Achieving Ultra-High-Energy-Density Lithium Batteries: Elimination of Irreversible Anionic Redox through Controlled Cationic Disordering.

Lithium-rich layered oxides (LLOs) capable of supporting both cationic and anionic redox chemistry are promising cathode materials. Yet, their initial charge to high voltages often trigger significant oxygen evolution, resulting in substantial capacity loss and structural instability. In this study, we applied a straightforward low-potential activation (LOWPA) method alongside a relatively stable electrolyte to address this issue. This approach enables precise control over the order-to-disorder transformation of the transition metal layers in LLOs, producing an in-plane cation-disordered Li1.2Mn0.54Co0.13Ni0.13O2 that averts irreversible oxygen evolution at 4.8 V by stabilizing Mn-O2 or Mn-O3 species within the Li/Mn-disordered nanopores. Consequently, an ultrahigh reversible capacity of 322 mAh g-1 (equating to 1141 Wh kg-1), 91.5% initial Coulombic efficiency, and enhanced durability and rate capability are simultaneously achieved. As LOWPA does not alter any chemical composition of LLOs, it also offers a simple model for untangling the complex phenomena associated with oxygen-redox chemistry.

Achieving ultra-low voltage fading in Co-free Li-rich layered oxides via effortless surface defect engineering.

Cobalt (Co)-free lithium (Li)-rich layered oxides (LLOs) have emerged as promising cathode materials for the next generation of Li-ion batteries, attributed to their competitive market positioning and high energy density. Nevertheless, challenges arise from surface oxygen loss due to irreversible anionic redox reactions, leading to severe voltage and capacity decay that hinder the large-scale adoption of LLOs. Herein, we present an innovative, facile, and environmentally friendly hydrothermal approach to induce surface reconstruction of Li1.2Mn0.6Ni0.2O2 material. A multifaceted combination involving the spinel phase, oxygen vacancies, and reduced manganese is orchestrated to alleviate the irreversible oxygen redox and impressively enhance Li-ion diffusion. The modified sample, owing to this surface transition, demonstrates low-strain and low-distortion properties along with a substantial improvement in structural stability, supported by both experimental validations and theoretical studies. As a result, the engineered sample exhibits exceptional capacity retention of 97.12% after 150 cycles at 1C, with an ultra-low voltage decay (0.91 mV cycle-1). Additionally, noteworthy enhancements in initial coulombic efficiency and rate performance are also observed. This straightforward surface defect engineering method offers a pathway to developing "low-strain" LLOs with superior electrochemical performance, thereby laying a solid foundation for future commercial applications.

SEC16A Variants Predispose to Chronic Pancreatitis by Impairing ER-to-Golgi Transport and Inducing ER Stress.

Chronic pancreatitis (CP) is a complex disease with genetic and environmental factors at play. Through trio exome sequencing, a de novo SEC16A frameshift variant in a Chinese teenage CP patient is identified. Subsequent targeted next-generation sequencing of the SEC16A gene in 1,061 Chinese CP patients and 1,196 controls reveals a higher allele frequency of rare nonsynonymous SEC16A variants in patients (4.90% vs 2.93%; odds ratio [OR], 1.71; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.26-2.33). Similar enrichments are noted in a French cohort (OR, 2.74; 95% CI, 1.67-4.50) and in a biobank meta-analysis (OR, 1.16; 95% CI, 1.04-1.31). Notably, Chinese CP patients with SEC16A variants exhibit a median onset age 5 years earlier than those without (40.0 vs 45.0; p = 0.012). Functional studies using three CRISPR/Cas9-edited HEK293T cell lines show that loss-of-function SEC16A variants disrupt coat protein complex II (COPII) formation, impede secretory protein vesicles trafficking, and induce endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress due to protein overload. Sec16a+/- mice, which demonstrate impaired zymogen secretion and exacerbated ER stress compared to Sec16a+/+, are further generated. In cerulein-stimulated pancreatitis models, Sec16a+/- mice display heightened pancreatic inflammation and fibrosis compared to wild-type mice. These findings implicate a novel pathogenic mechanism predisposing to CP.

The double-edged effects of IL-6 in liver regeneration, aging, inflammation, and diseases.

Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is a pleiotropic cytokine and exerts its complex biological functions mainly through three different signal modes, called cis-, trans-, and cluster signaling. When IL-6 binds to its membrane or soluble receptors, the co-receptor gp130 is activated to initiate downstream signaling and induce the expression of target genes. In the liver, IL-6 can perform its anti-inflammatory activities to promote hepatocyte reprogramming and liver regeneration. On the contrary, IL-6 also exerts the pro-inflammatory functions to induce liver aging, fibrosis, steatosis, and carcinogenesis. However, understanding the roles and underlying mechanisms of IL-6 in liver physiological and pathological processes is still an ongoing process. So far, therapeutic agents against IL­6, IL­6 receptor (IL­6R), IL-6-sIL-6R complex, or IL-6 downstream signal transducers have been developed, and determined to be effective in the intervention of inflammatory diseases and cancers. In this review, we summarized and highlighted the understanding of the double-edged effects of IL-6 in liver homeostasis, aging, inflammation, and chronic diseases, for better shifting the "negative" functions of IL-6 to the "beneficial" actions, and further discussed the potential therapeutic effects of targeting IL-6 signaling in the clinics.

VEGF-FGF Signaling Activates Quiescent CD63+ Liver Stem Cells to Proliferate and Differentiate.

Understanding the liver stem cells (LSCs) holds great promise for new insights into liver diseases and liver regeneration. However, the heterogenicity and plasticity of liver cells have made it controversial. Here, by employing single-cell RNA-sequencing technology, transcriptome features of Krt19+ bile duct lineage cells isolated from Krt19CreERT; Rosa26R-GFP reporter mouse livers are examined. Distinct biliary epithelial cells which include adult LSCs, as well as their downstream hepatocytes and cholangiocytes are identified. Importantly, a novel cell surface LSCs marker, CD63, as well as CD56, which distinguished active and quiescent LSCs are discovered. Cell expansion and bi-potential differentiation in culture demonstrate the stemness ability of CD63+ cells in vitro. Transplantation and lineage tracing of CD63+ cells confirm their contribution to liver cell mass in vivo upon injury. Moreover, CD63+CD56+ cells are proved to be activated LSCs with vigorous proliferation ability. Further studies confirm that CD63+CD56- quiescent LSCs express VEGFR2 and FGFR1, and they can be activated to proliferation and differentiation through combination of growth factors: VEGF-A and bFGF. These findings define an authentic adult liver stem cells compartment, make a further understanding of fate regulation on LSCs, and highlight its contribution to liver during pathophysiologic processes.

Interferon-α stimulates DExH-box helicase 58 to prevent hepatocyte ferroptosis.

BACKGROUND: Liver ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury is usually caused by hepatic inflow occlusion during liver surgery, and is frequently observed during war wounds and trauma. Hepatocyte ferroptosis plays a critical role in liver I/R injury, however, it remains unclear whether this process is controlled or regulated by members of the DEAD/DExH-box helicase (DDX/DHX) family. METHODS: The expression of DDX/DHX family members during liver I/R injury was screened using transcriptome analysis. Hepatocyte-specific Dhx58 knockout mice were constructed, and a partial liver I/R operation was performed. Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) in the liver post I/R suggested enhanced ferroptosis by Dhx58hep-/-. The mRNAs and proteins associated with DExH-box helicase 58 (DHX58) were screened using RNA immunoprecipitation-sequencing (RIP-seq) and IP-mass spectrometry (IP-MS). RESULTS: Excessive production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) decreased the expression of the IFN-stimulated gene Dhx58 in hepatocytes and promoted hepatic ferroptosis, while treatment using IFN-α increased DHX58 expression and prevented ferroptosis during liver I/R injury. Mechanistically, DHX58 with RNA-binding activity constitutively associates with the mRNA of glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4), a central ferroptosis suppressor, and recruits the m6A reader YT521-B homology domain containing 2 (YTHDC2) to promote the translation of Gpx4 mRNA in an m6A-dependent manner, thus enhancing GPX4 protein levels and preventing hepatic ferroptosis. CONCLUSIONS: This study provides mechanistic evidence that IFN-α stimulates DHX58 to promote the translation of m6A-modified Gpx4 mRNA, suggesting the potential clinical application of IFN-α in the prevention of hepatic ferroptosis during liver I/R injury.

DR10627, a Novel Dual Glucagon­like Peptide­1 and Gastric Inhibitory Polypeptide Receptor Agonist for the Treatment of Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.

Introduction: Diabetes and obesity are momentous risk factors threatening people's lives and health. Currently available incretin analogue glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) possesses huge hypoglycemic effect with the unsatisfactory effect of weight loss. Co-agonists targeting GLP-1R plus glucagon receptor (GCGR) or gastric inhibitory polypeptide receptor (GIPR) show synergistic benefits in glycaemic control and weight loss. Here, we describe a novel dual GIP and GLP-1 receptor agonist, DR10627, and performed a preclinical assessment of it. Methods: The agonistic ability of DR10627 was indirectly assessed by inducing cAMP accumulation in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells transfected with GLP-1R or GIPR in vitro. The plasma pharmacokinetics of DR10627 were analysed in cynomolgus monkeys. The OGTTs were performed in Sprague­Dawley (SD) rats. The glucose lowering effects were evaluated by repeated administration of DR10627 in diabetic (db/db) mice for 4 weeks. The effects of anti-obesity and improving metabolism of DR10627 were evaluated by repeated administration of DR10627 in diet-induced obesity (DIO) mice for 57 days. Results: DR10627 had the capacity to activate both GLP-1R and GIPR in vitro. The terminal half-life of DR10627 was found to be approximately 4.19-5.8 h in cynomolgus monkeys. DR10627 had a great improvement in oral glucose tolerance in SD rats. Moreover, DR10627 had a potent glucose-lowering effect in db/db mice, and the hypoglycemic effect of 18 nmol/kg DR10627 was better than that of 50 nmol/kg liraglutide. In addition, 10 and 30 nmol/kg DR10627 possessed the ability of potentiating the weight-loss, lipid-lowing efficacy and improving metabolism to a greater extent than 80 nmol/kg liraglutide. Conclusion: Preclinical assessment demonstrated that administration of DR10627 resulted in glucose lowering in SD rats and db/db mice, and substantial body weight reduction and metabolism improvement in DIO mice. DR10627 is a promising agent deserving further investigation for the treatment of type 2 diabetes and obesity.

Apoptotic Vesicular Metabolism Contributes to Organelle Assembly and Safeguards Liver Homeostasis and Regeneration.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Apoptosis generates plenty of membrane-bound nanovesicles, the apoptotic vesicles (apoVs), which show promise for biomedical applications. The liver serves as a significant organ for apoptotic material removal. Whether and how the liver metabolizes apoptotic vesicular products and contributes to liver health and disease is unrecognized. METHODS: apoVs were labeled and traced after intravenous infusion. Apoptosis-deficient mice by Fas mutant (Fasmut) and Caspase-3 knockout (Casp3-/-) were used with apoV replenishment to evaluate the physiological apoV function. Combinations of morphologic, biochemical, cellular, and molecular assays were applied to assess the liver while hepatocyte analysis was performed. Partial hepatectomy and acetaminophen liver failure models were established to investigate liver regeneration and disease recovery. RESULTS: We discovered that the liver is a major metabolic organ of circulatory apoVs, in which apoVs undergo endocytosis by hepatocytes via a sugar recognition system. Moreover, apoVs play an indispensable role to counteract hepatocellular injury and liver impairment in apoptosis-deficient mice upon replenishment. Surprisingly, apoVs form a chimeric organelle complex with the hepatocyte Golgi apparatus through the soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptor machinery, which preserves Golgi integrity, promotes microtubule acetylation by regulating α-tubulin N-acetyltransferase 1, and consequently facilitates hepatocyte cytokinesis for liver recovery. The assembly of the apoV-Golgi complex is further revealed to contribute to liver homeostasis, regeneration, and protection against acute liver failure. CONCLUSIONS: These findings establish a previously unrecognized functional and mechanistic framework that apoptosis through vesicular metabolism safeguards liver homeostasis and regeneration, which holds promise for hepatic disease therapeutics.

Origin of the 6/5/6/5 Tetracyclic Cyclopiazonic Acids.

The natural product α-cyclopiazonic acid (α-CPA) is a very potent Ca2+-ATPase inhibitor. The CPA family of compounds comprise over 80 chemical entities with at least five distinct skeletons. While α-CPA features a canonical 6/5/6/5/5 skeleton, the 6/5/6/5 skeleton is the most prevalent among the CPA family. However, the origin of the unique tetracyclic skeleton remains unknown. The 6/5/6/5-type CPAs may derive from a precursor of acetoacetyl-l-tryptophan (AATrp) generated from a hypothetic thioesterase-like pathway. Alternatively, cleavage of the tetramic acid ring would also result in the formation of the 6/5/6/5 scaffold. Aspergillus oryzae HMP-F28 is a marine sponge-associated filamentous fungus known to produce CPAs that act as primary neurotoxins. To elucidate the origin of this subfamily of CPAs, we performed homologous recombination and genetic engineering experiments on strain HMP-F28. Our results are supportive of the ring cleavage pathway through which the tetracyclic 6/5/6/5-type CPAs are generated from 6/5/6/5/5-type pentacyclic CPAs.

Investigating the anti-atherosclerotic effects and potential mechanism of Dalbergia odorifera in ApoE-deficient mice using network pharmacology combined with metabolomics.

Dalbergia odorifera (DO) is a precious rosewood species in Southern Asia, and its heartwood is used in China as an official plant for invigorating blood circulation and eliminating stasis. This study aims to evaluate the efficacy of DO on atherosclerosis (AS), and further explore its active components and potential mechanisms. The apolipoprotein-E (ApoE)-deficient mice fed a high-fat diet were used as model animals, and the pathological changes in mice with or without DO treatment were compared to evaluate the pharmacodynamics of DO on AS. The mechanisms were preliminarily expounded by combining with metabolomics and network pharmacology. Moreover, the bioactive components and targets were assessed by cell experiments and molecular docking, respectively. Our findings suggested that DO significantly modulated blood lipid levels and alleviated intimal hyperplasia in atherosclerotic-lesioned mice, and the mechanisms may involve the regulation of 18 metabolites that changed during the progression of AS, thus affecting 3 major metabolic pathways and 3 major signaling pathways. Moreover, the interactions between 16 compounds with anti-proliferative effect and hub targets in the 3 signaling pathways were verified using molecular docking. Collectively, our findings preliminarily support the therapeutic effect of DO in atherosclerosis, meanwhile explore the active constituents and potential pharmacological mechanisms, which is conducive to its reasonable exploitation and utilization.

Theoretical Study of the Reactive Mechanisms of Li-Doped Ni-Based Oxygen Carrier during Chemical Looping Combustion.

Ni-based oxygen carriers (OCs) are considered promising materials in the chemical looping combustion (CLC) process. However, the reactivity of Ni-based OCs still offers the potential for further enhancement. In this work, the Li doping method has been employed for the modification of Ni-based OCs. The reactivity and microreaction mechanisms of different concentrations of Li-doped Ni-based OCs with CO in CLC are clarified using density functional theory (DFT) simulation. The structures, energy, and density of states are obtained through computational investigation of the reaction path in elementary reactions. The results show that (1) the adsorption energies of CO molecules on NiO surfaces with 4, 8, and 12% Li doping concentrations are -0.53, -0.48, and -0.54 eV, respectively, demonstrating an enhanced reactivity compared to that of pure NiO (-0.41 eV); (2) the calculation of the transition state indicates that the most favorable pathway for CO oxidation takes place on the surface of NiO with an 8% Li doping concentration, exhibiting the lowest energy barrier of 0.51 eV; and (3) the oxygen vacancy formation energies on the surface of NiO are 3.05, 2.30, and 2.10 eV for 4, 8, and 12% doping concentrations, respectively. Additionally, the decrease in oxygen vacancy formation energies exhibits a gradual decline with an increasing Li doping concentration. By comprehensive analysis, 8% is considered to be the optimal doping concentration of NiO for chemical looping combustion.

Nanoparticles exhibiting virus-mimic surface topology for enhanced oral delivery.

The oral delivery of nano-drug delivery systems (Nano-DDS) remains a challenge. Taking inspirations from viruses, here we construct core-shell mesoporous silica nanoparticles (NPs, ~80 nm) with virus-like nanospikes (VSN) to simulate viral morphology, and further modified VSN with L-alanine (CVSN) to enable chiral recognition for functional bionics. By comparing with the solid silica NPs, mesoporous silica NPs and VSN, we demonstrate the delivery advantages of CVSN on overcoming intestinal sequential barriers in both animals and human via multiple biological processes. Subsequently, we encapsulate indomethacin (IMC) into the nanopores of NPs to mimic gene package, wherein the payloads are isolated from bio-environments and exist in an amorphous form to increase their stability and solubility, while the chiral nanospikes multi-sited anchor and chiral recognize on the intestinal mucosa to enhance the penetrability and ultimately improve the oral adsorption of IMC. Encouragingly, we also prove the versatility of CVSN as oral Nano-DDS.

Expression of MMP-14 and its role in bone destruction in middle ear cholesteatoma: A prospective observational study.

Cholesteatoma is a noncancerous cystic lesion caused by an abnormal growth of keratinizing squamous epithelium which is invasive and capable of destroying structures. A prospective study on the expression of membrane type1-matrix metalloproteinases (MMP-14) and its related influencing factors in middle ear cholesteatoma was conducted to fully understand the pathogenesis of cholesteatoma in the molecular level. We examined the expression of MMP-14 by immunohistochemical staining 39 middle ear cholesteatoma specimens and 10 external auditory meatus epithelial cell specimens. The cholesteatoma specimens were divided into 4 groups according to the degree of destruction of the ossicles during surgery. The associated factors affecting MMP-14 expression were analyzed using statistical methods; The positive expression of MMP-14 in the epithelium of the external auditory canal was significantly different between middle ear cholesteatoma and normal patients (P < .05); Gender, age, and the degree of hearing loss had no statistically significant effect on MMP-14 expression (P > .05); The expression of MMP-14 was positively correlated with the severity of bone destruction (R = 0.535, P < .05); MMP-14 plays an important role in the pathological development of the epithelium of cholesteatoma; MMP-14 expression in middle ear cholesteatoma tissue was not strongly correlated with the level of hearing loss, age or gender, but was positively correlated with the degree of middle ear bone destruction.

Mitochondrial IRG1 traps MCL-1 to induce hepatocyte apoptosis and promote carcinogenesis.

Hepatocarcinogenesis is initiated by repeated hepatocyte death and liver damage, and the underlying mechanisms mediating cell death and the subsequent carcinogenesis remain to be fully investigated. Immunoresponsive gene 1 (IRG1) and its enzymatic metabolite itaconate are known to suppress inflammation in myeloid cells, and its expression in liver parenchymal hepatocytes is currently determined. However, the potential roles of IRG1 in hepatocarcinogenesis are still unknown. Here, using the diethylnitrosamine (DEN)-induced hepatocarcinogenesis mouse model, we found that IRG1 expression in hepatocytes was markedly induced upon DEN administration. The DEN-induced IRG1 was then determined to promote the intrinsic mitochondrial apoptosis of hepatocytes and liver damage, thus enhancing the subsequent hepatocarcinogenesis. Mechanistically, the mitochondrial IRG1 could associate and trap anti-apoptotic MCL-1 to inhibit the interaction between MCL-1 and pro-apoptotic Bim, thus promoting Bim activation and downstream Bax mitochondrial translocation, and then releasing cytochrome c and initiating apoptosis. Thus, the inducible mitochondrial IRG1 promotes hepatocyte apoptosis and the following hepatocarcinogenesis, which provides mechanistic insight and a potential target for preventing liver injury and HCC.

Recent Progress of Self-Supported Metal Oxide Nano-Porous Arrays in Energy Storage Applications.

The demand for high-performance and cost-effective energy storage solutions for mobile electronic devices and electric vehicles has been a driving force for technological advancements. Among the various options available, transitional metal oxides (TMOs) have emerged as a promising candidates due to their exceptional energy storage capabilities and affordability. In particular, TMO nanoporous arrays fabricated by electrochemical anodization technique demonstrate unrivaled advantages including large specific surface area, short ion transport paths, hollow structures that reduce bulk expansion of materials, and so on, which have garnered significant research attention in recent decades. However, there is a lack of comprehensive reviews that discuss the progress of anodized TMO nanoporous arrays and their applications in energy storage. Therefore, this review aims to provide a systematic detailed overview of recent advancements in understanding the ion storage mechanisms and behavior of self-organized anodic TMO nanoporous arrays in various energy storage devices, including alkali metal ion batteries, Mg/Al-ion batteries, Li/Na metal batteries, and supercapacitors. This review also explores modification strategies, redox mechanisms, and outlines future prospects for TMO nanoporous arrays in energy storage.

Risk factors of arytenoid dislocation after endotracheal intubation: A propensity-matched analysis.

Objective: Arytenoid dislocation (AD) after general anesthesia with endotracheal intubation (EI) is an iatrogenic injury that impairs patient function and requires reduction. We aimed to investigate the risk factors of AD following EI. Methods: This retrospective case-control study involved surgical adults who received EI for general anesthesia at a single institution from June 2010 to June 2020. Cases included all the patients who had AD. We used a ratio of 1:5 to identify patients in the propensity-matched control group. Results: Multivariate analysis of 49 cases with AD and 245 controls without AD demonstrated that the use of a nasogastric (NG) tube (odds ratio [OR], 23.9; 95% confidence interval [CI], 6.8-84.1), undergoing abdominal surgery (OR, 3.7; 95% CI, 1.2-11.9), and an operative time longer than 3 h (OR, 5.2; 95% CI, 2.1-12.9) were risk factors for AD. We did not find significant independent associations between AD and 40 years or older age, gender, body mass index, whether a laryngeal mask airway was used, endotracheal tube size, and EI performers' experience. Conclusion: The use of an NG tube, abdominal surgery, and longer operative time were risk factors for AD. Among these, the NG tube application showed a strong association with AD. Preventive measures of informing the patients of the increased risk and providing high-level patient monitoring can reduce the incidence of AD. Level of Evidence: III.

An emotion analysis in learning environment based on theme-specified drawing by convolutional neural network.

Emotion in the learning process can directly influence the learner's attention, memory, and cognitive activities. Several literatures indicate that hand-drawn painting could reflect the learner's emotional status. But, such an evaluation of emotional status, manually conducted by the psychologist, is usually subjective and inefficient for clinical practice. To address the issues of subjectivity and inefficiency in the painting based emotional analysis, we conducted an exploration of a painting based emotional analysis in learning environment by using convolutional neural network model. A painting image of 100 × 100 pixels was used as input for the model. The instant emotional statue of the learner was collected by filling out a questionnaire and was reviewed by a psychologist and then used as the label for training the convolutional neural network model. With the completion of convolutional, full-connected, and classification operations, the features of the painting image were learned from the underlying pixel matrix to the high-level semantic feature mapping. Then the emotional classification of the painting image could be made to reflect the learner's emotional status. Finally, the classification result by the model was compared with the result manually conducted by a psychologist to validate the model accuracy. We conducted an experiment in a university at Hangzhou, and 2,103 learners joined in the experiment. The learner was required to first fill out a questionnaire reporting emotional status in the learning process, and then to complete a theme-specified painting. Two thousand valid paintings were received and divided into training dataset (1,600) and test dataset (400). The experimental result indicated that the model achieved the accuracy of 72.1%, which confirmed the effectiveness of the model for emotional analysis.

Covalent flavoproteins: types, occurrence, biogenesis and catalytic mechanisms.

Flavoproteins are proteins that contain a nucleic acid derivative of riboflavin: flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) or flavin mononucleotide (FMN). Flavoproteins are involved in a wide array of biological processes, such as photosynthesis, DNA repair and natural product biosynthesis. It should be noted that 5%-10% of flavoproteins have a covalently linked flavin prosthetic group. Such covalent linkages benefit the holoenzyme in several ways including improving the stability and catalytic potency. During the past decade, significant progress has been made in covalent flavoproteins, especially with respect to enzyme-dependent biogenesis and discovery of novel linkage types. The present review gives a condensed overview of investigations published from March 2009 to December 2021, with emphasis on the discovery, biogenesis and their catalytic role in natural product biosynthesis.

[Acquisition and application of functional pancreatic ß cells: a review].

Insulin is produced and secreted by pancreatic ß cells in the pancreas, which plays a key role in maintaining euglycemia. Insufficient secretion or deficient usage of insulin is the main cause of diabetes mellitus (DM). Drug therapy and islets transplantation are classical treatments for DM. Pancreatic ß cell replacement therapy could help patients to get rid of drugs and alleviate the problem of lacking in transplantable donors. Pancreatic ß-like cells can be acquired by cell reprogramming techniques or directed induction of stem cell differentiation. These cells are proved to be functional both in vitro and in vivo. Some hospitals have already performed clinical trials for pancreatic ß cell replacement therapy. Functional pancreatic ß-like cells, which obtained from in vitro pathway, could be a reliable source of cell therapy for treating DM. In this review, the approaches of obtaining pancreatic ß cells are summarized and the remaining problems are discussed. Some thoughts are provided for further acquisition and application of pancreatic ß cells.

Killer or helper? The mechanism underlying the role of adenylate activated kinase in sound conditioning.

Objective: To investigate whether sound conditioning influences auditory system protection by activating adenylate activated kinase (AMPK), and if such adaption protects ribbon synapses from high-intensity noise exposure. Materials and methods: CBA mice (12 weeks old) were randomly divided into four groups (n = 24 mice per group): control, sound conditioning (SC), sound conditioning plus noise exposure (SC+NE), and noise exposure (NE). Hearing thresholds were assessed before testing, after sound conditioning, and 0, 3, 7, and 14 days after 110 dB noise exposure. Amplitudes and latencies of wave I at 90 dB intensity were assessed before test, after conditioning, and at 0 and 14 days after 110 dB noise exposure. One cochlea from each mouse was subjected to immunofluorescence staining to assess synapse numbers and AMPK activation, while the other cochlea was analyzed for phosphorylated adenylate activated kinase (p-AMPK) protein expression by western blot. Results: There was no significant difference in auditory brainstem response (ABR) threshold between SC and control mice. The degree of hearing loss of animals in the two SC groups was significantly reduced compared to the NE group after 110 dB noise exposure. Animals in the SC group showed faster recovery to normal thresholds, and 65 dB SPL sound conditioning had a stronger auditory protection effect. After sound conditioning, the amplitude of ABR I wave in the SC group was higher than that in the control group. Immediately after noise exposure (D0), the amplitudes of ABR I wave decreased significantly in all groups; the most significant decrease was in the NE group, with amplitude in 65SC+NE group significantly higher than that in the 85SC+NE group. Wave I latency in the SC group was significantly shorter than that in the control group. At D0, latency was prolonged in the NE group compared with the control group. In contrast, there was no significant difference in latency between the 65SC+NE and 85SC+NE groups. Further, at D14, there was no significant difference between the NE and control groups, while latency remained significantly shorter in the 65SC+NE and 85SC+NE groups compared with controls. Number of ribbon synapses in SC mice did not differ significantly from that in controls. After 110 dB noise exposure, there were significantly more ribbon synapses in the SC+NE group than the NE group. Ribbon synapses of all groups were recovered 14 days after the noise exposure, while the SC group had a shorter recovery time than the non-SC groups (p < 0.05). AMPK was highly activated in the SC group, and p-AMPK expression was detected; however, after 110 dB noise exposure, the strongest protein expression was detected in the NE group, followed by the SC+NE groups, and the lowest protein expression was detected in the control group. Conclusion: Sound conditioning animals were more noise resistant and recovered hearing faster than non-SC animals. Further, 65 dB SPL SC offered better hearing protection than 85 dB SPL SC. Early AMPK activation may protect hearing by increasing ATP storage and reducing the release of large quantities of p-AMPK, which could help to inhibit synapse damage.