ABSTRACT
To mitigate the environmental risks posed by the accumulation of antibiotic mycelial dregs (AMDs), this study first attempted over 200 tons of mass production fermentation (MP) using tylosin and spectinomycin mycelial dregs alongside pilot-scale fermentation (PS) for comparison, utilizing the integrated-omics and qPCR approaches. Co-fermentation results showed that both antibiotics were effectively removed in all treatments, with an average removal rate of 92%. Antibiotic resistance gene (ARG)-related metabolic pathways showed that rapid degradation of antibiotics was associated with enzymes that inactivate macrolides and aminoglycosides (e.g., K06979, K07027, K05593). Interestingly, MP fermentations with optimized conditions had more efficient ARGs removal because homogenization permitted faster microbial succession, with more stable removal of antibiotic resistant bacteria and mobile genetic elements. Moreover, Bacillus reached 75% and secreted antioxidant enzymes that might inhibit horizontal gene transfer of ARGs. The findings confirmed the advantages of MP fermentation and provided a scientific basis for other AMDs.
Subject(s)
Anti-Bacterial Agents , Fermentation , Spectinomycin , Tylosin , Tylosin/pharmacology , Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology , Spectinomycin/pharmacology , Mycelium/drug effects , Drug Resistance, Microbial/genetics , Drug Resistance, Microbial/drug effects , Biodegradation, Environmental , Genes, BacterialABSTRACT
With the use of thoracoscopic surgery technology, onelung ventilation (OLV) is becoming more crucial as a basic requirement for enhanced recovery after surgery; however, it can lead to severe pulmonary injury, which is an issue for anesthesiologists. Therefore, it is important to protect pulmonary function during thoracic surgery anesthesia, particularly to protect the function of the collapsed lung. Our previous study on rabbits reported that nicorandil, a US Food and Drug Administrationapproved mitochondrial ATPsensitive potassium channelspecific opener, can protect against lung injury in the collapsed lung. Therefore, the beneficial effect of nicorandil on OLVinduced pulmonary injury in clinical thoracic surgery was further evaluated in the present study. Nicorandil was infused at 2 mg/h for 2 h from induction to 1 h after OLV in the nicorandil group. Trends in arterial oxygen desaturation (SaO2), arterial partial pressure for oxygen (PaO2) and the lung microstructure were assessed. ELISA was used to assess the levels of TNFα and malondialdehyde (MDA), and the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD). A TUNEL assay was performed to evaluate apoptosis. Western blotting was used to analyze the relative expression levels of signaling proteins associated with apoptosis. Western blotting was performed to evaluate the protein expression levels of hypoxiainducible factor 1α (HIF1α), PI3K, Akt and NFκB, and reverse transcriptionquantitative PCR was used to detect HIF1α mRNA expression levels in the lungs of patients infused with nicorandil and nitroglycerin. Nicorandil treatment was associated with higher SaO2 and PaO2 compared with nitroglycerin treatment in OLV. The levels of MDA and TNFα in the operated lung of the nicorandil group were significantly lower compared with those in the control group. In addition, nicorandil was associated with higher SOD activity compared with nitroglycerin. The nicorandiltreated lung, similar to the sham group, exhibited improved microstructure and less apoptosis in the experimental group. The protein expression levels of PI3K, phosphorylated Akt and HIF1α were significantly increased, whereas NFκB was significantly decreased in the nicorandiltreated lung compared with the control group. Overall, nicorandil demonstrated beneficial effects by decreasing apoptosis in the operated lung, which was collapsed and then reexpanded during OLV in thoracic surgery anesthesia. Nicorandil may serve a vital role by decreasing the overloading of calcium in mitochondria, shutting off the mitochondrial membrane permeability transition pore, reducing the release of cytochrome c, simultaneously triggering activation of the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway around the cell membrane, downregulating NFκB, upregulating HIF1α, and then reducing Bax/Bcl2, caspase3 and apoptosis. The trial registration was ChiCTRIOR17014061 (registered on December 20, 2017).
Subject(s)
Lung Injury , Nicorandil , Thoracic Surgical Procedures , Apoptosis , KATP Channels/metabolism , Lung/metabolism , Lung Injury/metabolism , Mitochondria/metabolism , NF-kappa B/genetics , NF-kappa B/metabolism , Nicorandil/therapeutic use , Nitroglycerin/pharmacology , Oxygen/metabolism , Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases/metabolism , Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt/metabolism , Superoxide Dismutase/metabolism , Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/metabolism , HumansABSTRACT
The effects of particle morphology on the structure and swelling/dissolution and rheological properties of nascent ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) in liquid paraffin (LP) were elaborately explored in this article. Nascent UHMWPE with different particle morphologies was prepared via pre-polymerization technique and direct polymerization. The melting temperature and crystallinity of UHMWPE resins with different particle morphologies were compared, and a schematic diagram was proposed to illustrate the mechanism of UHMWPE particle growth synthesized by pre-polymerization method and direct polymerization. The polymer globules in the nascent UHMWPE prepared by using pre-polymerization technique are densely packed and a positive correlation between the particle size and the viscosity-averaged molecular weight can be observed. The split phenomenon of particles and the fluctuation in the viscosity of UHMWPE/LP system prepared by direct polymerization can be observed at a low heating rate and there is no correlation between particle size and viscosity-averaged molecular weight.
ABSTRACT
Pyrethroids are synthetic organic insecticides with low mammalian toxicity that are widely used in both rural and urban areas worldwide. After entering the natural environment, pyrethroids circulate among the three phases of solid, liquid, and gas and enter organisms through food chains, resulting in substantial health risks. This review summarized the available studies on pyrethroid residues since 1986 in different media at the global scale and indicated that pyrethroids have been widely detected in a range of environments (including soils, water, sediments, and indoors) and in organisms. The concentrations and detection rates of agricultural pyrethroids, which always contain α-cyanogroup (α-CN), such as cypermethrin and fenvalerate, decline in the order of crops > sediments > soils > water. Urban pyrethroids (not contain α-CN), such as permethrin, have been detected at high levels in the indoor environment, and 3-phenoxybenzoic acid, a common pyrethroid metabolite in human urine, is frequently detected in the human body. Pyrethroid pesticides accumulate in sediments, which are a source of pyrethroid residues in aquatic products.