Accurate and cost-effective methods for the analysis of oxychlorine compounds in water are critical to modern chlorine-based water treatment. With alternatives to elemental chlorine and hypochlorite bleaches growing in popularity, simple quantification methods for the disinfectant chlorine dioxide (ClO2) in water, as well as chlorite (ClO2-) and chlorate (ClO3-), which are commonly used precursors in ClO2 generation, are required. However, currently, regulated standard methods require specialized equipment and do not effectively discriminate between molecular and ionic species. In this contribution, we present a simple titration-based method for chlorite determination in water using commercially available and easy-to-handle reagents. Specifically, chlorite is reduced with a slight excess of thioureadioxide (TUD). The remaining reductant is then back-titrated against a known amount of potassium permanganate, affording calculatable chlorite concentrations through measured consumption of a reductant and a clear visual endpoint upon accumulation of excess KMnO4. Straightforward methods for chlorite standardization with reasonable error and accuracy for field and/or lab application have the potential to greatly enhance quality assurance and therefore assist in resource deployment in water treatment.
Classical Hodgkin's lymphoma (cHL) is a B-Cell lymphoma comprised of mononuclear Hodgkin cells (H) and bi- to multi-nucleated Reed-Sternberg (RS) cells. Previous studies revealed that H and RS cells express lamin A/C, a component of the lamina of the nuclear matrix. Since no information was available about the three-dimensional (3D) expression patterns of lamin A/C in H and RS cells, we analyzed the 3D spatial organization of lamin in such cells, using 3D fluorescent microscopy. H and RS cells from cHL derived cell lines stained positive for lamin A/C, in contrast to peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs), in which the lamin A/C protein was not detected or weak, although its presence could be transiently increased with lymphocyte activation by lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Most importantly, in H and RS cells, the regular homogeneous and spherically shaped lamin A/C pattern, identified in activated lymphocytes, was absent. Instead, in H and RS cells, lamin staining showed internal lamin A/C structures, subdividing the nuclei into two or more smaller compartments. Analysis of pre-treatment cHL patients' samples replicated the lamin patterns identified in cHL cell lines. We conclude that the investigation of lamin A/C protein could be a useful tool for understanding nuclear remodeling in cHL.
