[Development of medicine in Lwów (Lemberg, Lviv). Part 1: beginnings and establishment of urology until 1944]. / Entwicklung der Medizin in Lwów (Lemberg, Lwiw). Teil 1: Anfänge und Etablierung der Urologie bis 1944.

Innovations in diagnostic techniques due to the introduction of endoscopy and the development of X­ray technology were fundamental in reducing the dependence on surgery and to recognize urology as a new discipline. Thereafter, endoscopic surgery came to the fore. The aim of this article is to present the development of urology in Lviv as an independent discipline and its distinction from surgery. Well-known Lviv surgeons who were interested in surgery of the urogenital system are discussed. The beginnings of urology and its development within the framework of surgical departments and ultimately as an independent institution in the interwar period are described. The fate of the Polish department of urology in the interwar period and during the Second World War is also described. J. Molendzinski, G. Ziembicki, Z. Lenko and S. Laskownicki can be described as the founders of urology in Lviv (Lemberg). Extensive research in archives and libraries in Poland and Ukraine has been undertaken in the preparation of this article.

[Development of medicine in Lwów (Lemberg, Lviv) : Part 2. Establishment of Ukrainian university urology after 1944]. / Entwicklung der Medizin in Lwów (Lemberg, Lviv) : Teil 2. Etablierung der ukrainischen universitären Urologie nach 1944.

The beginnings of medicine and Polish urology in Lemberg (Lviv) were described in part 1 of the previous publication. The aim of this article is to show the further development of Ukrainian urology after World War II. The authors also present the leading Ukrainian urologists of the postwar period. In 1976 Professor Cesar K. Borzhyievsky became the head of the department of urology, which had been officially established as an independent unit. During the last 31 years of the free Ukraine (from December 1991) there have been profound sociopolitical changes in Eastern Europe, which formed the basis for a rapid and revolutionary modernization of medicine and increased cooperation with western urologists. This is the path that Ukrainian urologists have followed. In the course of time it has driven developments in scientific research, education and public service to the point where the clinic can compete with the best international urology clinics. For the preparation of this study extensive research was carried out to collect literature and documents in Polish, German and Ukrainian archives and libraries. Personal contacts and reports from numerous Ukrainian urologists were helpful. Unfortunately, the current state of urology in Lemberg of today is limited by the war and the lack of personal contacts.