[Permanent central diabetes insipidus after traumatic brain injury. Case report and literature review]. / Razvitie postoyannogo tsentral'nogo nesakharnogo diabeta posle travmaticheskogo povrezhdeniya golovnogo mozga. Klinicheskii sluchai i obzor literatury.

The authors report permanent central diabetes insipidus (CDI) in a patient after severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) in traffic accident. A 16-year-old boy entered to a medical facility in coma (GCS score 6) with the following diagnosis: acute TBI, severe cerebral contusion, subarachnoid hemorrhage, depressed comminuted cranial vault fracture, basilar skull fracture, visceral contusion. CDI was diagnosed in 3 days after injury considering polyuria and hypernatremia (155 mmol/l). Desmopressin therapy was initiated through a feeding tube. Thirst appeared when a patient came out of the coma after 21 days despite ongoing desmopressin therapy. Considering persistent thirst and polyuria, we continued desmopressin therapy in a spray form. Under this therapy, polyuria reduced to 3-3.5 liters per a day. Symptoms of CDI persisted in long-term period (2 years after TBI) while function of adenohypophysis was intact. This case demonstrates a rare development of permanent diabetes insipidus after TBI. CDI manifested only as polyuria and hypernatremia in coma. Thirst joined after recovery of consciousness. Probable causes of CDI were damage to neurohypophysis and partially injury of pituitary stalk because of extended basilar skull fracture and/or irreversible secondary lesion of hypothalamus following diffuse axonal damage after TBI.

[Mental activity of the children during the early stage of rehabilitation after acute severe brain damage]. / Psikhicheskaia aktivnost' u detei na rannem étape reabilitatsii posle ostrykh tiazhelykh povrezhdenii golovnogo mozga.

INTRODUCTION: Children who have suffered brain damage form a large group of patients in need of rehabilitation. For rehabilitation, patients require not only surgical, neurosurgical, traumatological, pharmacological and other medical support, but also the creation of special conditions for psychiatric care, psychological and pedagogical correction of their psychophysical potential. Neurological, motor and mental consequences of severe injuries of the nervous system in children lead to a high degree of disability with a subsequent restriction of their life, where social maladaptation and a violation of the quality of life are the primary problems. An integrated approach with differentiated qualified help will increase the effectiveness of rehabilitation programs and help the children adapt when they return to their normal environment. AIM: To identify the characteristics of mental activity during the recovery of the level of consciousness in children after acute severe brain damage at an early stage of rehabilitation. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We examined 210 children under the age of 18 years with severe brain damage (traumatic brain injury, hypoxia, hydrocephalus) who were admitted for treatment and rehabilitation. Clinical-psychopathological, pedagogical methods were used for examination as well as diagnostic scales, questionnaires. RESULTS: The main differentiating signs were divided into three groups, depending on the mental activity of the child, the level of consciousness: Group 1 - 37 (18%) patients with mental activity with physical, cognitive and social abilities with the minimal '+' consciousness (a-/hyperkinetic mutism with emotional reactions, understanding of speech); 2-nd group - 67 (32%) patients with dominant manifestations of physical and cognitive abilities with the minimal '-' consciousness (a-/hyperkinetic mutism without emotional manifestations and understanding of speech); 3rd group - 106 (50%) children with a weak manifestation of mental activity (physical abilities) in a vegetative status/exit from a vegetative status. CONCLUSION: Three variants of mental activity in children after acute severe brain injuries were distinguished - from minimal involuntary reactions or their absence during the vegetative status/exit from the vegetative status to arbitrary actions according to the instructions of an adult with a minimum '+' consciousness. Understanding the dynamics of the recovery of children's mental activity after neurotrauma may make it possible to have a differentiated approach to psychiatric, psychological and pedagogical rehabilitation in order to correct the recovery of mental functions in pediatric patients, and to prevent the developmental disorders as the child grows.

[Personalized approach to working up an early motor rehabilitation program for children with vertebral column and spinal cord injury, taking into account exercise tolerance]. / Personalizirovannyi podkhod k sostavleniiu programmy rannei dvigatel'noi reabilitatsii detei s pozvonochno-spinnomozgovoi travmoi s uchetom tolerantnosti k fizicheskoi nagruzke.

BACKGROUND: The relevance of rehabilitation of children with vertebral column and spinal cord injury (VCSCI) is due to the steady growth in the number of such patients. The mandatory conditions for early motor rehabilitation are to size efforts, to exclude fatigue and overtraining, and to gradually increase loads. The priority tasks of drawing up an individual motor program are to determine the rehabilitation abilities of a child and his/her willingness to perform the proposed load. AIM: To investigate whether the motor rehabilitation program can be personalized for children with severe VCSCI on the basis of estimation of exercise tolerance. METHODS: The investigation enrolled 25 patients with VCSCI (12 people with superior paraparesis or inferior paraplegia and 13 with inferior paraparesis or inferior paraplegia); their mean age was 12.1±5.0 years. An individual active motor rehabilitation program was worked out for all the patients according to the results of exercise tolerance testing. The latter was performed using ergospirometry to determine the maximum oxygen consumption (VO2 max) and the time to reach the anaerobic threshold. RESULTS: After a rehabilitation cycle, all the patients showed an increase in VO2 max and time to reach the anaerobic threshold. The obtained results about the increase in VO2 max with active exercises and the expansion of the aerobic corridor in both patient groups suggest that the exercise tolerance was enhanced due to increases in muscle strength and total body endurance. By the end of the rehabilitation cycle, all the patients displayed an increase in the motor density of exercises to 29.2±4.3 (64.9%) of the 45 min. Passive load decreased to 15.8±4.3 (35.1%) min. CONCLUSION: Assessment of the individual capabilities of a patient allows one to personalize the motor rehabilitation program. Ergospirometry is a technique to monitor the adequacy of the proposed program.

[The regional epidemiological characteristics of craniocerebral injury in children in Russia in 2003-2014].

The craniocerebral injury is a global problem of health care and society. The fatal and incapacitating aftermaths developed because of this type of trauma result in significant social and economic losses. To develop effective measures of decreasing these losses epidemiological studies are needed to be implemented considering gender, age, regional and other characteristics. The purpose of study was to analyze regional and epidemiological characteristics of craniocerebral injury in children population of Russia. The study was based on data of state statistic reports in Russia and in its regions in 2003-2004. During analyzed period, dynamics of children morbidity of craniocerebral injury are characterized by its maximal level reached in 2010 (6.3 per 1,000 of children population) and by its decreasing to initial level (5.4% per 1,000 of children population) in 2014. The two-fold increase of percentage of children of the first year of life in mortality of craniocerebral injury was established against the background of stable decrease of craniocerebral injury mortality among children aged from 0 to 17 years. In 2014, every ninth child who died because of head trauma did not survived age of 1 year. In Russia, decreasing of level of hospitalization of children with craniocerebral injury was established. At that, indices of hospitalized morbidity of children of the first year of life increased up to 30%. The actual statistical reporting in Russian Federation provides no full measure evaluation of true levels of mortality, morbidity and hospitalized morbidity. this condition occurs due to limitations of including additional nosological forms in state statistic reporting and to specificity of main disease codification or leading causes of death. The study established significant regional specificity of craniocerebral injury in children that determines necessity of development effective measures considering established epidemiological characteristics.

[The psychological and psychiatric care for the children after severe spinal cord injury in the framework of the combined early rehabilitative treatment]. / Psikhologicheskaia i psikhiatricheskaia pomoshch' detiam posle tiazheloi pozvonochno-spinnomozgovoi travmy v ramkakh kompleksnogo podkhoda k rannei reabilitatsii.

BACKGROUND: The number of children who have received severe spinal cord injury (SCI) is steadily increasing during the recent years. The clinical picture of the post-injury condition is characterized by psychological and psychiatric disorders of varying severity. The literature publications concern emotions experienced after SCI by the adult patients whereas the data on the emotional disorders in the children and the approaches to their medical treatment are virtually absent. Nor is enough information about the status of the children in the early period after the spinal trauma treated jointly by a psychiatrist and a psychologist. AIM: The objective of the present study was the evaluation of the emotions and motivations in the children following the severe spinal trauma in the course of the early rehabilitation period as well as the development of an algorithm for the interaction of a psychiatrist and a psychologist in their joint efforts to manage the emotional and motivational disorders. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study included 35 children at the age from 8 to 18 years presenting with the severe spinal trauma who had been admitted for the treatment and rehabilitation based at the Research Institute of Emergency Pediatric Surgery and Traumatology, Moscow Health Department, during the period from 2016 to 2018. All the patients were examined by a psychiatrist and a psychologist in dynamics, viz. before the beginning of the rehabilitation course as well as within the 7-10th and 21-25th days after its initiation. The relevant diagnostic scales and questionnaires were used to detect depression and assess the severity of individual symptoms. RESULTS: Three groups of children who had experienced the severe spinal trauma were distinguished depending on the character of emotional disorders and their severity. Group 1 was comprised of the children with depression (n=6) including 2 boys and 4 girls at the age from 14 to17 years (17.2%). Group 2 consisted of the children with emotional disorders, such as high anxiety, impaired motivation with sub-depressive prerequisites (n=11) including 4 girls and 7 boys at the age from 12 to16 years (31.4%). Group 3 was composed of the children free from depression or depressive manifestations (n=18) including 15 boys, 3 girls at the age from 8 to17 years (51.4%). The algorithm for the combined rehabilitative treatment of the children during the early period after the severe spinal trauma with the participation of the psychiatrist and the psychologist has been developed. It was shown that the patients with a reduced intensity of emotional expression combined with a moderate or low level of anxiety and sufficient motivation needed the supervision by the psychologist alone. The children with a reduced intensity of emotional expression combined with a moderate or high level of anxiety and impaired motivation had to be supervised and treated by both the psychiatrist and the psychologist. The children with pronounced depression, high anxiety and low motivation required the supervision and treatment by a psychiatrist with simultaneous pharmacological correction of their condition. CONCLUSION: The results of this study give evidence that 48.6% of the children after severe spinal trauma suffer from the emotional and motivational disorders requiring specialized psychiatric care including the differentiated psychological and psychiatric treatment during the early rehabilitation period with the use of the algorithm for the combined treatment based on the joint efforts of the psychiatrist and the psychologist supplemented by the pharmacological correction.

[The experience with the organization of the health resort-based treatment of the children under conditions of a megapolis. The present and the future of the service]. / Opyt organizatsii sanatorno-kurortnogo lecheniia detei v usloviiakh megapolisa. Nastoiashchee i budushchee sluzhby.

BACKGROUND: The Moscow Health Department organized an efficient and comprehensive three-level system of medical rehabilitation for the children. Health resort-based treatment is normatively a component of the third stage of rehabilitation. AIM: The objective of the present study was to substantiate the necessity and validity of the health resort-based treatment as an integral part of the third stage of medical rehabilitation. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We have carried out the analysis of activities of 16 health resorts facilities during the period from 2016 to 2017 that included the evaluation in volume terms of the medical assistance, availability of the health resort-based treatment, and its clinical outcomes. The data thus obtained were systematized and processed with the use of the MS Office software package. RESULTS: The analysis of dynamics of the extent of the provided medical assistance expressed in terms of volume has demonstrated the increase in the overall number of people who had received health resort-based treatment in 2017 in comparison with that in 2016. The analysis of the structure of the pathological conditions in the patients admitted for the treatment in the health resort settings revealed correlation with the profiles of specialization of these facilities and with the structure of newly registered diseases. The analysis of the services rendered within the framework of the health resort-based treatment programs confirmed the effectiveness of medical assistance organized with the use of such approach. The study revealed challenges still facing the services responsible for the provision of the health resort-based treatment of the children in Moscow and the lines of activities in this field to be carried out in the near future. CONCLUSION: The experience gained by the Moscow public healthcare organizations gives evidence that the health resort facilities located directly in the region are necessary for rendering the comprehensive three-level medical rehabilitation as a very important component of its third (final).

[The experience with the early rehabilitation of the children presenting with the vertebral cerebrospinal injury]. / Opyt rannei reabilitatsii detei s pozvonochno-spinnomozgovoi travmoi.

This article was designed to report the experience with the provision of early rehabilitation care to the children suffering from a spinal-cord injury (SCI) that was gained at the Clinical and Research Institute of Urgent Pediatric Surgery and Traumatology. The authors have developed and describe the combined multidisciplinary approach making it possible to promote the recovery of the children presenting with SCI at the first stage of the rehabilitative treatment. They distinguish three basic periods in the early rehabilitation of the children with this condition, defined the main goals of rehabilitation and the role of each specialist in their achievement. The results of the work provided the basis for the development of a stepwise approach for the extension of the rehabilitation measures and the solution of the tasks facing rehabilitation of the patients with vertebral cerebrospinal injuries. The correction of nutritive losses was found to be a most important component of the early stage of the rehabilitation process preceding the full-scale rehabilitative treatment. The role of various technical devices designed for the patients' re-education in functional motor activities, development and acquisition of the sustained self-service skills, enhancement of the patient's mobility, and improvement of his/her quality of life is discussed. The importance of the early beginning of the rehabilitation measures for the children suffering from a vertebral cerebrospinal injury has been confirmed.