Antioxidant activity of novel diosgenin derivatives: Synthesis, biological evaluation, and in silico ADME prediction.

A series of novel diosgenin (DSG) derivatives has been synthesized and tested in vitro for their antioxidant activity. Initially, four analogues have been evaluated for their cytotoxicity using normal human skin fibroblast (NHDF) as model cells. As a result, 84% of NHDF cells were still alive at 5 µM, so these compounds can be considered as innoxious to fibroblasts at this concentration. Then, hemolytic activity against human erythrocytes was studied in order to evaluate the potential impact of tested compounds against normal host cells. The result < 5% of hemolysis rates suggest no lytic activity for most compounds. After that, the main test - evaluation the antioxidant effect of DSG and its new derivatives against lipid peroxidation in the o/w emulsion model - was performed. The most promising compound (8) exhibited the significant antioxidant activity and the biocompatibility towards normal human dermal fibroblasts and red bloods cells. This p-aminobenzoic derivative revealed 61.6% blocking of induced lipid oxidation. Furthermore, eleven predicted ADME properties were predicted for all tested compounds and revealed that they are in compliance with drug-likeness criteria.

Unexpected Reaction Products of Uracil and Its Methyl Derivatives with Acetic Anhydride and Methylene Chloride.

New acetyl derivatives of uracil, 6-methyluracil, and thymine were obtained in the course of an unconventional synthesis in methylene chloride. It was shown that products with the acetyloxymethyl fragment are formed according to a mechanism different from that for products with the acetyloxyethyl group. In particular, for uracil it was proven that the reaction with Ac2O, TEA, and CH2Cl2 leads to 1-acetyloxymethyluracil, where the N1 substituent is composed of the -CH2- fragment that originated from CH2Cl2 and the 1-acetyloxy moiety from Ac2O. The reaction of uracil with Ac2O, TEA, CH2Cl2, and DMAP leads to an acetyloxyethyl derivative in which the -CH2-CH2- fragment originates from TEA and the 1-acetyloxy moiety from Ac2O. A possible mechanism for the formation of new compounds was suggested and supported by the density functional theory/B3LYP quantum mechanical calculations. New compounds (39 in total, including seven deuterated) were fully characterized by nuclear magnetic resonance and high-resolution mass spectrometry techniques.

Structural and Physicochemical Studies of Olopatadine Hydrochloride Conformational Polymorphs.

Crystal and molecular structures of 2 conformational polymorphs (forms I and II) of olopatadine hydrochloride, an antiallergic agent, are presented. Both crystal modifications crystallize in the monoclinic crystal system with 1 olopatadine hydrochloride molecule in the Z configuration in the asymmetric unit. Molecules are arranged into the centrosymmetric association through the interactions of the intermolecular strong and weak hydrogen bonds of N-H…Cl, O-H…Cl and C-H…Cl, C-H…O types. Conformational change between polymorphs is proved by calculations of a maximum torsion angle deviation (max[Δθ]) and a root-mean-square deviation between the atomic positions (rmsd[r]). The physicochemical characterization of polymorphs is performed by X-ray powder diffraction, infrared and Raman spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry. The comparison of the melting points and heats of fusions shows that the forms are monotropically related.

Crystal structure and tautomerism of capecitabine.

The crystal and molecular structure of capecitabine, an anticancer pharmaceutical substance, was solved and refined using single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The compound was synthesized from a derivative of cytidine by a modified method. The crystal of capecitabine for X-ray study was grown by seedless crystallization from a single solvent. The low and room temperature single-crystal X-ray crystallographic study revealed that capecitabine exists in the solid state exclusively in one of the two possible prototropic tautomers. In the molecular structure of this tautomer, the hydrogen atom is attached to the N3 nitrogen atom of the pyrimidine ring (imine tautomer) and not to the N(4) nitrogen of the carbamate (carbamate tautomer), as has been widely reported up to the present. The imine tautomer was also found to be thermodynamically preferred in the ab initio calculations. This finding indicates that the reported structural formula of capecitabine, as well as its systematic chemical name, must be revised.

Stability studies and structural characterization of pramipexole.

Stability studies of pramipexole dihydrochloride performed under following conditions of temperature and relative humidity (RH): 25 degrees C 60% RH and 40 degrees C 75% RH revealed its tendency to the water sorption and the monohydrate formation. The structural changes occurring during storage were studied by infrared spectroscopy and X-ray powder diffraction methods. The thermogravimetry technique was used to control the water sorption by the substance. Pramipexole dihydrochloride monohydrate was characterized by nuclear magnetic resonance and X-ray single crystal diffraction methods. The monohydrate crystallizes in the orthorhombic crystal system in the space group P212121.

Continua of interactions between pairs of atoms in molecular crystals.

The electron density distributions in crystals of five previously studied DMAN complexes and five Schiff bases (two new ones) have been analysed in terms of various properties of bond critical points (BCPs) found in the pair-wise interactions in their lattices. We analysed the continua of interactions including covalent/ionic bonds as well as hydrogen bonds and all other types of weak interactions for all pairs of interacting atoms. The charge density at BCPs and local kinetic and potential energy densities vary exponentially with internuclear distance (or other measures of separation). The parameters of the dependences appear to be characteristics of particular pairs of atom types. The Laplacian and the total (sum of kinetic and potential) energy density at BCPs show similar behaviour with the dependence being of the Morse type. The components lambda1, lambda2, lambda3 of the Laplacian at BCPs vary systematically with internuclear distance according to the type of atom pair. For lambda1 and lambda2 the distribution is of the exponential type, whereas lambda3 does not seem to follow any simple functional form, consistent with previous theoretical findings. Analytical nonlinear dependences of Laplacian on charge density have been found. They agree reasonably well with those obtained by least square fit of the Laplacian to charge density data. There are four distinct regions of the [symbol: see text]2rho(BCP)/rho(BCP) space, generated by E(BCP) = 0 and G(BCP)/rho(BCP) = 1 conditions. Two regions clearly correspond to the shared-shell and closed-shell interactions and the other two to some intermediate situation.