Exploring the factors contributing to parent stress symptoms during the COVID-19 pandemic in Europe: An ABC-X model approach.

The COVID-19 pandemic has had a significant impact on the mental health and well-being of families worldwide, with parents particularly at risk for stress and other psychological symptoms. In this study, we sought to understand the factors contributing to parent stress symptoms during the early stages of the pandemic in 23 European countries (N = 40,138) using the double ABC-X model. We examined whether the relationship between stressor pile-up and perceived stress was mediated by family satisfaction and relationship satisfaction and whether family resiliency beliefs impacted these mediated relationships. Our results showed a direct association between stressor pile-up and parent stress symptoms, but we did not find evidence for the mediating role of family satisfaction or relationship satisfaction in this relationship. We also found that family resiliency beliefs did not moderate the indirect effects of family satisfaction and relationship satisfaction on parent stress symptoms. These findings suggest that the ABC-X model may not fully capture the processes affecting parents' experience of stress during the pandemic and that alternative models such as the vulnerability-stress-adaptation model may be more relevant. Future research should also consider the potential negative impact of resiliency beliefs on mental health and other risk and protective factors such as self-compassion.

Differential spatial responses and assembly mechanisms of soil microbial communities across region-scale Taiga ecosystems.

Different soil microbial communities play distinct key roles in regulating forest ecosystem processes and functions. However, the differences in spatial variability and assembly mechanisms of various taiga forest soil microbial taxa remain poorly understood. Here, we assessed the spatial patterns of bacterial and fungal communities, their assembly processes, and the influencing factors in taiga forest ecosystems in Xinjiang, China. A significant distance decay pattern was observed in the similarity of bacterial and fungal communities, with bacterial communities exhibiting a more pronounced pattern than fungal communities. Stochastic and deterministic processes governed together to drive soil bacterial community assembly, whereas stochastic processes dominated fungal community assembly. The coexistence networks revealed that the interactions of bacterial and fungal networks in the four regions are primarily based on interspecies symbiosis, with fungal coexistence networks demonstrating greater stability than bacterial networks. Additionally, the study identified a positive relationship between the modularity of bacterial networks and dispersal limitation. Analysis of environmental factors revealed that soil pH primarily affects the characteristics and assembly mechanisms of bacterial communities, while vegetation conditions primarily affect fungal diversity and composition, with other unconsidered environmental variables influencing the fungal community assembly process. This study emphasized the distinct ways in which bacteria and fungi respond to environmental factors and interspecies interactions. Our results suggested that distinct restoration measures should be implemented for bacteria and fungi in future conservation efforts for forest soil microorganisms.

Runoff and erosion reduction benefits of vegetation during natural succession on fallow grassland slopes.

Vegetation restoration is an effective and important measure for controlling soil erosion in arid and -arid regions. Both its aboveground and underground parts play a crucial role in controlling surface runoff and soil detachment on slopes. But how much the parts of vegetation contribute to the runoff and sediment reducing benefits of rill erosion on slopes is unclear. We used grassland slopes at four successional stages for simulated scouring experiments to observe how successional vegetation community structures, root characteristics, and soil structures contribute to erosion and sand production. Initial flow production time increased, and total runoff decreased. Under the scour intensities, the 11-year slope had the lowest flood peak and volume and the greatest runoff reduction benefit. The 25-year slope had the lowest sand peak and volume and the greatest sediment reduction benefit. As scour intensity increased, runoff reduction effect of vegetation at the successional stages decreased; the sediment reduction benefit remained high. PLS-PM analysis showed that the indirect effects of the aboveground and underground parts of vegetation on sand production were -0.364 and -0.439, respectively. Aboveground parts mainly embodied the regulation of runoff, in which stem count, humus mass, and biomass were the main factors affecting runoff and sand production. Underground parts mainly reflected their soil structure improvement, in which root volume density, root surface area density, and root mass density are the main explanatory variables. The direct effects of runoff and soil structure on slope rill erosion were 0.330 and -0.616, respectively, suggesting the stability of soil structure is the primary factor affecting the sand production, not erosion energy. The results provide a reference for scientific assessment of the key role of natural vegetation restoration in regional soil erosion control and the development of biological measures for soil and water conservation on the slopes of the Loess Plateau.

Variability in the home-field advantage of litter decomposition mediates alterations in soil CO2 and CH4 fluxes: A transplantation experiment study.

The decomposition of litter is susceptible to the influence of climate change and soil conditions, which can subsequently impact the release of carbon dioxide (CO2) from forest soils and the absorption of methane (CH4). Ecological theory proposes the existence of a home-field advantage (HFA) in litter decomposition, suggesting that the decomposition rate of litter (such as fallen leaves, twigs, and roots) may be faster in their native habitat than in foreign environments. Therefore, we selected litter from Pinus tabuliformis (PT) and Quercus acutissima Carruth (QC) in the field and conducted a 439-day litter transplant experiment to test the magnitude and direction of the HFA of these two litter types in three forest stands. During this experiment, we monitored the changes in soil CO2 and CH4 fluxes associated with the decomposition of PT and QC leaf litter in their native and foreign sites. Furthermore, we measured various soil physical, chemical, and biological indicators. The results indicated that the decomposition rate of QC leaf litter was faster in its native habitat, demonstrating a clear HFA effect. Conversely, the decomposition of PT leaf litter was observed to be more rapid in away soil, suggesting a pronounced home-field disadvantage (HFD). The study found that PT leaf litter exhibited greater CO2 release when decomposing in away soil, demonstrating 43 % and 32 % increases compared to bare soil, respectively. Conversely, QC leaf litter was observed to release more CO2 in its home soil. Additionally, the bare soils of the PT and QC home sites were found to absorb more CH4 compared to leaf litter coverage, with increases of 37.8 % and 31.2 %, respectively. The partial least squares model indicated that the litter attributes had a significant direct effect on soil temperature and enzyme activity. Soil temperature and enzyme activity further directly influenced the soil CO2 and CH4 fluxes. The results of our study indicate that the HFA of litter is dependent on litter type, and that litter transplantation can impact soil greenhouse gas exchange. This research provides a theoretical foundation for forest management and conservation strategies, as well as valuable data for global carbon neutrality efforts.

Triplet therapy with gilteritinib, venetoclax, and azacitidine for relapsed/refractory FLT3mut acute myeloid leukemia.

The FMS-related tyrosine kinase 3 (FLT3) inhibitor gilteritinib is standard therapy for relapsed/refractory (R/R) FLT3-mutated (FLT3mut) acute myeloid leukemia (AML) but the overall survival (OS) is only approximately 20 % and few patients achieve deep and/ or durable response. We retrospectively analyzed 29 R/R FLT3mut AML patients treated on triplet regimens (gilteritinib+ venetoclaxï¼»VEN] +azacitidineï¼»AZA]). Nineteen patients (65.5 %) had received prior FLT3 inhibitor therapy. The modified composite complete remission (mCRc) rate was 62.1 % (n = 18; CR, 4/29,13.8 %; CRi, 6/29, 20.7 %; MLFS, 8/29, 27.6 %). Among 18 patients achieved mCRc, FLT3-PCR negativity was 94.4 % (n=17), and flow-cytometry negativity was 77.7 % (n=14). The mCRc rate was 70 % (n=7) in 10 patients without prior FLT3 TKI exposure and 57.8 % (n=11) in 19 patients with prior FLT3 TKI exposure (P=0.52). At the end of the first cycle, the median time to ANC > 0.5× 109/L was 38 days and platelet > 50× 109/L was 31 days among responders, but 60-day mortality was 0 %. The estimated 2-year OS was 60.9 % for all R/R FLT3mut patients. The 1-year OS was 80 % and 58.8 % in patients without and with prior FLT3 TKI exposure, respectively (P=0.79). The estimated 2-year OS was 62 % in 19 (65.5 %) patients who received allo-HSCT after triplet therapy and 37 % in 10 patients who did not receive allo-HSCT (P=0.03). In conclusion, triplet therapy with gilteritinib, VEN, and AZA is effective and safe and an excellent frontline option for R/R FLT3mut AML.

Dispersal patterns of Reeves's pheasant based on genetic and behavioral evidence.

Dispersal is an important life history trait that plays a crucial role in avoiding inbreeding. Uncovering the dispersal pattern of a threatened species facilitates conservation efforts. Most species of Galliformes are forest-dwelling terrestrial birds with a weak dispersal ability and high conservation priorities. However, little is known about the dispersal behavior and dispersal pattern of Galliformes species such as Reeves's pheasant Syrmaticus reevesii, a globally vulnerable species endemic to China. Here, we integrated behavioral and genetic analyses to investigate the dispersal pattern of Reeves's pheasant. Our results revealed that both females and males would disperse, although the overall dispersal pattern was more likely to be male-biased. Reeves's pheasant population had a low level of genetic diversity and a mild level of inbreeding. Speculation low genetic diversity was resulted from fragmented habitat, and male-biased dispersal may reduce the opportunity of inbreeding. Our research indicated that sex-biased dispersal patterns may be a behavioral mechanism adopted by wildlife to avoid inbreeding in a fragmented habitat.

Enhanced photothermoelectric conversion in self-rolled tellurium photodetector with geometry-induced energy localization.

Photodetection has attracted significant attention for information transmission. While the implementation relies primarily on the photonic detectors, they are predominantly constrained by the intrinsic bandgap of active materials. On the other hand, photothermoelectric (PTE) detectors have garnered substantial research interest for their promising capabilities in broadband detection, owing to the self-driven photovoltages induced by the temperature differences. To get higher performances, it is crucial to localize light and heat energies for efficient conversion. However, there is limited research on the energy conversion in PTE detectors at micro/nano scale. In this study, we have achieved a two-order-of-magnitude enhancement in photovoltage responsivity in the self-rolled tubular tellurium (Te) photodetector with PTE effect. Under illumination, the tubular device demonstrates a maximum photovoltage responsivity of 252.13 V W-1 and a large detectivity of 1.48 × 1011 Jones. We disclose the mechanism of the PTE conversion in the tubular structure with the assistance of theoretical simulation. In addition, the device exhibits excellent performances in wide-angle and polarization-dependent detection. This work presents an approach to remarkably improve the performance of photodetector by concentrating light and corresponding heat generated, and the proposed self-rolled devices thus hold remarkable promises for next-generation on-chip photodetection.

Leakage and Thermal Reliability Optimization of Stacked Nanosheet Field-Effect Transistors with SiC Layers.

In this work, we propose a SiC-NSFET structure that uses a PTS scheme only under the gate, with SiC layers under the source and drain, to improve the leakage current and thermal reliability. Punch-through stopper (PTS) doping is widely used to suppress the leakage current, but aggressively high PTS doping will cause additional band-to-band (BTBT) current. Therefore, the bottom oxide isolation nanosheet field-effect transistor (BOX-NSFET) can further reduce the leakage current and become an alternative to conventional structures with PTS. However, thermal reliability issues, like bias temperature instability (BTI), hot carrier injection (HCI), and time-dependent dielectric breakdown (TDDB), induced by the self-heating effect (SHE) of BOX-NSFET, become more profound due to the lower thermal conductivity of SiO2 than silicon. Moreover, the bottom oxide will reduce the stress along the channel due to the challenges associated with growing high-quality SiGe material on SiO2. Therefore, this method faces difficulties in enhancing the mobility of p-type devices. The comprehensive TCAD simulation results show that SiC-NSFET significantly suppresses the substrate leakage current compared to the conventional structure with PTS. In addition, compared to the BOX-NSFET, the stress reduction caused by the bottom oxide is avoided, and the SHE is mitigated. This work provides significant design guidelines for leakage and thermal reliability optimization of next-generation advanced nodes.

Interaction of Negative Bias Instability and Self-Heating Effect on Threshold Voltage and SRAM (Static Random-Access Memory) Stability of Nanosheet Field-Effect Transistors.

In this paper, we investigate the effects of negative bias instability (NBTI) and self-heating effect (SHE) on threshold voltage in NSFETs. To explore accurately the interaction between SHE and NBTI, we established an NBTI simulation framework based on trap microdynamics and considered the influence of the self-heating effect. The results show that NBTI weakens the SHE effect, while SHE exacerbates the NBTI effect. Since the width of the nanosheet in NSFET has a significant control effect on the electric field distribution, we also studied the effect of the width of the nanosheet on the NBTI and self-heating effect. The results show that increasing the width of the nanosheet will reduce the NBTI effect but will enhance the SHE effect. In addition, we extended our research to the SRAM cell circuit, and the results show that the NBTI effect will reduce the static noise margin (SNM) of the SRAM cell, and the NBTI effect affected by self-heating will make the SNM decrease more significantly. In addition, our research results also indicate that increasing the nanosheet width can help slow down the NBTI effect and the negative impact of NBTI on SRAM performance affected by the self-heating effect.

Integrative pathway analysis with gene expression, miRNA, methylation and copy number variation for breast cancer subtypes.

Developments in biotechnologies enable multi-platform data collection for functional genomic units apart from the gene. Profiling of non-coding microRNAs (miRNAs) is a valuable tool for understanding the molecular profile of the cell, both for canonical functions and malignant behavior due to complex diseases. We propose a graphical mixed-effects statistical model incorporating miRNA-gene target relationships. We implement an integrative pathway analysis that leverages measurements of miRNA activity for joint analysis with multimodal observations of gene activity including gene expression, methylation, and copy number variation. We apply our analysis to a breast cancer dataset, and consider differential activity in signaling pathways across breast tumor subtypes. We offer discussion of specific signaling pathways and the effect of miRNA integration, as well as publish an interactive data visualization to give public access to the results of our analysis.

The clinical outcomes of haploidentical stem cell transplantation (haplo-HSCT) for patients with therapy-related myelodysplastic syndrome: comparable to de novo myelodysplastic syndrome.

Therapy-related myelodysplastic syndrome (t-MDS) is defined as a complication in patients with cancer following exposure to chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy and has an inferior outcome compared with de novo myelodysplastic syndrome (de novo MDS). This study aimed to estimate and compare the clinical outcomes of haploidentical stem cell transplantation (haplo-HSCT) for t-MDS and de novo MDS. We retrospectively analyzed 96 patients with MDS who received haplo-HSCT between January 2015 and December 2021. Eleven patients with t-MDS and 85 patients with de novo MDS were matched using the case-pair method in a 1:8 ratio with the following pairing criteria: (1) sex, (2) age (± 5 years), (3) year of haplo-HSCT (± 2 years), and (4) blast cell counts (≥ 5% or not). The 3-year overall survival and disease-free survival after haplo-HSCT for t-MDS versus de novo MDS patients were 72.7% versus 75.1% (P = 0.99) and 54.5% versus 67.0% (P = 0.50), respectively. The 3-year cumulative incidence of relapse was 36.4% versus 15.5% (P = 0.08), respectively. In multivariate analysis, there was no difference in relapse between t-MDS and de novo MDS. The 3-year cumulative non-relapse mortality rates were 9.1% versus 17.6% (P = 0.45), respectively. This study confirmed the comparable clinical outcomes of haplo-HSCT on the prognosis of t-MDS and de novo MDS.

Interfacial Passivation Engineering for Highly Efficient Quantum Dot Light-Emitting Diodes via Aromatic Amine-Functionalized Dipole Molecules.

Blue quantum dot (QD) light-emitting diodes (QLEDs) exhibit unsatisfactory operational stability and electroluminescence (EL) properties due to severe nonradiative recombination induced by large numbers of dangling bond defects and charge imbalance in QD. Herein, dipolar aromatic amine-functionalized molecules with different molecular polarities are employed to regulate charge transport and passivate interfacial defects between QD and the electron transfer layer (ETL). The results show that the stronger the molecular polarity, especially with the -CF3 groups possessing a strong electron-withdrawing capacity, the more effective the defect passivation of S and Zn dangling bonds at the QD surface. Moreover, the dipole interlayer can effectively reduce electron injection into QD at high current density, enhancing charge balance and mitigating Joule heat. Finally, blue QLEDs exhibit a peak external quantum efficiency (EQE) of 21.02% with an operational lifetime (T50 at 100 cd m-2) exceeding 4000 h.

Identifying loss threshold and migration trajectory in the management of Suaeda salsa wetland under coastal squeeze.

The coastal salt marsh wetland is mainly located in the tidal area where sea and land are intertwined, which has the functions of promoting silt and consolidating beach, wave reduction and disaster reduction, and is an ecological barrier against erosion in the coastal zone, which has important ecological value. Nevertheless, owing to the intricate nature of wetland species formation mechanisms and community distribution patterns, the impact of coastal squeeze on Suaeda salsa wetlands loss may not exhibit a linear relationship, necessitating further elucidation of the specific processes involved. Precisely understanding the extent to which coastal squeeze affects the threshold of loss in the Suaeda salsa wetland holds immense importance in safeguarding the distinctive red beach landscape. Furthermore, it represents a pivotal scientific challenge that necessitates resolution in the management of coastal wetlands for their protection and restoration. Hence, drawing upon the theoretical framework concerning the impact of coastal squeeze on the degradation of coastal Suaeda salsa wetland, this study employs the representative silty coastal region of China's northern Liaodong Bay as a case study to conduct empirical investigation. The research integrates Landsat imagery and digital elevation data, and incorporates spatial autocorrelation, elastic coefficient analysis, and barycenter model analysis to examine the threshold of degradation and spatial variations of Suaeda salsa wetland in response to coastal squeeze. The results show that: (1) The risk intensity of coastal squeeze in the study area exhibited a pattern of initial decline followed by an increase from 1995 to 2020, with the highest risk areas predominantly located in the development zone on the eastern bank of the Liao River Estuary. (2) There was a positive correlation between the growth of the coastal squeeze index and the loss of the Suaeda salsa wetland. When the proportion of area in which the coastal squeeze deteriorates reached 43.9%, the Suaeda salsa wetland lose resilience against the impact of coastal squeeze, leading to an intensified rate of loss. (3) Compared with the west side of the Liao River, the critical area of coastal squeeze and the loss barycenter of the Suaeda salsa wetland on the east side of the Liao River have a greater range of changes. The planning and management of coastal ecological restoration necessitates considering the occurrence conditions of the coastal squeeze impact threshold on the loss threshold of wetland and the migration characteristics of the wetland loss area. This approach enables the timely control of coastal squeeze risk intensity in the area and the preservation of wetlands' resistance to external disturbances. Consequently, it holds immense importance for the sustainable development of coastal wetlands.

One-step rolling fabrication of VO2 tubular bolometers with polarization-sensitive and omnidirectional detection.

Uncooled infrared detection based on vanadium dioxide (VO2) radiometer is highly demanded in temperature monitoring and security protection. The key to its breakthrough is to fabricate bolometer arrays with great absorbance and excellent thermal insulation using a straightforward procedure. Here, we show a tubular bolometer by one-step rolling VO2 nanomembranes with enhanced infrared detection. The tubular geometry enhances the thermal insulation, light absorption, and temperature sensitivity of freestanding VO2 nanomembranes. This tubular VO2 bolometer exhibits a detectivity of ~2 × 108 cm Hz1/2 W-1 in the ultrabroad infrared spectrum, a response time of ~2.0 ms, and a calculated noise-equivalent temperature difference of 64.5 mK. Furthermore, our device presents a workable structural paradigm for polarization-sensitive and omnidirectional light coupling bolometers. The demonstrated overall characteristics suggest that tubular bolometers have the potential to narrow performance and cost gap between photon detectors and thermal detectors with low cost and broad applications.

FUNDC1: a key mediator of adenosine A2BR activation-induced inhibition of cardiac mitophagy under ischemia/reperfusion conditions.

Background: Mitophagy is an essential factor in mitochondrial quality control and myocardial ischaemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury protection. Because adenosine A2B receptor (A2BR) activation exerts a major role in reducing myocardial I/R injury, the effects of adenosine A2BR activation on cardiac mitophagy under reperfusion conditions were investigated. Methods: 110 adult Wistar rats (7-10 w), weighing 250-350 grams, were cultured in specific-pathogen-free (SPF) conditions before experiments. All hearts were removed and reperfused by Langendorff device. Six hearts with coronary flow (CF) values >28 or <10 mL/min were excluded. Others were arbitrarily divided into the following groups: sham operation group, I/R group, BAY60-6583 (BAY) (1-1,000 nM) + I/R group, PP2 + BAY + I/R group. After ischemia in rats, reperfusion was performed. H9c2 cells were placed in an imitated ischemic environment followed by Tyrode's solution to stimulate hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R) injury. The mitochondrial fluorescence indicator MitoTracker Green and lysosomal fluorescence indicator LysoTracker Red were used to examine mitochondria and lysosomes, respectively. Colocalization of mitochondrial and autophagy marker proteins was determined by immunofluorescence. Autophagic flow currents were tested by Ad-mCherry-GFP-LC3B. Protein-protein interactions were predicted using a database and analyzed by co-immunoprecipitation. Autophagy marker protein, mitophagy marker protein, and mitophagy protein FUNDC1 were detected by immunoblotting. Results: Compared with those in the I/R group, myocardial autophagy and mitophagy were suppressed by the selective adenosine A2BR agonist BAY, and this effect was inhibited by the selective Src tyrosine kinase inhibitor PP2, indicating that adenosine A2BR activation could inhibit myocardial autophagy and mitophagy by activating Src tyrosine kinase. In support, in H9c2 cells, the selective Src tyrosine kinase inhibitor PP2 inhibited the effect of BAY on TOM20 with LC3 or mitochondria with lysosomes colocalization and autophagy flow. Here, we showed that mitochondrial FUNDC1 co-precipitated with Src tyrosine kinase after BAY was added. Consistently, the immunofluorescence and western blotting results demonstrated that compared to that in the H/R group, the expression of mitochondrial FUNDC1 was reduced by BAY, but this effect was reversed by PP2. Conclusions: Adenosine A2BR activation may inhibit myocardial mitophagy by downregulating expression of the mitochondrial FUNDC1 by activating Src tyrosine kinase under I/R conditions and could increase the interaction between Src tyrosine kinase and FUNDC1.

Research on the community electric carbon emission prediction considering the dynamic emission coefficient of power system.

Based on the counted power system emission factors of North China Power Grid, a community carbon emissions sample database is constructed. The support vector regression (SVR) model is trained to forecast the power carbon emissions, which is optimized by genetic algorithm (GA). A community carbon emission warning system is designed according the results. The dynamic emission coefficient curve of the power system is obtained by fitting the annual carbon emission coefficients. The time series SVR carbon emission prediction model is constructed, while the GA is improved to optimize its parameters. Taking Beijing Caochang Community as an example, a carbon emission sample database is generated based on the electricity consumption and emission coefficient curve to train and test the SVR model. The results show that the GA-SVR model fits well with the training set and the testing set, and the prediction accuracy of the testing set reaches 86%. In view of the training model in this paper, the carbon emission trend of community electricity consumption in the next month is predicted. The carbon emission warning system of the community is designed, and the specific strategy of community carbon emission reduction is proposed.

Discovery of selective NaV1.8 inhibitors based on 5-chloro-2-(4,4-difluoroazepan-1-yl)-6-methyl nicotinamide scaffold for the treatment of pain.

The NaV1.8 channel is a genetically validated target for pain and it is mostly expressed in the peripheral nervous system. Based on the disclosed structures of NaV1.8-selective inhibitors, we designed and synthesized a series of compounds by introducing bicyclic aromatic fragments based on the nicotinamide scaffold. In this research, a systematic structure-activity relationship study was carried out. While compound 2c possessed moderate inhibitory activity (IC50 = 50.18 ± 0.04 nM) in HEK293 cells stably expressing human NaV1.8 channels, it showed potent inhibitory activity in DRG neurons and isoform selectivity (>200-fold against human NaV1.1, NaV1.5 and NaV1.7 channels). Moreover, the analgesic potency of compound 2c was identified in a post-surgical mouse model. These data demonstrate that compound 2c can be further evaluated as a non-addictive analgesic agent with reduced cardiac liabilities.

Rapid and Nondestructive Evaluation of Wheat Chlorophyll under Drought Stress Using Hyperspectral Imaging.

Chlorophyll drives plant photosynthesis. Under stress conditions, leaf chlorophyll content changes dramatically, which could provide insight into plant photosynthesis and drought resistance. Compared to traditional methods of evaluating chlorophyll content, hyperspectral imaging is more efficient and accurate and benefits from being a nondestructive technique. However, the relationships between chlorophyll content and hyperspectral characteristics of wheat leaves with wide genetic diversity and different treatments have rarely been reported. In this study, using 335 wheat varieties, we analyzed the hyperspectral characteristics of flag leaves and the relationships thereof with SPAD values at the grain-filling stage under control and drought stress. The hyperspectral information of wheat flag leaves significantly differed between control and drought stress conditions in the 550-700 nm region. Hyperspectral reflectance at 549 nm (r = -0.64) and the first derivative at 735 nm (r = 0.68) exhibited the strongest correlations with SPAD values. Hyperspectral reflectance at 536, 596, and 674 nm, and the first derivatives bands at 756 and 778 nm, were useful for estimating SPAD values. The combination of spectrum and image characteristics (L*, a*, and b*) can improve the estimation accuracy of SPAD values (optimal performance of RFR, relative error, 7.35%; root mean square error, 4.439; R2, 0.61). The models established in this study are efficient for evaluating chlorophyll content and provide insight into photosynthesis and drought resistance. This study can provide a reference for high-throughput phenotypic analysis and genetic breeding of wheat and other crops.

Developmental trajectories of numerical magnitude representations of fractions and decimals.

We examined the development of numerical magnitude representations of fractions and decimals from fourth to 12th grade. In Experiment 1, we assessed the rational number magnitude knowledge of 200 Chinese fourth, fifth, sixth, eighth, and 12th graders (92 girls and 108 boys) by presenting fraction and decimal magnitude comparison tasks as well as fraction and decimal 0-1 and 0-5 number line estimation tasks. Magnitude representations of decimals became accurate earlier, improved more rapidly, and reached a higher asymptotic accuracy than magnitude representations of fractions. Analyses of individual differences revealed positive relations between the accuracy of decimal and fraction magnitude representations at all ages. In Experiment 2, we presented an additional set of 24 fourth graders (14 girls and 10 boys) with the same tasks but with the decimals that were being compared varying in the number of decimal digits. The decimal advantage continued to be present for both magnitude comparison and estimation tasks, indicating that the greater accuracy with decimals was not limited to decimals with equal numbers of decimal digits, though unequal numbers of decimal digits did impact performance with decimals on both magnitude comparison and number line estimation tasks. Implications for understanding numerical development and education are discussed. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

Solar X-ray and EUV imager on board the FY-3E satellite.

The solar X-ray and Extreme Ultraviolet Imager (X-EUVI), developed by the Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CIOMP), is the first space-based solar X-ray and Extreme ultraviolet (EUV) imager of China loaded on the Fengyun-3E (FY-3E) satellite supported by the China Meteorological Administration (CMA) for solar observation. Since started work on July 11, 2021, X-EUVI has obtained many solar images. The instrument employs an innovative dual-band design to monitor a much larger temperature range on the Sun, which covers 0.6-8.0 nm in the X-ray region with six channels and 19.5 nm in the EUV region. X-EUVI has a field of view of 42', an angular resolution of 2.5″ per pixel in the EUV band and an angular resolution of 4.1″ per pixel in the X-ray band. The instrument also includes an X-ray and EUV irradiance sensor (X-EUVS) with the same bands as its imaging optics, which measures the solar irradiance and regularly calibrates the solar images. The radiometric calibration of X-EUVS on the ground has been completed, with a calibration accuracy of 12%. X-EUVI is loaded on the FY-3E satellite and rotates relative to the Sun at a uniform rate. Flat-field calibration is conducted by utilizing successive rotation solar images. The agreement between preliminarily processed X-EUVI images and SDO/AIA and Hinode/XRT images indicates that X-EUVI and the data processing algorithm operate properly and that the data from X-EUVI can be applied to the space weather forecast system of CMA and scientific investigations on solar activity.