ABSTRACT
Cognitive Disengagement Syndrome (CDS) is a cluster of behavioral problems that severely affect an individual's functioning. Currently, there is no consensus on the main clinical features of CDS, and further exploration in large samples is needed. Using a cluster-stratified random sampling method, 72,106 children and adolescents were recruited from five provinces in mainland China for this study. Using both the traditional two-factor scoring method and the CBCL DSM-oriented scales, we assessed individual behavioral problems from psychopathological and DSM-oriented perspectives. Network analysis was employed to explore the relationship between CDS and behavioral problems. The various networks were compared by gender and age subgroups. Among 72,106 participants (mean age, 11.49 years; minimum age, 5 years; maximum age, 16 years), there were 36,449 males (50.5%) and 35,657 females (49.5%). From a psychopathological perspective, the motor symptoms node was associated with the sad node and the withdrawn node, while the cognitive symptoms node was linked to the nervous node and the self-conscious node. In terms of gender, males had stronger associations of the motor symptoms node with the sad node and the withdrawn node than females (P = 0.043), and weaker associations of the cognitive symptoms node with the nervous node than females (P = 0.027). In terms of growth stage, the adolescent group had stronger associations of the cognitive symptoms node with the nervous node and the self-conscious node than the child group (P = 0.016, 0.001). From DSM perspective, motor symptoms node were associated with sad node, and cognitive symptoms node were related to can't concentrate node, nervous node, and worthless node. With increasing age, there was an upward trend in the strength of the cognitive and motor symptoms node. CDS is closely linked to psychological and behavioral issues, especially internalizing problems, with differences observed by gender and growth stage. The connection between CDS and the affective, anxiety, and ADH symptoms is particularly pronounced.
ABSTRACT
As a pivotal element in market mechanisms, carbon trading is increasingly recognized as crucial for achieving China's Carbon Peaking and Carbon Neutrality Goals. This study introduces a comprehensive dynamic model, integrating carbon trading, emissions, economic growth, and green technology innovation, to offer a holistic understanding of the interplay between these domains. Utilizing principles from nonlinear dynamics and chaos theory, the model is adept at simulating various scenarios and assessing the effectiveness of government policies in stabilizing these complex systems. In-depth analysis provided by this research sheds light on the nuanced impact of carbon trading policies on sustainable development. Key findings highlight (1) Carbon trading's essential role as a catalyst in propelling sustainable and high-quality growth. (2) A strong positive relationship is observed between the sophistication of the carbon trading mechanism and its effectiveness in stimulating green technology innovation and fostering high-quality green development. Notably, carbon trading's influence on green technology innovation markedly enhances the efficacy of carbon emission reduction strategies. (3) Government regulations are instrumental in augmenting carbon prices, thus incentivizing increased corporate participation in emission reduction and enhancing the overall impact of carbon emission reduction. Nevertheless, the study identifies a critical threshold in regulatory intensity, beyond which there is a risk of system destabilization ( a 3 ≥ 0.032 ). These findings underscore the imperative for developing an integrated national carbon emission trading market, prioritizing sustainable growth strategies and diligently pursuing China's environmental objectives.
Subject(s)
Carbon , Economic Development , Government , Government Regulation , Nonlinear Dynamics , ChinaABSTRACT
Nanoplastics (NPs) are a prevalent type of emerging pollutant in marine environment. However, their fouling behavior and impact on reverse osmosis (RO) membrane performance remain unexplored. We investigated the relationship between polystyrene (PS), one of the most abundant NPs, with silica scaling and humic acid (HA) fouling in RO. The results demonstrated that the surface potential of NPs played an important role in the combined scaling and fouling process. Compared with the negatively charged NPs (original PS and carboxyl group modified PS, PS-COOH), the amino-functionalized PS (PS-NH2) with positive surface charge significantly accelerated membrane scaling/fouling and induced a synergistic water flux decline, due to the strong electrostatic attraction between PS-NH2, foulants, and the membrane surface. The amino groups acted as binding sites, which promoted the heterogeneous nucleation of silica and adsorption of HA, then formed stable composite pollutants. Thermodynamic analysis via isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) further confirmed the spontaneous formation of stable complexes between PS-NH2 and silicates/HA. Our study provides new insights into the combined NPs fouling with other scalants or foulants, and offers guidance for the accurate prediction of RO performance in the presence of NPs.
Subject(s)
Microplastics , Water Purification , Osmosis , Water Purification/methods , Membranes, Artificial , Silicon Dioxide , Polystyrenes , Humic SubstancesABSTRACT
Several studies have examined the neural substrates of probabilistic decision-making, but few have systematically investigated the neural representations of the two objective attributes of probabilistic rewards, that is, the reward amount and the probability. Specifically, whether there are common or distinct neural activity patterns to represent the objective attributes and their association with the neural representation of the subjective valuation remains largely underexplored. We conducted two studies (nStudy1 = 34, nStudy2 = 41) to uncover distributed neural representations of the objective attributes and subjective value as well as their association with individual probability discounting rates. The amount and probability were independently manipulated to better capture brain signals sensitive to these two attributes and were presented simultaneously in Study 1 and successively in Study 2. Both univariate and multivariate pattern analyses showed that the brain activities in the superior parietal lobule (SPL), including the postcentral gyrus, were modulated by the amount of rewards and probability in both studies. Further, representational similarity analysis revealed a similar neural representation between these two objective attributes and between the attribute and valuation. Moreover, the SPL tracked the subjective value integrated by the hyperbolic function. Probability-related brain activations in the inferior parietal lobule were associated with the variability in individual discounting rates. These findings provide novel insights into a similar neural representation of the two attributes during probabilistic decision-making and perhaps support the common neural coding of stimulus objective properties and subjective value in the field of probabilistic discounting.
Subject(s)
Brain , Reward , Humans , Brain/diagnostic imaging , Parietal Lobe/diagnostic imaging , Brain Mapping , Limbic System , Magnetic Resonance ImagingABSTRACT
Water that penetrates through cracks in concrete can corrode steel bars. There is a need for reliable and practical seepage sensing technology to prevent failure and determine the necessary maintenance for a concrete structure. Therefore, we propose a modified plasma-assisted electrochemical exfoliated graphite (MPGE) nanosheet smart tag. We conducted a comparative study of standard and modified RFID smart tags with sensor technology for seepage detection in concrete. The performance of both smart tags was tested and verified for seepage sensing in concrete, characterized by sensor code and frequency values. Seepage was simulated by cracking the concrete samples, immersing them for a designated time, and repeating the immersing phase with increasing durations. The test showed that the modified smart tag with 3% MPGE and an additional crosslinking agent provided the best sensitivity compared with the other nanosheet compositions. The presence of 3D segregated structures on the smart tag's sensing area successfully enhanced the sensitivity performance of seepage detection in concrete structures and is expected to benefit structural health monitoring as a novel non-destructive test method.
ABSTRACT
A solid-state reaction method was used to synthesize Ca2+x MgSi2Eu0.025O7+x (x = 0-1.0) powders in the air atmosphere and in a reduction atmosphere (95% N2 + 5% H2) at 1350 °C and 4 h, and the reduction atmosphere was removed at 800 °C. Only the Ca2MgSi2O7 phase was found in the XRD pattern of the synthesized Ca2MgSi2Eu0.025O7 powder. The first important discovery was that when the x value of Ca2+x MgSi2Eu0.025O7+x powders was increased from 0.2 to 0.8, both Ca2MgSi2O7 and Ca3MgSi2O8 phases coexisted in the synthesized Ca2+x MgSi2Eu0.025O7+x powders, and the diffraction intensity of the Ca2MgSi2O7 (Ca3MgSi2O8) phase decreased (increased) with the x value. The second important discovery was that the Ca2MgSi2Eu0.025O7 phosphor exhibited stronger photoluminescence excitation (PLE), photoluminescence (PL), and decay curve properties than the Ca2.2MgSi2Eu0.025O7.2 phosphor, and the Ca3MgSi2Eu0.025O8 phosphor exhibited stronger PLE, PL, and decay curve properties than the Ca2+x MgSi2Eu0.025O7+x phosphors for x = 0.4, 0.6, and 0.8. For x = 0.2-0.8, the PL spectra of the Ca2+x MgSi2Eu0.025O7+x phosphors were a combination of the PL spectra of Ca2MgSi2Eu0.025O7 and Ca3MgSi2Eu0.025O8 phosphors. The third important discovery was that as the x value was increased, the maximum emission peak wavelengths of the Ca2+x MgSi2Eu0.025O7+x phosphors shifted to a lower value, the maximum emission intensity of the PL spectra increased, and the emission light changed from green and cyan to blue.
ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Polysaccharides are important active ingredients in Ophiocordyceps gracilis with many physiological functions. It can be obtained from the submerged fermentation by the anamorph (Paraisaria dubia) of Ophiocordyceps gracilis. However, it was found that the mycelial pellets of Paraisaria dubia were dense and increased in volume in the process of fermentation, and the center of the pellets was autolysis due to the lack of nutrient delivery, which extremely reduced the yield of polysaccharides. Therefore, it is necessary to excavate a fermentation strategy based on morphological regulation for Paraisaria dubia to promote polysaccharides accumulation. RESULTS: In this study, we developed a method for enhancing polysaccharides production by Paraisaria dubia using microparticle enhanced technology, talc microparticle as morphological inducer, and investigated the enhancement mechanisms by transcriptomics. The optimal size and dose of talc were found to be 2000 mesh and 15 g/L, which resulted in a high polysaccharides yield. It was found that the efficient synthesis of polysaccharides requires an appropriate mycelial morphology through morphological analysis of mycelial pellets. And, the polysaccharides synthesis was found to mainly rely on the ABC transporter-dependent pathway revealed by transcriptomics. This method was also showed excellent robustness in 5-L bioreactor, the maximum yields of intracellular polysaccharide and exopolysaccharides were 83.23 ± 1.4 and 518.50 ± 4.1 mg/L, respectively. And, the fermented polysaccharides were stable and showed excellent biological activity. CONCLUSIONS: This study provides a feasible strategy for the efficient preparation of cordyceps polysaccharides via submerged fermentation with talc microparticles, which may also be applicable to similar macrofungi.
Subject(s)
Fungal Polysaccharides/biosynthesis , Hypocreales/metabolism , Bioreactors , Biosynthetic Pathways , Culture Media , Fermentation , Gene Expression Profiling , Gene Expression Regulation, Fungal , Hypocreales/cytology , Hypocreales/genetics , Mycelium/cytology , Particle Size , TalcABSTRACT
In this study, Eu-doped Li2 (Ba1-x Srx )SiO4 powders (x = 0, 0.2, 0.4, and 0.6) were synthesized at 850°C in a reduction atmosphere (5% H2 + 95% N2 ) for a duration of 1 h using a solid-state reaction method. The reduction atmosphere was infused as the synthesis temperature reached 850°C, and was removed as the temperature dropped to 800-500°C. Li2 (Ba1-x Srx )SiO4 (or Li2 BaSiO4 ), (Ba,Sr)2 SiO4 (or BaSiO4 ), and Li4 SiO4 phases co-existed in the synthesized Eu-doped Li2 (Ba1-x Srx )SiO4 powders. A new finding was that the reduction atmosphere removing (RAR) temperature of the Li2 (Ba1-x Srx )SiO4 phosphors had a large effect on their photoluminescence excitation (PLE) and PL properties. Except for the 800°C-RAR-treated Li2 BaSiO4 phosphor, PLE spectra of all other Li2 (Ba1-x Srx )SiO4 phosphors had one broad emission band with two emission peaks centred at ~242 and ~283 nm; these PL spectra had one broad emission band with one emission peak centred at 502-514 nm. We showed that the 800°C-RAR-treated Li2 BaSiO4 phosphor emitted a red light and all other Li2 (Ba1-x Srx )SiO4 phosphors emitted a green light. Reasons for these results are discussed thoroughly.
Subject(s)
Europium , Luminescent Agents , Lithium , Luminescence , TemperatureABSTRACT
Resting-state functional connectivity profiles have been increasingly shown to be important endophenotypes that are tightly linked to human cognitive functions and psychiatric diseases, yet the genetic architecture of this multidimensional trait is barely understood. Using a unique sample of 1,704 unrelated, young and healthy Chinese Han individuals, we revealed a significant heritability of functional connectivity patterns in the whole brain and several subnetworks. We further proposed a partitioned heritability analysis for multidimensional functional connectivity patterns, which revealed the common and unique enrichment patterns of the genetic contributions to brain connectivity patterns for several gene sets linked to brain functions, including the genes expressed preferentially in the central nervous system and those associated with intelligence, educational attainment, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, and schizophrenia. These results for the first time reveal the genetic architecture of multidimensional brain connectivity patterns across different networks and advance our understanding of the complex relationship between gene sets, neural networks, and behaviors.
Subject(s)
Academic Success , Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity/genetics , Brain , Connectome , Intelligence/physiology , Multifactorial Inheritance/physiology , Nerve Net , Schizophrenia , Adolescent , Adult , Brain/diagnostic imaging , Brain/metabolism , Brain/physiopathology , Connectome/methods , Female , Humans , Intelligence/genetics , Magnetic Resonance Imaging , Male , Multifactorial Inheritance/genetics , Nerve Net/diagnostic imaging , Nerve Net/metabolism , Nerve Net/physiopathology , Schizophrenia/diagnostic imaging , Schizophrenia/genetics , Schizophrenia/physiopathology , Young AdultABSTRACT
Polymer-based composites with the advantages of ceramics and polymers exhibit high dielectric constant, good processing properties and low dielectric loss. The composites with a varied content of irregular alumina (i-Al2O3) filler were prepared by UV-cured epoxy acrylic (EA). Spherical alumina (s-Al2O3) was used as a filler to further investigate the effect of alumina (Al2O3) shapes on dielectric properties of composites in the frequency range of 50 Hz-1 MHz. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy proved that the UV-cured epoxy acrylic/alumina (Al2O3/EA) composites were successfully fabricated. Scanning electron microscopy demonstrated that i-Al2O3 particles have superior homodispersion in the matrix. Through testing, for all samples, with the addition of Al2O3, the relative permittivity of composites increased as expected, and the dielectric loss decreased accordingly. These data show that the incorporation of i-Al2O3 particles presents better properties when compared with s-Al2O3/EA, which indicates that i-Al2O3 particles have more influence on the dielectric properties of the composites than those of s-Al2O3 particles. According to Weibull distribution, the characteristic breakdown strength of the Al2O3/EA composites was obtained and the results suggested that the composites of i-Al2O3/EA exhibited better breakdown performance.