Long-term prognostic effect of serum albumin concentration in diabetic patients with stable coronary artery disease: A multicenter cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Diabetes and insulin resistance alter the physiological state of serum albumin (SA), which is a prognostic marker for stable coronary artery disease (CAD). However, whether the SA concentration is associated with long-term cardiovascular (CV) outcomes in diabetic patients with stable CAD remains unclear. METHODS: In total, 1148 patients were retrospectively identified from a nationwide multicenter cohort study on patients with stable CAD. They were categorized into four groups according to their diabetes mellitus (DM) status and SA concentration (cutoff: 4 g/dL). RESULTS: The patients' mean age was 62.5 years, and 83.5% were male. Of the total patients, 405 were included in group 1 (SA ≥ 4/non-DM), 322 in group 2 (SA < 4/non-DM), 201 in group 3 (SA ≥ 4/ DM), and 220 in group 4 (SA < 4/DM). Group 4 had the oldest age and a higher prevalence of prior myocardial infarction and stroke. During the median 4.5-year follow up (interquartile range: 1.5-6.7 year), the highest and lowest survival rates in terms of all-cause and CV mortality were found in groups 1 and 4, respectively. However, no prognostic differences were noted in nonfatal stroke and myocardial infarction among the groups. The data were consistent after covariate adjustment. Using group 1 as the reference, HRs (95% CIs) for all-cause mortality in groups 2, 3, and 4 were 3.64 (1.22-10.83), 3.26 (0.95-11.33), and 5.74 (1.92-16.95), respectively, and those for CV mortality were 2.8 (0.57-13.67), 2.62 (0.40-17.28), and 6.15 (1.32-28.58), respectively. CONCLUSION: In diabetic patients with stable CAD, a low SA concentration (<4 g/dL) was associated with increased long-term mortality regardless of all-cause or CV reasons but not nonfatal CV events.

Comparable efficacy and safety for bicuspid aortic valve stenosis patients undergoing transcatheter aortic valve replacement with balloon-expandable or self-expanding valves using Wei's sizing method.

BACKGROUND: The present study aimed to investigate whether proper sizing can improve the procedural and clinical outcomes of transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) with new-generation self-expanding valves (SEVs) and balloon-expandable valves (BEVs) for treating bicuspid aortic stenosis (BAS). METHODS: We retrospectively evaluated consecutive patients who underwent TAVR with Sapien 3 valves (Edwards Lifesciences, Irvine, CA) or Evolut R/PRO valves (Medtronic, Minneapolis, MN) for severe BAS from 2017 to 2022. The primary endpoints were device success rate and major adverse cardiac and cerebral events (MACCEs), including mortality, non-fatal myocardial infarction or disabling stroke, transcatheter heart valve failure, or clinically relevant valve thrombosis during follow-up. Our team employed a complementary approach of supra-annular sizing in addition to the conventional annular sizing method (Wei's method) to guide the TAVR procedures. RESULTS: We recruited a total of 75 consecutive patients, of whom 43 (57%) were treated with BEVs from October 2017 to June 2021, and 32 (43%) were treated with SEVs from July 2021 to December 2022. Device success was similar between the BEV and SEV groups (93% vs. 94%; p > 0.99), and no cases of annular rupture occurred in either group. Similar rates of moderate-to-severe paravalvular leak were observed in the BEV and SEV groups (5% vs. 6%, p > 0.99). At a median follow-up of 464 days, the MACCE rates were comparable between the two groups. In multivariate analysis, the presence of previous percutaneous coronary interventions (hazard ratio: 5.43; p = 0.039) and New York Heart Association functional class III/IV heart failure at 30 days of follow-up after TAVR (hazard ratio: 9.90; p = 0.037) were independently associated with long-term MACCEs. CONCLUSION: Our results demonstrated comparable efficacy and safety for BAS patients undergoing TAVR using either BEVs or SEVs when using Wei's sizing method.

A Modified Tip-to-Base LAMPOON to Prevent Left Ventricular Outflow Tract Obstruction in Valve-in-Ring or Valve-in-Valve Transcatheter Mitral Valve Replacement.

Background: The Laceration of the Anterior Mitral leaflet to Prevent Outflow ObtructioN (LAMPOON) procedure may be performed from the leaflet tip to base to prevent left ventricular outflow tract obstruction (LVOTO) in patients with high-risk anatomy undergoing valve-in-valve (VIV) or valve-in-(complete)-ring (VIR) transcatheter mitral valve replacement (TMVR). Methods and Results: Thirteen consecutive patients (6 females, average age 67.7 years) with a mean left ventricular ejection fraction of 60%, a median STS score of 3.2%, and degenerative surgical mitral bioprosthesis or ring were treated with a combined, single-stage procedure of preventive LAMPOON and trans-septal TMVR with SAPIEN 3 valves (Edwards Lifesciences, Irvine, CA). Under real-time 3-dimensional transesophageal echocardiography (RT 3D-TEE) guidance, we included the rendezvous technique in the LAMPOON procedure, and all 13 patients were successfully treated by tip-to-base LAMPOON and TMVR. The use of a modified LAMPOON procedure, aided by a rendezvous technique and guided by RT 3D-TEE imaging, offers precise guidance for positioning and aligning the guidewire. This approach not only reduces the need for fluoroscopy and shortens procedure times, but also significantly increases the likelihood of a successful outcome. Importantly, none of the patients in our study experienced unintentional aortic or aortic valve injuries, nor did they develop significant LVOTO following TMVR. In 11 of the 13 (85%) patients, we used a transcatheter SENTINELTM cerebral protection device (Boston Scientific, Marlborough, MA) for stroke prevention and capture of debris ≥ 2 mm were detected in 8/11 (73%) of the cases. Conclusions: Utilizing intra-operative RT 3D-TEE in conjunction with the rendezvous technique can make the tip-to-base LAMPOON procedure even safer and more effective for patients undergoing VIV or VIR TMVR. Our study also suggests that cerebral protection is indicated in patients undergoing TMVR.

Novel prognostic impact and cell specific role of endocan in patients with coronary artery disease.

BACKGROUND: Both the clinical and mechanistic impacts of endocan were not well elucidated especially in coronary artery disease (CAD). OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to investigate the prognostic and potential pathological role of endocan for cardiovascular (CV) events in stable CAD patients. METHODS: A total of 1,071 stable CAD patients with previous percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) were enrolled prospectively in a nationwide Biosignature study. Another cohort of 76 CAD patients with or without PCI were enrolled for validation. Baseline biomarkers including endocan level was measured and total CV events especially hard CV events (including CV mortality, non-fatal myocardial infection and stroke) during follow-up were identified. Circulating endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) as an in vivo biological contributor to vascular repairment from CAD patients were used for the in vitro functional study. RESULTS: After 24 months, there were 42 patients (3.92%) with hard CV events and 207 (19.3%) with total CV events in the study group. The incidence of both events was increased with the tertiles of baseline endocan level (hard events: 1.7%,3.4%, and 6.7% in 1st,2nd, and 3rd tertile respectively, p = 0.002; total events: 13.8%vs.16.2%vs.28.0%, p < 0.0001). Multivariate regression analysis revealed the independent association of endocan level with total and hard CV events. These findings were validated in another cohort with a 5-year follow-up. Furthermore, in vitro inhibition of endocan improved cell migration and tube formation capacities, and reduced cell adhesiveness of EPCs from CAD patients. CONCLUSIONS: Endocan might be a novel prognostic indicator, mechanistic mediator, and potential therapeutic target for clinical CAD.

Comprehensive comparative efficacy and safety of potent P2Y12 inhibitors in patients undergoing coronary intervention: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Potent P2Y12 receptor antagonists have been used widely for patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention with different results. Benefits from different regimens various between trials. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) have restrictive inclusion and exclusion criteria; thus, they may limit the generalizability of the findings to a broader population. This study was aimed to comprehensively investigate the outcomes of potent P2Y12 inhibitors in patients undergoing PCI, including RCTs and real-world evidence (RWE) studies. Multiple electronic databases were systemically reviewed and searched on compared potent P2Y12 inhibitors with clopidogrel. The primary efficacy end point was composite ischemic cardiovascular event and primary safety endpoint was major bleeding. Overall estimates of proportions and incidence rates with 95 % confidence intervals (CI) were calculated using fixed-effects models. Total 24 studies (140,986 patients) underwent coronary intervention were included in this meta-analysis, including 18 RCTs and 6 large cohort studies with propensity score matching. The potent P2Y12 inhibitors including cangrelor, prasugrel, and ticagrelor, significantly decreased the risk of composite adverse cardiovascular ischemic events (95 % CI 0.89-0.96, p < 0.001), but increased major bleeding (95 % CI 1.15-1.33, p < 0.001) or any bleeding (95 % CI 1.21-1.33, p < 0.001) compared with Clopidogrel. This meta-analysis merges RCTs and RWE studies and comprehensively evidences newer potent P2Y12 inhibitors are significantly more effective than clopidogrel in reduction of composite adverse thrombotic events, but the incidence of major or any bleeding was higher compared with clopidogrel.

Fatty acid-binding protein-3 and renal function decline in patients with chronic coronary syndrome.

BACKGROUND: Renal dysfunction is common in patients with coronary artery disease. Due to the shared vascular pathogenesis between the two conditions, novel biomarkers such as the fatty acid-binding protein-3 (FABP-3) have been proposed for diagnosis and prognosis prediction. This multicentre prospective cohort study investigates the association between FABP-3 and renal dysfunction. HYPOTHESIS: We hypothesized that higher FABP-3 levels are correlated to worse renal outcome. METHODS: Patients with chronic coronary syndrome were classified into three groups based on the initial serum FABP-3 levels. The Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration (CKD-EPI) equation was used to estimate the patient's renal function. Renal events were defined as >25% and >50% decline in estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR). Cox multivariable regression was employed to delineate the correlation between FABP-3 and renal dysfunction. RESULTS: A total of 1606 subjects were included. During a mean follow-up of 35.9 months, there were 239 patients with eGFR >25% reduction and 60 patients with >50% reduction. In the Kaplan-Meier survival curve and log-rank test, increased levels of FABP-3 were significantly correlated with eGFR >25% reduction (p < .001) and >50% reduction (p < .001). Multivariate Cox regression model revealed that subjects with higher FABP-3 exhibited a greater risk of eGFR >25% reduction (Group 2: hazard ratio [HR] = 2.328, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.521-3.562, p < .001; Group 3: HR = 3.054, 95% CI = 1.952-4.776, p < .001) and >50% reduction (Group 3: HR = 4.838, 95% CI = 1.722-13.591, p = .003). CONCLUSIONS: Serum FABP-3 may serve as a novel biomarker to predict eGFR decline in patients with chronic coronary syndrome.

Low- or standard-dose edoxaban versus antiplatelet therapy for leaflet thrombus and cerebral thromboembolism after TAVR: A prespecified analysis of randomized ADAPT-TAVR trial.

BACKGROUND: The risks of leaflet thrombosis and the associated cerebral thromboembolism are unknown according to different anticoagulation dosing after transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR). The aim was to evaluate the incidence of leaflet thrombosis and cerebral thromboembolism between low-dose (30 mg) or standard-dose (60 mg) edoxaban and dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT) after TAVR. METHODS: In this prespecified subgroup analysis of the ADAPT-TAVR trial, the primary endpoint was the incidence of leaflet thrombosis on 4-dimensional computed tomography at 6-months. Key secondary endpoints were new cerebral lesions on brain magnetic resonance imaging and neurological and neurocognitive dysfunction. RESULTS: Of 229 patients enrolled in this study, 118 patients were DAPT group and 111 were edoxaban group (43 [39.1%] 60 mg vs 68 [61.3%] 30 mg). There was a significantly lower incidence of leaflet thrombosis in the standard-dose edoxaban group than in the DAPT group (2.4% vs 18.3%; odds ratio [OR] 0.11; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.01-0.55; P = .03). However, no significant difference was observed between low-dose edoxaban and DAPT (15.0% vs 18.3%; OR 0.79; 95% CI, 0.32-1.81; P = .58). Irrespective of different antithrombotic regiments, the percentages of patients with new cerebral lesions on brain MRI and worsening neurological or neurocognitive function were not significantly different. CONCLUSIONS: In patients without an indication for anticoagulation after TAVR, the incidence of leaflet thrombosis was significantly lower with standard-dose edoxaban but not with low-dose edoxaban, as compared with DAPT. However, this differential effect of edoxaban on leaflet thrombosis was not associated with a reduction of new cerebral thromboembolism and neurological dysfunction.

Frequency, Predictors, and Clinical Impact of Valvular and Perivalvular Thrombus After Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement.

BACKGROUND: Subclinical aortic valve complex (valvular and perivalvular) thrombus is not rare after transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR). The risk factors and clinical implications of these findings remain uncertain. OBJECTIVES: This study sought to evaluate the frequency, predictors, and clinical outcome of aortic valve complex thrombus after TAVR. METHODS: In the ADAPT-TAVR (Anticoagulation Versus Dual Antiplatelet Therapy for Prevention of Leaflet Thrombosis and Cerebral Embolization After Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement) trial comparing edoxaban vs dual antiplatelet therapy in TAVR patients without an indication for chronic anticoagulation, the frequency of valvular (subclinical leaflet thrombus) and perivalvular (supravalvular, subvalvular, and sinus of Valsalva) thrombus was evaluated by 4-dimensional computed tomography at 6 months. The association of these phenomena with new cerebral thromboembolism on brain magnetic resonance imaging, neurologic and neurocognitive dysfunction, and clinical outcomes was assessed. RESULTS: Among 211 patients with 6-month computed tomography evaluations, 91 patients (43.1%) had thrombus at any aortic valve complex, 30 (14.2%) patients had leaflet thrombus, and 78 (37.0%) patients had perivalvular thrombus. A small maximum diameter of the stent at the valve level and low body surface area were independent predictors of aortic valve complex and perivalvular thrombus, and decreased renal function was an independent predictor of leaflet thrombus. No significant differences were observed in new cerebral lesions, neurologic or neurocognitive functions, or clinical outcomes among patients with or without valvular or perivalvular thrombus. CONCLUSIONS: Subclinical aortic valve complex (valvular and perivalvular) thrombus was common in patients who had undergone successful TAVR. However, these imaging phenomena were not associated with new cerebral thromboembolism, neurologic or neurocognitive dysfunction, or adverse clinical outcomes. (Anticoagulation Versus Dual Antiplatelet Therapy for Prevention of Leaflet Thrombosis and Cerebral Embolization After Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement [ADAPT-TAVR]; NCT03284827).

Inflammation and renal function decline in chronic coronary syndrome: a prospective multicenter cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Renal function decline is a frequently encountered complication in patients with chronic coronary syndrome. Aside from traditional cardiovascular risk factors, the inflammatory burden emerged as the novel phenotype that compromised renal prognosis in such population. METHODS: A cohort with chronic coronary syndrome was enrolled to investigate the association between inflammatory status and renal dysfunction. Levels of inflammatory markers, including high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), adiponectin, matrix metalloproteinase-9, interleukin-6, lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2, were assessed. Renal event was defined as > 25% decline in estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR). Inflammatory scores were calculated based on the aggregate of hs-CRP, TNF-α, and adiponectin levels. RESULTS: Among the 850 enrolled subjects, 145 patients sustained a renal event during an averaged 3.5 years follow-up. Multivariate analysis with Cox regression suggested elevations in hs-CRP, TNF-α, and adiponectin levels were independent risk factors for the occurrence of a renal event. Whereas, Kaplan-Meier curve illustrated significant correlation between high TNF-α (P = 0.005), adiponectin (P < 0.001), but not hs-CRP (P = 0.092), and eGFR decline. The aggregative effect of these biomarkers was also distinctly correlated with renal events (score 2: P = 0.042; score 3: P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Inflammatory burden was associated with eGFR decline in patients with chronic coronary syndrome.

A case report of transcatheter closure of post-Bentall ascending aortic pseudoaneurysm due to coronary button dehiscence.

Background: Ascending aortic pseudoaneurysm due to coronary button dehiscence is a rare, yet life-threatening complication of reconstructive cardiac surgery. Because of its rare entity, large data are lacking, and therefore, treatment guidelines are missing. Case summary: We describe a case of a 53-year-old male with a past medical history of ascending aortic aneurysm and severe aortic regurgitation who underwent Bentall procedure with 26 mm conduit and mechanical aortic valve 1 year before. Follow-up chest computed tomography (CT) revealed coronary button dehiscence with a giant aortic root pseudoaneurysm and mural thrombus inside. Given the risk of rupture, the heart team decided to go for a percutaneous approach. Based on a pre-interventional 3D reconstructed CT scan and guided by transoesophageal echocardiography and intravascular ultrasound, the pseudoaneurysm was successfully occluded with a 6 × 4 mm Amplatzer Duct Occluder II and simultaneous left main coronary artery (LMCA) stenting with a 4.0 × 15 mm drug-eluting stent. Post-procedural chest CT and echocardiography revealed minimal contrast leakage posterior to the aortic root and para LMCA region, confirmed thrombosis formation post occluder and stent deployment, and patent flow of LMCA. Discussion: We describe the successful 3D reconstructed CT scan and peri-procedural transoesophageal echocardiography-guided percutaneous treatment of a giant aortic root pseudoaneurysm with an occluder and a drug-eluting stent with excellent results.

A risk stratification model modified from the U.S. guideline could be applied in an Asian population with or without ASCVD.

AIM: This study aimed to evaluate the performance of a modified US (MUS) model for risk prediction of cardiovascular (CV) events in Asian patients and compare it to European and Japanese models. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The MUS model, based on the US ACC/AHA 2018 lipid treatment guideline, was employed to stratify patients under primary or secondary prevention. Two multi-center prospective observational registry cohorts, T-SPARCLE and T-PPARCLE, were used to validate the scoring system, and the primary outcome was the time to first occurrence/recurrence of major adverse cardiac events (MACEs). The MUS model's performance was compared to other models from Europe and Japan. RESULTS: A total of 10,733 patients with the mean age of 64.2 (SD: 11.9) and 36.5% female were followed up for a median of 5.4 years. The MUS model was validated, with an AUC score of 0.73 (95% CI 0.68-0.78). The European and Japanese models had AUC scores ranging from 0.6 to 0.7. The MUS model categorized patients into four distinct CV risk groups, with hazard ratios (HRs) as follows: very high-vs. high-risk group (HR=1.91, 95% CI 1.53-2.39), high-vs. moderate-risk group (HR=2.08, 95% CI 1.60-2.69), and moderate-vs. low-risk group (HR=3.14, 95% CI 1.63-6.03). After adjusting for the MUS model, a history of ASCVD was not a significant predictor of adverse cardiovascular outcomes within each risk group. CONCLUSION: The MUS model is an effective tool for risk stratification in Asian patients with and without ASCVD, accurately predicting MACEs and performing comparably or better than other established risk models. Our findings suggest that patient management should focus on background risk factors instead of solely on primary or secondary prevention.

A valve embolized twice: a case report of Sapien 3 embolization in left ventricle and left atrium during transcatheter transapical mitral valve-in-valve implantations for a failed bioprosthesis.

Background: Transcatheter mitral valve-in-valve (TMVIV) using the Sapien 3 (Edwards Lifesciences, Irvine, CA, USA) transcatheter heart valve is associated with high technical success and sustained valve performance. However, complications may occur or be detected during or after the procedure. Case summary: We herein describe a rare case of a 59-year-old female who underwent TMVIV for a failed surgical mitral bioprosthesis. During the procedure, the device was embolized twice into the left ventricle and left atrium, respectively, resulting from the crimped transcatheter valve partially detaching from the balloon of the Certitude delivery system during passage through a tight transapical sheath. Fortunately, we were able to catch the dislodged valve and anchor it by the partially inflated device balloon, followed by successful repositioning and deployment. Discussion: In cases where the valve has already detached, as in the present case, the sheath may be advanced against the proximal end of the valve as a pusher, providing good support to push the entire system to cross the bioprosthesis. Then, the delivery catheter should be withdrawn with the counteraction of the sheath in order to correct the interrelated positions of the valve and the balloon. Finally, the valve can be positioned and deployed after the sheath is withdrawn.

Impact of leaflet thrombosis on valve haemodynamic status after transcatheter aortic valve replacement.

OBJECTIVES: The effect of subclinical leaflet thrombosis, characterised by hypoattenuated leaflet thickening (HALT), on the valve haemodynamic function and durability of the bioprosthetic valve, is not yet determined. We determined the impact of HALT on valve haemodynamics after transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) and the predictors of haemodynamic structural valve deterioration (SVD). METHODS: The Anticoagulation vs Dual Antiplatelet Therapy for Prevention of Leaflet Thrombosis and Cerebral Embolization after Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement(ADAPT-TAVR) trial is a multicenter, randomised trial that compared edoxaban and dual antiplatelet therapy in patients who had undergone successful TAVR. The presence of HALT was evaluated by four-dimensional CT at 6 months and serial echocardiography performed at baseline, immediately post-TAVR and after 6 months. SVD was defined as at least one of the following: (1) mean transprosthetic gradient ≥20 mm Hg, (2) change in the mean gradient ≥10 mm Hg from baseline, or (3) new or increase in intraprosthetic aortic regurgitation of at least ≥1 grade, resulting in moderate or greater regurgitation. RESULTS: At 6 months, HALT was found in 30 of 211 (14.2%) patients. The presence of HALT did not significantly affect aortic valve mean gradients (with vs without HALT; 14.0±4.8 mm Hg vs 13.7±5.5 mm Hg; p=0.74) at 6 months. SVD was reported in 30 of 206 patients (14.6%) at 6-month follow-up echocardiography. Older age (OR: 1.138; 95% CI: 1.019 to 1.293; p=0.033), use of aortic valve size ≤23 mm (OR: 6.254; 95% CI: 2.230 to 20.569; p=0.001) and mean post-TAVR pressure gradient (OR: 1.233; 95% CI: 1.123 to 1.371; p<0.001) were independent predictors of haemodynamic SVD; however, the presence of HALT was not identified as a predictor of SVD. CONCLUSIONS: In patients who had undergone successful TAVR, aortic valve haemodynamic status was not influenced by the presence of HALT. Although HALT was not a predictor of haemodynamic SVD at 6 months, it warrants further longer-term follow-up to evaluate the effect on long-term valve durability. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: NCT03284827 (https://www. CLINICALTRIALS: gov).

Effect of Edoxaban Versus Antiplatelet Therapy on Leaflet Thrombosis and Cerebral Thromboembolism After TAVI According to Major Clinical and Anatomic Factors in Prespecified Subgroup Analysis from the ADAPT-TAVR Trial.

It is unknown whether edoxaban versus dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT) has differential treatment effects on leaflet thrombosis, cerebral thromboembolism, and neurologic or neurocognitive dysfunction according to clinical and anatomic factors after transcatheter aortic valve implantation. To investigate the relative effects of edoxaban and DAPT on leaflet and cerebral thromboembolism in patients with major risk factors. The primary end point of this study was the incidence of leaflet thrombosis on computed tomography at 6 months. The secondary end points were new cerebral lesions on brain magnetic resonance imaging and neurologic and neurocognitive dysfunction between baseline and 6-month follow-up. Cox regression models assessed the consistency of the treatment effects in the prespecified subgroups. The favorable effect of edoxaban versus DAPT on the leaflet thrombosis was consistent across multiple clinical or anatomic subgroups, without significant interaction between the drug effect and each subgroup (p for interaction for age = 0.597, gender = 0.557, body mass index = 0.866, Society of Thoracic Surgeons score = 0.307, valve type = 0.702, edoxaban reduction criteria = 0.604, and valve morphology = 0.688). However, the incidence of new cerebral lesions on brain magnetic resonance imaging and worsening of neurologic and neurocognitive function were not significantly different between the groups among the various key subgroups. The relative effects of edoxaban and DAPT on the risk of leaflet thrombosis, cerebral thromboembolism, and neurologic dysfunction were consistent across a diverse spectrum of clinical or anatomical factors. Further studies are required to define tailored antithrombotic therapy for high-risk groups with specific clinical or anatomic characteristics.

2023 Consensus of Taiwan Society of Cardiology on the Pharmacological Treatment of Chronic Heart Failure.

The prevalence of heart failure is increasing, causing a tremendous burden on health care systems around the world. Although mortality rate of heart failure has been significantly reduced by several effective agents in the past 3 decades, yet it remains high in observational studies. More recently, several new classes of drugs emerged with significant efficacy in reducing mortality and hospitalization in chronic heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) and preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF). To integrate these effective therapies and prioritize them in the management of Asian patients, Taiwan Society of Cardiology has recently appointed a working group to formulate a consensus of pharmacological treatment in patients with chronic heart failure. Based on most updated information, this consensus provides rationales for prioritization, rapid sequencing, and in-hospital initiation of both foundational and additional therapies for patients with chronic heart failure.

Association of Major Adverse Cardiac Events and Beta-Blockers in Patients with and without Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease: Long-Term Follow-Up Results of the T-SPARCLE and T-PPARCLE Registry in Taiwan.

Beta-blockers are widely used, but the benefit is now challenged in patients at risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) in the present coronary reperfusion era. We aimed to identify the risk factors of a major adverse cardiac event (MACE) and the long-term effect of beta-blockers in two large cohorts in Taiwan. Two prospective observational cohorts, including patients with known atherosclerosis cardiovascular disease (T-SPARCLE) and patients with at least one risk factor of ASCVD but without clinically evident ASCVD (T-PPARCLE), were conducted in Taiwan. The primary endpoint is the time of first occurrence of a MACE (cardiovascular death, nonfatal stroke, nonfatal myocardial infarction, and cardiac arrest with resuscitation). Between December 2009 and November 2014, with a median 2.4 years follow-up, 11,747 eligible patients (6921 and 4826 in T-SPARCLE and T-PPARCLE, respectively) were enrolled. Among them, 273 patients (2.3%) met the primary endpoint. With multivariate Cox PH model analysis, usage of beta-blocker was lower in patients with MACE (42.9% vs. 52.4%, p < 0.01). In patients with ASCVD, beta-blocker usage was associated with lower MACEs (hazard ratio 0.72; p < 0.001), but not in patients without ASCVD. The event-free survival of beta-blocker users remained higher during the follow-up period (p < 0.005) of ASCVD patients. In conclusion, in ASCVD patients, reduced MACE was associated with beta-blocker usage, and the effect was maintained during a six-year follow-up. Prescribing beta-blockers as secondary prevention is reasonable in the Taiwanese population.

Transcatheter aortic valve implantation in patients with bicuspid valve morphology: a roadmap towards standardization.

Indications for transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) have expanded in many countries to include patients with aortic stenosis who are at low surgical risk, and a similar expansion to this cohort is anticipated elsewhere in the world, together with an increase in the proportion of patients with bicuspid aortic valve (BAV) morphology as the age of the patients being treated decreases. To date, patients with BAV have been excluded from major randomized trials of TAVI owing to anatomical considerations. As a consequence, BAV has been a relative contraindication to the use of TAVI in international guidelines. Although clinical experience and observational data are accumulating, BAV presents numerous anatomical challenges for successful TAVI, despite advances in device design. Furthermore, in those with BAV, substantial geographical variation exists in patient characteristics, clinical approach and procedural strategy. Therefore, in this Roadmap article, we summarize the existing evidence and provide consensus recommendations from an international group of experts on the application of TAVI in patients with BAV in advance of the anticipated growth in the use of this procedure in this challenging cohort of patients.