin antibodies (P = 0.002), and increased with increasing weight (P = 0.0004). CONCLUSIONS: The number of children with HAV-associated FHF in Argentina has strongly decreased since the initiation of the UI program. Further monitoring is required to confirm the long-term health and economic benefits of UI against HAV infection.
ABSTRACT
Mechanical circulatory support during severe acute heart failure presents options for myocardial recovery or cardiac replacement. Short-term circulatory support with the newest generation of magnetically levitated centrifugal-flow pumps affords several potential advantages. Herein, we present our experience with such a pump-the CentriMag Levitronix LLC; Waltham, Mass) centrifugal-flow ventricular assist device-in 4 critically ill patients who were in cardiogenic shock. From November 2007 through March 2008, 3 patients were supported after cardiac surgery, and 1 after chronic heart failure worsened. Two patients were bridged to heart transplantation, and 2 died during support. Perfusion during support was evaluated in terms of serum lactic acid levels and oxygenation values. In all of the patients, the CentriMag's pump flow was adequate, and continuous mechanical ventilation support was provided. Lactic acid levels substantially improved with CentriMag support and were maintained at near-normal levels throughout. At the same time, arterial pH, PO2, and carbon dioxide levels remained within acceptable ranges. No thromboembolic events or mechanical failures occurred. Our experience indicates that short-term use of the CentriMag ventricular assist device during acute heart failure can restore and adequately support circulation until recovery or until the application of definitive therapy.
Subject(s)
Heart Failure/therapy , Heart-Assist Devices , Shock, Cardiogenic/therapy , Acute Disease , Cardiomyopathy, Hypertrophic/surgery , Child , Coronary Artery Bypass , Coronary Stenosis/surgery , Equipment Design , Fatal Outcome , Female , Heart Defects, Congenital/surgery , Heart Transplantation , Heart Valve Diseases/surgery , Heart Valve Prosthesis Implantation , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Mitral Valve Insufficiency/surgery , Postoperative Complications/therapyABSTRACT
Assessment of prognosis in fulminant hepatic failure (FHF) is essential for the need and appropriate timing of orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT). In this study we investigated the prognostic efficacy of King's College criteria, Clichy's criteria, Model for End-Stage Liver Disease (MELD), and Pediatric End-Stage Liver Disease (PELD) in 120 consecutive patients with FHF. Survival with medical therapy (18%), death without OLT (15%), and receipt of a liver transplant were similar in adults (n = 64) and children (n = 56). MELD scores were significantly higher in patients who died compared to those who survived without OLT, both in adults (38 +/- 7 vs. 26 +/- 7, P = 0.0003) and children (39 +/- 7 vs. 23 +/- 6, P = 0.0004). Using logistic regression analysis in this cohort of patients, concordance statistics were significantly higher for MELD (0.95) and PELD (0.99) when compared to King's College (0.74) and Clichy's criteria (0.68). When data was analyzed in a Cox model including patients receiving transplants and censoring the time from admission, the concordance statistic for MELD (0.77) and PELD (0.79) remained significantly higher than that of King's College criteria but not higher than that of Clichy's criteria. In conclusion, this study is the first to show that MELD and PELD are superior to King's College and Clichy's criteria to assess prognosis in FHF. However, because data was generated from a single center and included a rather low number of patients who survived or died without OLT, further confirmation of our findings is required.
Subject(s)
Liver Failure, Acute/diagnosis , Severity of Illness Index , Adolescent , Adult , Aged , Child , Child, Preschool , Humans , Infant , Liver Failure, Acute/etiology , Liver Failure, Acute/surgery , Liver Transplantation , Middle Aged , PrognosisABSTRACT
Introducción. Las unidades de cuidados intensivos pediátricos (UCIP) han sufrido cambios importantes en los últimos años. Su aumento en número y complejidad sumando su alto costo han estimulado el interés y la necesidad de evaluar su funcionamiento y utilidad. Objetivos. Describir las características de los pacientes que se internan en nuestras UCIP y determinar poblaciones de riesgo. Material y métodos. Paarticiparon 13 UCIP. Los daros incluyen las internaciones de mas de 12 horas durante un período de 60 días corridos entre el 1/6 y el 30/9/30. Se registraron: filiación, eda, seco, peso, necesidad de asitencia respiratoria mecánica (ARM), posquirúrgico, motivo y tiempo de internación, PRISM al ingreso y evolución. Se utilizó: prueba de Student, Mann-Whitney o Wilcoxon, prueba de Fisher o Chicuadrado, regresión logística, cálculos de odds ratio e intervalo de confianza, segun correspondiera. Resultados. Ingresaron al estudio 651 pacientes. la edad promedio fue de 47,6 meses (DE+-60) mediana de 18 meses. 175/651 pacientes eran posquirúrgicos (26,7 porciento) y 97/651 desnutridos (14,7 porciento). Requirieron ARM 215 pacientes (33 porciento). el 25 porciento de las UCIP ventilaron a más del 60 porciento de sus ingresos. La mortalidad global observada fue de 13,1 porciento (85 muertes, para una mortalidad calculada de 13,8 porciento (DE +-23,08). Agrupando los pacientes según riego calculado de mortalidad (0-1 porciento, 1-5 porciento, 15-30 porciento y > 30 porciento), se observo una mortalidad significativamente mayor a la calculada solo en el intervalo de 15 a 30 porciento (p< 0,02). En el análisis de grupos de riesgo se encontraron diferencias estadisticamente significativas en mortalidad esperada vs. observada al comparar desnutridos con eutróficos y aquellos que requirieron ARM con los que no. Conclusiones. La mitad de todos los ingresos a UCIP y casi el 75 porciento de los pacientes ventilados fueron menores a 18 meses, el 25 porciento desnutridos graves. las infecciones respiratorias fueron el principal motivo de internación. Nuestros pacientes presentaron una gravedad 60 porciento mayor qu la publicada en series extranjeras.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , /standards , Pediatrics , Infant Mortality/trendsABSTRACT
Introducción: Establecer un adecuado acceso vascular en niños críticamente enfermos suele ser un difícil problema que la vía intraósea (VIO) puede resolver de manera sencilla y segura. Objetivos: El objetivo del trabajo fue evaluar en forma prospectiva el éxito de la colocación, tiempo de permanencia y complicaciones de la VIO dentro de un protocolo de accesos vasculares de emergencia. Material y métodos: Se precisaron las indicaciones, contraindicaciones, oportunidad, técnica de colocación y registros de evolución y complicaciones. Se definió como éxito cuando se detectó una pérdida de resistencia al pasar con la aguja la tabla ósea, que la misma pudiera mantenerse colocada sin sostén y objetivarse pasaje de líquidos sin infiltraciones. Resultados: Se colocaron 32 VIO en 20 pacientes según el protocolo propuesto de accesos vasculares de emergencia. Las indicaciones más comunes fueron paro cardiorrespiratorio (PCR) y shock, con un porcentaje de éxito del 78 por ciento y un tiempo promedio de colocación de 3 min. No se registraron complicaciones que requirieran tratamiento ni fueran relevantes a los fines de la evolución. La indicación de VIO fue demorada, en relación al protocolo, en más de la mitad de los procedimientos. Conclusiones: La VIO fue, dentro de un protocolo de accesos vasculares de emrgencia, un procedimiento útil, seguro y rápido para lograr un acceso vascular en niños críticamente enfermos. Su difusión dentro de un programa que permita el entrenamiento práctico y destaque las indicaciones, contraindicaciones y medidas que prevengan complicaciones es un desafío para los pediatras que atienden emergencias
Subject(s)
Humans , Infant , Child, Preschool , Child , Infusions, Intraosseous/adverse effects , Infusions, Intraosseous , Infusions, Intraosseous/standardsABSTRACT
Introducción: Establecer un adecuado acceso vascular en niños críticamente enfermos suele ser un difícil problema que la vía intraósea (VIO) puede resolver de manera sencilla y segura. Objetivos: El objetivo del trabajo fue evaluar en forma prospectiva el éxito de la colocación, tiempo de permanencia y complicaciones de la VIO dentro de un protocolo de accesos vasculares de emergencia. Material y métodos: Se precisaron las indicaciones, contraindicaciones, oportunidad, técnica de colocación y registros de evolución y complicaciones. Se definió como éxito cuando se detectó una pérdida de resistencia al pasar con la aguja la tabla ósea, que la misma pudiera mantenerse colocada sin sostén y objetivarse pasaje de líquidos sin infiltraciones. Resultados: Se colocaron 32 VIO en 20 pacientes según el protocolo propuesto de accesos vasculares de emergencia. Las indicaciones más comunes fueron paro cardiorrespiratorio (PCR) y shock, con un porcentaje de éxito del 78 por ciento y un tiempo promedio de colocación de 3 min. No se registraron complicaciones que requirieran tratamiento ni fueran relevantes a los fines de la evolución. La indicación de VIO fue demorada, en relación al protocolo, en más de la mitad de los procedimientos. Conclusiones: La VIO fue, dentro de un protocolo de accesos vasculares de emrgencia, un procedimiento útil, seguro y rápido para lograr un acceso vascular en niños críticamente enfermos. Su difusión dentro de un programa que permita el entrenamiento práctico y destaque las indicaciones, contraindicaciones y medidas que prevengan complicaciones es un desafío para los pediatras que atienden emergencias (AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Infant , Child, Preschool , Child , Infusions, Intraosseous/adverse effects , Infusions, Intraosseous , Infusions, Intraosseous/standardsABSTRACT
El objetivo de este artículo es destacar la importancia de la vía intraósea como acceso vascular en pacientes críticos.Su utilización es apta tanto para la administración de coloides y cristaloides como para drogas.Los sitios de abordaje son:tibial proximal y femoral distal,para menore de 5 años y tibial distal para mayores de esa edad.Se describen como complicaciones:incapacidad para entrar en la cavidad ósea,atravesar el hueso,fractura ósea,estravasación de la solución alrededor del sitio de puntura,osteomielitis y daño epifisario,todas ellas muy poco frecuentes.Se explica la metodología para colocar dicho acceso y los materiales necesarios
Subject(s)
Child, Preschool , Child , Adolescent , Catheters, Indwelling , Catheters, Indwelling/adverse effects , Catheters, Indwelling/standards , Catheters, Indwelling/statistics & numerical data , Infusions, Intraosseous , Emergencies , PediatricsABSTRACT
El objetivo de este artículo es destacar la importancia de la vía intraósea como acceso vascular en pacientes críticos.Su utilización es apta tanto para la administración de coloides y cristaloides como para drogas.Los sitios de abordaje son:tibial proximal y femoral distal,para menore de 5 años y tibial distal para mayores de esa edad.Se describen como complicaciones:incapacidad para entrar en la cavidad ósea,atravesar el hueso,fractura ósea,estravasación de la solución alrededor del sitio de puntura,osteomielitis y daño epifisario,todas ellas muy poco frecuentes.Se explica la metodología para colocar dicho acceso y los materiales necesarios
