Investigation of the role of KATP channels in the cytotoxic effect of cypermethrin on rat-derived aortic smooth muscle cells.

We investigate role of ATP sensitive potassium (KATP) channel in cytotoxic effect of cypermethrin on rat aortic smooth muscle cells. Cytotoxicity analysis was performed at 0, 0.1, 0.5, 10, 50, and 100 µM concentrations of cypermethrin and the cell index (CI) was calculated. KATP currents were recorded using patch clamp technique for 50 and 100 µM concentrations and channel conductivity was determined by obtaining current-voltage characteristics. No cytotoxic effect was observed in the first 72 hours. At the 96th hour, only at 100 µM concentration, the CI value decreased significantly compared to control group and at 120 and 144th hours, it was observed that the CI value decreased significantly at all concentrations. Currents and conductivities were significantly decreased at 50 and 100 µM concentrations. Results gave clues that cypermethrin causes a cytotoxic effect on vascular smooth muscles and that KATP channels may have a role in the emergence of this effect.

Wound healing activity of Salvia huberi ethanolic extract in streptozocin-induced diabetic rats.

Objective: The aim of this study was to examine the in vivo wound healing potential of Salvia huberi Hedge (endemic to Turkey) on excision and incision wound models in diabetic rats. Method: Male Wistar albino rats, 3-4 months old and weighing 180-240g were used. The animals were randomly divided into five groups including Control, Vehicle and Fito reference, and two different concentrations (0.5% and 1% weight/weight (w/w)) of ethanol extract of Salvia huberi were investigated in both wound models on streptozocin-induced diabetic rats using macroscopic, biomechanical, biochemical, histopathological, genotoxic and gene expression methods over both seven and 14 days. Fito cream (Tripharma Drug Industry and Trade Inc., Turkey) was used as the reference drug. Results: A total of 60 rats were used in this study. Salvia huberi ointments at 0.5% and 1% (w/w) concentrations and Fito cream showed 99.3%, 99.4% and 99.1% contraction for excision wounds, and 99.9%, 97.0% and 99% contraction for incision wounds, respectively. In Salvia huberi ointments and Fito cream groups, re-epithelialisation increased dramatically by both day 7 and day 14 (p<0.05). By day 14, low hydroxyproline and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, and high glutathione (GSH) levels were observed in the Salvia huberi ointment groups. After two application periods, damaged cell percent and genetic damage index values and micronucleus frequency of Salvia huberi ointment treatment groups were lower than Control and Vehicle groups (p<0.001). A growth factor expression reached a high level by day 7 in the Control group; in Salvia huberi-treated groups it was decreased. Conclusion: The study showed that application of Salvia huberi ointments ameliorated the healing process in diabetic rats with excisional and incisional wounds and may serve as a potent healing agent.

The effects of pulsed electromagnetic field on experimentally induced sciatic nerve injury in rats.

Some experimental research indicates that low-frequency pulsed electromagnetic field (PEMF) stimulation may accelerate regeneration in sciatic nerve injury. However, little research has examined the electrophysiological and functional properties of regenerating peripheral nerves under PEMF. The main aim of the present study is to investigate the effects of PEMF on sciatic nerve regeneration in short- and long-term processes with electrophysiologically and functionally after crushing damage. Crush lesions were performed using jewelery forceps for 30 s. After crush injury of the sciatic nerves, 24 female Wistar-Albino rats were divided into 3 groups with 8 rats in each group: SH(Sham), SNI (Sciatic Nerve Injury), SNI+PEMF(Sciatic Nerve Injury+Pulsed Electromagnetic Field). SNI+PEMF group was exposed to PEMF (4 h/day, intensity; 0.3mT, low-frequency; 2 Hz) for 40-days. Electrophysiological records (at the beginning and 1st, 2nd, 4th and 6th weeks post-crush) and functional footprints (at 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th and 6th weeks post crush) were measured from all groups during the experiment. The results were compared to SNI and SNI+PEMF groups, it was found that amplitude and area parameters in the first-week were significantly higher and latency was lower in the SNI+PEMF group than in the SNI group (p < 0,05). However, the effect of PEMF was not significant in the 2nd, 4th, 6th weeks. In addition, in the 1st and 2nd weeks, the SSI parameters were significantly higher in SNI+PMF group than SNI group (p < .05). These results indicate that low-frequency PEMF is not effective for long-periods of application time while PEMF may be useful during the short-term recovery period.

Comparison of the Effects of Pulsed Electromagnetic Field and Extracorporeal Shockwave Therapy in a Rabbit Model of Experimentally Induced Achilles Tendon Injury.

Achilles tendon injuries are a common cause of complications including adhesions and tendon degeneration. As a result of these complications, the biomechanical properties are lost. Extracorporeal shockwave therapy (ESWT) and pulsed electromagnetic field (PEMF) recover the injured tendon structure; however, detailed studies of changes in tendon biomechanical properties are limited. We hypothesized that PEMF application would improve Achilles tendon biomechanical properties similar to ESWT. The curative effects of a PEMF 4-week application (15 Hz, 1 mT, 260 µs, 1 h/day) and ESWT (3 doses/28 days, 1st dose: 0.12 mJ/mm2 , 15 Hz, 300 impulses; 2nd dose: 0.14 mJ/mm2 , 15 Hz, 500 impulses; 3rd dose: 0.14 mJ/mm2 , 15 Hz, 500 impulses) on rabbits with Achilles tendon injury were investigated in terms of histopathological and biomechanical properties. The clinical feasibility of PEMF application was evaluated by comparing the results of both methods. Fifty New Zealand female rabbits were divided into two groups to be used in either biomechanical or immunohistochemical studies. Each of the two groups was further divided into five groups: C (Control), SH (Sham), TI (tendon injury), TI + ESWT, and TI + PEMF. Biomechanical evaluations revealed that maximum load, toughness, and maximum stress averages of the TI + PEMF group significantly increased (P < 0.05). When immunohistochemical images of the TI + PEMF group were compared with those of the TI group, the amount of fibrous tissue was less, the homogeneity of collagen fibers recovered, and collagen organization was more uniform. We conclude that both ESWT and PEMF are equally efficient for Achilles tendon recovery. PEMF application is effective and can be used in the clinic as a painless alternative treatment method. © 2020 Bioelectromagnetics Society.

Biochemical, Histopathologic, and Genotoxic Effects of Ethanol Extract of Salvia hypargeia (Fisch. & Mey.) on Incisional and Excisional Wounded Diabetic Rats.

Purpose: Nonhealing wounds are a serious problem of diabetic patients. Salvia species are traditionally used for the treatment of wounds. The aim of the study was to investigate the effects of ointment prepared with ethanol extract obtained from the aerial parts of Salvia hypargeia, an endemic plant from Turkey, on diabetic rat incisional and excisional skin wounds. Materials and Methods: Male Wistar albino rats (n: 60) were divided into five groups. Diabetes was induced and two concentrations (0.5% and 1%) of the extract were used for ointments and applied on wounds for 7 and 14 days. Fito cream was chosen as a reference drug. Results: In excisional wounds, healing ratios of 0.5% (63.4% and 99.3%) and 1% (65.5% and 99.9%) S. hypargeia groups were higher compared to control (35.9% and 75.1%), and in incisional wounds, healing ratios of 0.5% (78.1% and 98.5%) and 1% (84.4% and 99.4%) S. hypargeia groups were higher compared to control (30.5% and 72.9%) (p < .01). Hydroxyproline (0.31 ± 0.3 and 0.34 ± 0.2) levels were lower and GSH (10.7 ± 3.1 and 7.6 ± 0.9) levels were higher in 0.5% and 1% S. hypargeia groups on the 14th day (p < .01). Histopathological results revealed re-epithelialization and formation of granulation tissue in all S. hypargeia groups. Genotoxicologic results indicated, GDI, DCP values, and MN frequency of 0.5% and 1% S. hypargeia groups did not reach to significant levels both on the 7 and 14 days. Conclusions: S. hypargeia may have a potential for therapeutic use in treatment and management of diabetic wounds with a successful topical application.

Wound healing properties, antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of Salvia kronenburgii Rech. f. and Salvia euphratica Montbret, Aucher & Rech. f. var. euphratica on excision and incision wound models in diabetic rats.

Diabetic patients suffer from persistent and non-healing wounds. Salvia species are traditionally used for the treatment of wounds and colds. The aims of the present study were to evaluate the in vivo wound healing potential, in vitro antimicrobial and antioxidant activities, and total phenolic and flavonoid contents of the aerial parts of two endemic taxa, Salvia kronenburgii Rech. f. (SK) and Salvia euphratica Montbret, Aucher & Rech. f. var. euphratica (SE). Two different concentrations (0.5% and 1% (w/w)) of ethanol extracts were investigated in incision and excision wound models on Streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats using biomechanical, biochemical, histopathological, macroscopic, and genotoxic methods for 7 and 14 days. Antimicrobial activity was evaluated against Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Acinetobacter baumannii, Aeromonas hydrophila, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Candida glabrata, Candida parapsilosis, and Candida tropicalis using the broth microdilution and the resazurin microtiter assay plate methods. Fito®, Ampicillin, Ethambutol, Isoniazid, and Fluconazole were used as reference drugs. Antioxidant capacities and total phenolic and flavonoid contents of both extracts were detected using DPPH free radical scavenging assay, Folin-Ciocalteu, and Al(NO3)3 methods, respectively. SK ointment at 0.5% and 1% (w/w) concentrations and SE ointment at 1% (w/w) concentration showed 99.9%, 99.5%, and 99.7% contraction, respectively for excision wounds, and SK and SE ointments at 1% (w/w) concentration showed 99.4% and 99.2% contraction for incision wounds while Fito® showed 98.9% and 98.5% contraction, respectively. Increased re-epithelialization (P < 0.01 and P < 0.001), angiogenesis, and decreased dermal inflammation (P < 0.001) were determined for SK and SE ointments at both 7 and 14 days. SE ointment on day 7 and SK ointment on day 14 reduced oxidative damage to DNA when compared to control (P < 0.01 and P < 0.001). Both tested plants had greater antibacterial activity against A. baumannii (62.5 µg/mL MIC value) and SE had greater antimycobacterial activity against M. tuberculosis (0.24 µg/mL MIC value) when compared to reference drugs Ampicillin, Isoniazid, and Ethambutol (125, 0.97, and 1.95 µg/mL MIC values, respectively). Antioxidant capacities, total phenolic and flavonoid contents of SE and SK were 87.08%, 76.21 µg GAE/mg, 43.43 µg QE/mg and 72.17%, 41.81 µg GAE/mg, 33.62 µg QE/mg, respectively. SK and SE had strong wound healing effects while SK found to be more effective than SE at both 7 and 14 days.

Biomechanical and Morphometric Properties of the Long Flexor Tendons of the Toes: A Cadaver Study.

BACKGROUND: We sought to show the biomechanical and morphometric properties of flexor hallucis longus (FHL) and flexor digitorum longus (FDL) tendon grafts harvested by specific surgical approaches and to assess the contribution of FHL slips to the long flexor tendons of the toes. METHODS: Thirteen fresh-frozen amputated feet (average age, 79 years) were dissected. The connections between the FHL and FDL tendons and the contribution of FHL slips to the long flexor tendons were classified. The biomechanical properties of the tendons and slips were measured using a tensile device. RESULTS: The connections between the FHL and FDL tendons were reviewed in two groups. Group 1 had FHL slips (11 cases) and group 2 had cross-slips (two cases). The FHL slips joined the second and third toe long flexor tendon structures. Tendon length decreased significantly from the second to the fifth toe (P < .001). Apart from the second toe tendon being thicker than that of the fourth toe (P = .02) and Young's modulus being relatively smaller in the third versus the fourth toe tendon (P = .01), biomechanical and morphometric properties of second to fourth tendons were similar. Mechanical properties of those tendons were significantly different from fifth toe tendons and FHL slips. Morphometric and biomechanical properties of FHL slips were similar to those of the fifth toe tendon. CONCLUSIONS: Herein, FHL slips were shown to have biomechanical properties that might contribute to flexor functions of the toes. During the harvesting of tendon grafts from the FHL by minimally invasive incision techniques from the distal plane of the master knot of Henry, cutting slips between FHL and FDL tendons could be considered a cause of postoperative function loss in toes.

miRNA expression profile is altered differentially in the rat brain compared to blood after experimental exposure to 50 Hz and 1 mT electromagnetic field.

Common complex diseases are a result of host and environment interactions. One such putative environmental factor is the electromagnetic field exposure, especially the occupational extremely low frequency (ELF) magnetic field, 50 Hz, 1 mT, whose neurobiological relevance remains elusive. We evaluated the effects of long-term (60 days) ELF-MF exposure on miRNAs previously related to brain and human diseases (miR-26b-5p, miR-9-5p, miR-29a-3p, miR-106b-5p, miR-107, miR-125a-3p). A total of 64 young (3 weeks-old) and mature (10 weeks-old) male/female Wistar-Albino rats were divided into sham and ELF-MF exposed groups. After sacrifice of the animals, blood samples from rat's tail vein and brain tissues were collected. The expression levels of miRNAs were investigated with Real-Time PCR technique and TaqMan probe Technology. All miRNA expression levels of the young female rats show a significant decrease in blood according to brain samples (p < 0.05), but fewer miRNAs displayed a similar significant decrease in the blood. In conclusion, these new observations might inform future clinical biological psychiatry studies of long-term electromagnetic field exposure, and the ways in which host-environment interactions contribute to brain diseases.