Impact of replacing or adding pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A at 11-13 weeks on screening for preterm pre-eclampsia.

OBJECTIVE: To assess whether pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A (PAPP-A) alters or provides equivalent screening performance as placental growth factor (PlGF) when screening for preterm pre-eclampsia (PE) at 11-13 weeks of gestation. METHODS: This was a secondary analysis of a non-intervention screening study of 6546 singleton pregnancies that were screened prospectively for preterm PE in the first trimester between December 2016 and June 2018. Patient-specific risks for preterm PE were estimated by maternal history, mean arterial pressure (MAP), uterine artery pulsatility index (UtA-PI), PlGF and PAPP-A. A competing-risks model with biomarkers expressed as multiples of the median was used. All women and clinicians were blinded to the risk for preterm PE. The performance of screening for preterm PE using PlGF vs PAPP-A vs both PAPP-A and PlGF was assessed by comparing areas under the receiver-operating-characteristics (AUC) curves. McNemar's test was used to compare detection rate at a fixed false-positive rate (FPR) of 10%. RESULTS: PlGF and PAPP-A were measured in 6546 women, of whom 37 developed preterm PE. The AUC and detection rate at 10% FPR using PlGF in combination with maternal history, MAP and UtA-PI were 0.854 and 59.46%, respectively. The respective values were 0.813 and 51.35% when replacing PlGF with PAPP-A and 0.855 and 59.46% when using both PAPP-A and PlGF. Statistically non-significant differences were noted in AUC when replacing PlGF with PAPP-A (ΔAUC, 0.04; P = 0.095) and when using both PAPP-A and PlGF (ΔAUC, 0.002; P = 0.423). However, on an individual case basis, screening using PlGF in conjunction with maternal history, MAP and UtA-PI identified three (8.1%) additional pregnancies that developed preterm PE and that were not identified when replacing PlGF with PAPP-A. Screening using PAPP-A in addition to maternal history and other biomarkers did not identify any additional pregnancies. CONCLUSION: On an individual case basis, adoption of a screening strategy that uses PAPP-A instead of PlGF results in reduced detection of preterm PE, consistent with previous literature. © 2022 International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology.

Real-time three-dimensional ultrasound with Live xPlane imaging assists first-trimester acquisition of a true midsagittal section.

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether real-time three-dimensional (3D) ultrasound with Live xPlane imaging, which enables the simultaneous display of two real-time high-quality image planes, can assist both operators certified by The Fetal Medicine Foundation (FMF) and non-FMF-certified operators in acquiring a true midsagittal plane in the first trimester. METHODS: Eight operators, four of them FMF certified (FMF group) and the other four not (non-FMF group), were asked to acquire a fetal image that they believed to represent the true midsagittal plane using real-time 3D ultrasound with Live xPlane imaging as guidance. Each operator was asked to obtain such an image five times from each of five patients. A total of 200 images from 40 patients were obtained and stored for subsequent analysis. All pregnancies were between 11 + 0 and 13 + 6 weeks of gestation. The angle between the falx cerebri and vertical axis (angle of deviation) was then measured by a single operator. A true midsagittal section was defined as an angle of deviation equal to 0 degrees. The angle of deviation and the time taken to acquire each image were compared between FMF and non-FMF groups. RESULTS: The median angle of deviation for each operator ranged from 1.2 degrees to 3.4 degrees. There was no significant difference in this angle between those who were FMF certified and those who were not (2.0 degrees vs. 2.2 degrees, P = 0.463). The interquartile range of the angle of deviation was also similar between the FMF- and non-FMF-certified operators. Although the time taken for image acquisition was longer among the non-FMF-certified operators (median, 45.5 s vs. 32.0 s), this difference did not reach statistical significance (P = 0.107). CONCLUSION: Live xPlane imaging can provide a tool to assist the acquisition of a true midsagittal plane and to determine how true a 'midsagittal' plane really is.

Real-time three-dimensional echocardiography using a matrix probe with live xPlane imaging of the interventricular septum.

OBJECTIVE: To describe a technique to rapidly visualize the in-plane view of the fetal interventricular septum (IVS) to enable the identification of a ventricular septal defect (VSD). METHODS: One hundred and fifty-one women were invited to participate after their routine fetal morphology scan, including four suspected to have congenital cardiac defects which were confirmed postnatally. A standard examination protocol using real-time three-dimensional (3D) echocardiography with live xPlane imaging was developed. The ability of this new technology to examine the ventricular septum was investigated. RESULTS: The in-plane view of the fetal IVS was visualized successfully in 150 (99.3%) cases by real-time 3D echocardiography with live xPlane imaging, including 82 (54.3%) cases with the spine posterior and 68 (45.7%) cases with the spine anterior. The in-plane view of the IVS successfully visualized the VSDs in three fetuses with VSD and displayed the intact IVS in one fetus with transposition of the great arteries without VSD. CONCLUSION: We describe live xPlane imaging, a simple method for the real-time assessment of the in-plane view of the IVS that has the potential to enhance the diagnostic accuracy of fetal cardiac examination.

How true is a 'true' midsagittal section?

OBJECTIVES: To study the deviation of presumed midsagittal sections of the fetal head from the true image plane, to compare whether certification (by The Fetal Medicine Foundation (FMF), UK) has an effect on the degree of this deviation, and to investigate the impact of imperfect midsagittal sections on nuchal translucency thickness (NT) measurement. METHODS: Eight sonographers, four of them FMF-certified (Group A) and the other four not (Group B), were asked to obtain image sections which they believed to represent true midsagittal sections of the fetal head and neck in five patients each. Three-dimensional volume datasets were acquired for subsequent analysis. The angle between the falx cerebri and the vertical axis was measured and the effect of this angle on NT measurement was assessed. RESULTS: The mean angle of deviation was significantly lower among those who were FMF-certified (5.7 degrees vs. 14.7 degrees, P < 0.001). The 1.8% underestimation of NT by Group A was not statistically significant (P = 0.76), while in Group B the NT could not be measured when the angle of deviation was 14.7 degrees. CONCLUSIONS: FMF-certified operators obtain a better midsagittal section compared with non-certified operators. The minor deviation from the true midsagittal section by certified operators has no significant effect on the value of NT measurement. This study could provide a model for operator training and auditing.