Nutritional status and dietary intake among pregnant women in relation to pre-pregnancy body mass index in Japan.

Objective The present study examined nutritional status and dietary intake of pregnant women in Japan in relation to pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI).Methods Participants included 141 Japanese women with singleton pregnancies, from the outpatient department of the S hospital, Gunma prefecture, Japan. Two-day food records, dietary assessment questionnaires, and clinical records were obtained at 20 weeks gestation. Nine patients were excluded from the study due to morning sickness. The remaining 132 participants were divided into 3 groups according to pre-pregnancy BMI: underweight, normal weight, and overweight. Nutritional status and dietary intake were analyzed in relation to BMI using the chi-square test, Fisher's exact test, Kruskal-Wallis test, one-way analysis of variance, and analysis of covariance with adjustment for age, employment status, and total energy intake.Results Women who were underweight before pregnancy were more frequently working full-time than normal weight and overweight women. Underweight women were also more frequently anemic (P=0.038, underweight 39.3%, normal weight 24.7%, overweight 0%) and had lower mean hemoglobin (Hb) (P=0.021, underweight 11.3 g/dL, normal weight 11.6 g/dL, overweight 12.1 g/dL) and hematocrit (Hct) levels (P=0.025, underweight 33.7%, normal weight 34.3%, overweight 36.0%). Their dietary intake of protein, iron, magnesium, and folic acid was lower than that of normal weight and overweight women. Their meals tended to include fewer meat, fish, egg, and soybean dishes (underweight, mean of 4.7 servings per day; normal weight, 6.1 servings; overweight, 6.1 servings).Conclusion Pregnant women who were underweight before pregnancy had increased risk of anemia as well as reduced Hb and Hct levels. They had lower dietary intake of protein, iron and folic acid compared to women in the other BMI categories. Anemia and these nutrient deficiencies are known risk factors for low birth weight. Our findings suggest the importance of providing underweight pregnant women with support to improve dietary intake during their pregnancy, especially to increase intake of protein and iron through consumption of fish and meat dishes.

Medicinal flowers. XXXV. Nor-oleanane-type and acylated oleanane-type triterpene saponins from the flower buds of Chinese Camellia japonica and their inhibitory effects on melanogenesis.

The methanolic extract and its 1-butanol-soluble fraction from the flower buds of Camellia japonica, cultivated in Yunnan Province, China, showed inhibitory effects on melanogenesis in theophylline-stimulated B16 melanoma 4A5 cells. From the 1-butanol-soluble fraction, a new 28-nor-oleanane-type and three new oleanane-type triterpene saponins, sanchakasaponins A-D, were isolated together with four known triterpene saponins. Their chemical structures were elucidated on the basis of chemical and physicochemical evidence. The inhibitory effects on melanogenesis in theophylline-stimulated B16 melanoma 4A5 cells and structure-activity relationships of the saponins were investigated.

Medicinal flowers. XXXVI.1) Acylated oleanane-type triterpene saponins with inhibitory effects on melanogenesis from the flower buds of Chinese Camellia japonica.

Four acylated oleanane-type triterpene oligoglycosides, sanchakasaponins E-H, were isolated from the flower buds of Camellia japonica cultivated in Yunnan province, China, together with four known triterpene oligoglycosides. The chemical structures of the new triterpene oligoglycosides were elucidated on the basis of chemical and physicochemical evidence. The inhibitory effects of the triterpene oligoglycoside constituents on melanogenesis in theophylline-stimulated B16 melanoma 4A5 cells were investigated.

Aberrations of the hSNF5/INI1 gene are restricted to malignant rhabdoid tumors or atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumors in pediatric solid tumors.

The hSNF5/INI1 gene, which encodes a subunit of the SWI/SNF family of chromatin-remodeling complexes and is located at 22q11.2, has been reported as a tumor suppressor gene inactivated in malignant rhabdoid tumors (MRTs). We analyzed this gene in varieties of pediatric solid tumors including MRTs, using the reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and PCR-single strand conformation polymorphism method. We found 5 homozygous deletions, 2 truncated mutations, one missense mutation, and one silent mutation of the hSNF5/INI1 gene in 7 MRT cell lines, and one homozygous deletion, one microdeletion, one splicing acceptor site mutation, and one absence of expression in 7 fresh tumor tissues of MRT and atypical teratoid (AT)/rhabdoid tumors (RTs). Homozygous deletions were also found in one (KYM-1) of 8 rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) cell lines. To investigate characteristics of the KYM-1 cell line, we have established KYM-1 tumors in nude mice into which KYM-1 cells were transplanted. Notably, we found that MyoD1, known as a marker for RMS, was not expressed in the KYM-1 cell line as well as MRT cell lines and fresh tumors. Histopathologic, cytogenetic, and molecular studies of the KYM-1 cell line and KYM-1 tumors in nude mice have revealed that this RMS cell line should be MRT rather than RMS. RMS-carrying aberrations of the hSNF5/INI1 gene should be reevaluated. No aberrations of this gene were found in the other 34 cell lines or 80 fresh tumor specimens except the single nucleotide polymorphisms in the 3' noncoding region. These results suggest that alterations of the hSNF5/INI1 gene were restricted to MRTs or AT/RTs in pediatric solid tumors.