Salmonellosis is one of the most common causes of diarrhea, affecting 1/10 of the global population. Salmonellosis outbreaks (SO) pose a severe threat to the healthcare systems of developing regions. To elucidate the patterns of SO in China, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis encompassing 1,134 reports across 74 years, involving 89,050 patients and 270 deaths. A rising trend of SO reports has been observed since the 1970s, with most outbreaks occurring east of the Hu line, especially in coastal and populated regions. It is estimated to have an overall attack rate of 36.66% (95% CI, 33.88-39.45%), and antimicrobial resistance towards quinolone (49.51%) and beta-lactam (73.76%) remains high. Furthermore, we developed an online website, the Chinese Salmonellosis Outbreak Database (CSOD), for visual presentation and data-sharing purposes. This study indicated that healthcare-associated SO required further attention, and our study served as a foundational step in pursuing outbreak intervention and prediction.
Invasive nontyphoidal Salmonella (iNTS) causes significant concern with ~15% morbidity, affecting populations mainly in African countries. However, iNTS infections among the Chinese pediatric population remain largely unknown. Here, we conducted a genomic investigation to study pediatric iNTS infections in a Chinese hospital. iNTS isolates accounted for 15.2% (18/119) of all nontyphoidal Salmonella (NTS) strains. Compared to non-iNTS isolates, iNTS isolates harbored a lower prevalence of antimicrobial-resistant genes of fluoroquinolones and ß-lactams, as well as disinfectant determinants and plasmids, but carried a significantly higher prevalence of cdtB, faeCDE, and tcpC genes. Importantly, we detected an emerging serovar Goldcoast as the predominant iNTS serovar locally. By integrating 320 global Goldcoast genomes based on the One Health samplings, we conducted nationwide phylogenomic tracking and detected repeated human-to-human transmission events among iNTS cases caused by an underestimated serovar Goldcoast. Together, our exploratory genomic approach highlights a new trend in pediatric iNTS infections.
Eggs, an important part of a healthy daily diet, can protect chicken embryo development due to the shell barrier and various antibacterial components within the egg white. Our previous study demonstrated that Salmonella Pullorum, highly adapted to chickens, can survive in the egg white and, therefore, be passed to newly hatched chicks. However, the survival strategy of Salmonella Pullorum in antibacterial conditions remains unknown. The overall transcripts in the egg white showed a large-scale shift compared to LB broth. The expression of common response genes and pathways, such as those involved in iron uptake, biotin biosynthesis, and virulence, was significantly changed, consistent with the other transovarial transmission serovar Enteritidis. Notably, membrane stress response, amino acid metabolism, and carbohydrate metabolism were specifically affected. Additional upregulated functionally relevant genes (JI728_13095, JI728_13100, JI728_17960, JI728_10085, JI728_15605, and nhaA) as mutants confirmed the susceptible phenotype. Furthermore, fim deletion resulted in an increased survival capacity in the egg white, consistent with the downregulated expression. The second-round RNA-Seq analysis of the Δfim mutant in the egg white revealed significantly upregulated genes compared with the wild type in the egg white responsible for energy metabolism located on the hyc and hyp operons regulated by FhlA, indicating the Δfim mutant cannot receive enough oxygen and switched to fermentative growth due to its inability to attach to the albumen surface. Together, this study provides a first estimate of the global transcriptional response of Salmonella Pullorum under antibacterial egg white and highlights the new potential role of fim deletion in optimizing energy metabolism pathways that may assist vertical transmission. IMPORTANCE: Pullorum disease, causing serious embryo death and chick mortality, results in substantial economic losses worldwide due to transovarial transmission. Egg-borne outbreaks are frequently reported in many countries. The present study has filled the knowledge gap regarding how the specific chicken-adapted pathogen Salmonella Pullorum behaves within the challenging environment of egg white. The deletion of the fim fimbrial system can increase survival in the albumen, possibly by reprogramming metabolism-related gene products, which reveals a new adaptive strategy of pathogens. Moreover, the comparison, including previous research on Salmonella Enteritidis, capable of vertical transmission, aims to provide diversified data sets in the field and further help to implement reasonable and effective measures to improve both food safety and animal health.
Biological nitrogen (N) fixation is an important source of N in terrestrial ecosystems, but the response of soil microbial N fixation rate to N deposition in different forest ecosystems still remains uncertain. We conducted a field N addition experiment to simulate atmosphere N deposition in subtropical Pinus taiwanensis and Castanopsis faberi forests. We set up three levels of nitrogen addition using urea as the N source: 0 (control), 40 (low N), and 80 g N·hm-2·a-1(high N) to examine the chemical properties, microbial biomass C, enzyme activities, and nifH gene copies of top soils (0-10 cm). We also measured the microbial N fixation rate using the 15N labeling method. Results showed that N addition significantly reduced the soil microbial N fixation rate in the P. taiwanensis and C. faberi forests by 29%-33% and 10%-18%, respectively. Nitrogen addition significantly reduced N-acquiring enzyme (i.e., ß-1, 4-N-acetylglucosaminidase) activity and nifH gene copies in both forest soils. There was a significant positive correlation between the microbial N fixation rate and soil dissolved organic C content in the P. taiwanensis forest, but a significant negative relationship between the rate of soil microbial nitrogen fixation and NH4+-N content in the C. faberi forest. Overall, soil microbial N fixation function in the P. taiwanensis forest was more sensitive to N addition than that in the C. faberi forest, and the factors affecting microbial N fixation varied between the two forest soils. The study could provide insights into the effects of N addition on biological N fixation in forest ecosystems, and a theoretical basis for forest management.
Forests , Nitrogen Fixation , Nitrogen , Pinus , Soil Microbiology , Nitrogen/metabolism , Nitrogen/analysis , Pinus/growth & development , Pinus/metabolism , Soil/chemistry , Fagaceae/growth & development , China , Tropical Climate
The existence of microbiome in human tumors has been determined widely, but evaluating the contribution of intratumoral bacteria and fungi to tumor immunity and prognosis from a pan-cancer perspective remains absent. We designed an improved microbial analysis pipeline to reduce interference from host sequences, complemented with integration analysis of intratumoral microbiota at species level with clinical indicators, tumor microenvironment, and prognosis across cancer types. We found that intratumoral microbiota is associated with immunophenotyping, with high-immunity subtypes showing greater bacterial and fungal richness compared to low-immunity groups. We also noted that the combination of fungi and bacteria demonstrated promising prognostic value across cancer types. We, thus, present The Cancer Microbiota (TCMbio), an interactive platform that provides the intratumoral bacteria and fungi data, and a comprehensive analysis module for 33 types of cancers. This led to the discovery of clinical and prognostic significance of intratumoral microbes.
Multiplex, sensitive, and rapid detection of pathogens is crucial for ensuring food safety and safeguarding human health, however, it remains a significant challenge. This study proposes a concanavalin A-assisted multiplex digital amplification (CAMDA) assay for simultaneous quantitative detection of multiple foodborne bacteria. The CAMDA assay enables the simultaneous detection of six foodborne pathogens within 1.1 h and the limit of detection is 101 CFU/mL. Furthermore, the CAMDA assay exhibits high specificity, with a rate of 97 % for Bacillus cereus and 100 % for other pathogens tested in this study. Moreover, practical application validation using eight milk powder samples demonstrates that the accuracy of the CAMDA assay reaches 100 % when compared to qPCR results. Therefore, our developed CAMDA assay holds great potential for accurate and rapid detection of multiple pathogens in complex food matrices while also promoting the utilization of microfluidic chips in food investigation.
BACKGROUND: Fusarium graminearum is a devastating fungal pathogen that poses a significant threat to global wheat production and quality. Control of this toxin-producing pathogen remains a major challenge. This study aimed to isolate strains with antagonistic activity against F. graminearum and at the same time to analyze the synthesis of deoxynivalenol (DON), in order to provide a new basis for the biological control of FHB. RESULTS: Total of 69 microorganisms were isolated from the soil of a wheat-corn crop rotation field, and an antagonistic bacterial strain F12 was identified as Burkholderia pyrrocinia by molecular biology and carbon source utilization. F. graminearum control by strain F12 showed excellent biological activities under laboratory conditions (95.8%) and field testing (63.09%). Meanwhile, the DON content of field-treated wheat grains was detected the results showed that F12 have significantly inhibited of DON, which was further verified by qPCR that F12 produces secondary metabolites that inhibit the expression of DON and pigment-related genes. In addition, the sterile fermentation broth of F12 not only inhibited mycelial growth and spore germination, but also prevented mycelia from producing spores. CONCLUSION: In this study B. pyrrocinia was reported to have good control of FHB and inhibition of DON synthesis. This novel B. pyrrocinia F12 is a promising biological inoculant, providing possibilities for controlling FHB, and a theoretical basis for the development of potential biocontrol agents and biofertilizers for agricultural use. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.
Precocious puberty, a pediatric endocrine disorder classified as central precocious puberty (CPP) or peripheral precocious puberty (PPP), is influenced by diet, gut microbiota, and metabolites, but the specific mechanisms remain unclear. Our study found that increased alpha-diversity and abundance of short-chain fatty acid-producing bacteria led to elevated levels of luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone, contributing to precocious puberty. The integration of specific microbiota and metabolites has potential diagnostic value for precocious puberty. The Prevotella genus-controlled interaction factor, influenced by complex carbohydrate consumption, mediated a reduction in estradiol levels. Interactions between obesity-related bacteria and metabolites mediated the beneficial effect of seafood in reducing luteinizing hormone levels, reducing the risk of obesity-induced precocious puberty, and preventing progression from PPP to CPP. This study provides valuable insights into the complex interplay between diet, gut microbiota and metabolites in the onset, development and clinical classification of precocious puberty and warrants further investigation.
Serratia marcescens is an opportunistic and nosocomial pathogen found in the intensive care unit (ICU), but its antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is rarely addressed. Here, we reported two blaKPC-2-positive S. marcescens strains, SMBC31 and SMBC50, recovered from the ICU of a hospital in Zhengzhou, China. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined using the broth microdilution method, while S1-PFGE was employed to demonstrate plasmid size approximation. Complete genome sequences were obtained through Illumina NovaSeq 6000 and Oxford Nanopore Technologies. Both strains exhibit resistance to meropenem and harbor the blaKPC-2 and blaSRT-1 resistance genes. The plasmid pSMBC31-39K in strain SMBC31 and pSMBC50-107K in strain SMBC50 were identified as carrying the blaKPC-2 gene. Notably, both of these plasmids were successfully transferred to Escherichia coli strain J53. Phylogenetic analysis based on plasmid sequences revealed that pSMBC31-39K exhibited high homology with plasmids found in Aeromonas caviae, Citrobacter sp., and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, while pSMBC50-107K showed significant similarity to those of E. coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae. Notably, the coexistence of blaKPC-2 and blaSRT-1 was observed in all 94 KPC-2-producing S. marcescens strains by mining all genomes available under the GenBank database, which were mainly isolated from hospitalized patients. The emergence of multidrug-resistant S. marcescens poses significant challenges in treating clinical infections, highlighting the need for increased surveillance of this pathogen.
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in non-typhoidal Salmonella is a pressing public health concern in the United States, necessitating continuous surveillance. We conducted a retrospective analysis of 251 Salmonella isolates from 11 animal species recovered between 1982 and 1999, utilizing serotyping, antimicrobial susceptibility testing, and whole-genome sequencing (WGS). Phenotypic resistance was observed in 101 isolates, with S. Typhimurium, S. Dublin, S. Agona, and S. Muenster prevailing among 36 identified serovars. Notably, resistance to 12 of 17 antibiotics was detected, with ampicillin being most prevalent (79/251). We identified 38 resistance genes, primarily mediating aminoglycoside (n = 13) and ß-lactamase (n = 6) resistance. Plasmid analysis unveiled nine distinct plasmids associated with AMR genes in these isolates. Chromosomally encoded blaSCO-1 was present in three S. Typhimurium and two S. Muenster isolates from equine samples, conferring resistance to amoxicillin/clavulanic acid. Phylogenetic analysis revealed three distinct clusters for these five isolates, indicating evolutionary divergence. This study represents the first report of blaSCO-1 in the USA, and our recovered isolates harboring this gene as early as 1989 precede those of all other reports. The enigmatic nature of blaSCO-1 prompts further research into its function. Our findings highlight the urgency of addressing antimicrobial resistance in Salmonella for effective public health interventions.
Thanks to the extensive efforts toward optimizing perovskite crystallization properties, high-quality perovskite films with near-unity photoluminescence quantum yield are successfully achieved. However, the light outcoupling efficiency of perovskite light-emitting diodes (PeLEDs) is impeded by insufficient light extraction, which poses a challenge to the further advancement of PeLEDs. Here, an anisotropic multifunctional electron transporting material, 9,10-bis(4-(2-phenyl-1H-benzo[d]imidazole-1-yl)phenyl) anthracene (BPBiPA), with a low extraordinary refractive index (ne) and high electron mobility is developed for fabricating high-efficiency PeLEDs. The anisotropic molecular orientations of BPBiPA can result in a low ne of 1.59 along the z-axis direction. Optical simulations show that the low ne of BPBiPA can effectively mitigate the surface plasmon polariton loss and enhance the photon extraction efficiency in waveguide mode, thereby improving the light outcoupling efficiency of PeLEDs. In addition, the high electron mobility of BPBiPA can facilitate balanced carrier injection in PeLEDs. As a result, high-efficiency green PeLEDs with a record external quantum efficiency of 32.1% and a current efficiency of 111.7 cd A-1 are obtained, which provides new inspirations for the design of electron transporting materials for high-performance PeLEDs.
Eugenol (EU) has been shown to ameliorate experimental colitis due to its anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory bioactivities. In this study, DSS-induced acute colitis was established and applied to clarify the regulation efficacy of EU on intestinal barrier impairment and macrophage polarization imbalance along with the inflammatory response. Besides, the adjusting effect of EU on macrophages was further investigated in vitro. The results confirmed that EU intervention alleviated DSS-induced colitis through methods such as restraining weight loss and colonic shortening and decreasing DAI scores. Microscopic observation manifested that EU maintained the intestinal barrier integrity in line with the mucus barrier and tight junction protection. Furthermore, EU intervention significantly suppressed the activation of TLR4/MyD88/NF-[Formula: see text]B signaling pathways and pro-inflammatory cytokines gene expressions, while enhancing the expressions of anti-inflammatory cytokines. Simultaneously, WB and FCM analyses of the CD86 and CD206 showed that EU could regulate the DSS-induced macrophage polarization imbalance. Overall, our data further elucidated the mechanism of EU's defensive effect on experimental colitis, which is relevant to the protective efficacy of intestinal barriers, inhibition of oxidative stress and excessive inflammatory response, and reprogramming of macrophage polarization. Hence, this study may facilitate a better understanding of the protective action of the EU against UC.
Colitis , Eugenol , Animals , Mice , Eugenol/pharmacology , Eugenol/therapeutic use , Myeloid Differentiation Factor 88/genetics , Toll-Like Receptor 4/genetics , Colitis/chemically induced , Colitis/drug therapy , Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing , Colon , Cytokines , Macrophages , Anti-Inflammatory Agents , Dextran Sulfate , NF-kappa B , Mice, Inbred C57BL , Disease Models, Animal
This study aimed to develop a method for standardized broth microdilution antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) of Avibacterium (Av.) paragallinarum, the causative agent of infectious coryza in chickens. For this, a total of 83 Av. paragallinarum isolates and strains were collected from 15 countries. To select unrelated isolates for method validation steps, macrorestriction analyses were performed with 15 Av. paragallinarum. The visible growth of Av. paragallinarum was examined in six broth media and growth curves were compiled. In Veterinary Fastidious Medium and cation-adjusted Mueller-Hinton broth (CAMHB) + 1% chicken serum + 0.0025% NADH (CAMHB + CS + NADH), visible growth of all isolates was detected and both media allowed adequate bacterial growth. Due to the better readability of Av. paragallinarum growth in microtiter plates, CAMHB + CS + NADH was chosen for AST. Repetitions of MIC testing with five epidemiologically unrelated isolates using a panel of 24 antimicrobial agents resulted in high essential MIC agreements of 96%-100% after 48-h incubation at 35 ± 2°C. Hence, the remaining 78 Av. paragallinarum were tested and demonstrated easily readable MICs with the proposed method. Differences in MICs were detected between isolates from different continents, with isolates from Africa showing lower MICs compared to isolates from America and Europe, which more often showed elevated MICs of aminoglycosides, quinolones, tetracyclines, and/or trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole. PCR analyses of isolates used for method development revealed that isolates with elevated MICs of tetracyclines harbored the tetracycline resistance gene tet(B) but none of the other tested resistance genes were detected. Therefore, whole-genome sequencing data from 62 Av. paragallinarum were analyzed and revealed the presence of sequences showing nucleotide sequence identity to the genes aph(6)-Id, aph(3â³)-Ib, blaTEM-1B, catA2, sul2, tet(B), tet(H), and mcr-like. Overall, the proposed method using CAMHB + CS + NADH for susceptibility testing with 48-h incubation time at 35 ± 2°C in ambient air was shown to be suitable for Av. paragallinarum. Due to a variety of resistance genes detected, the development of clinical breakpoints is highly recommended. IMPORTANCE: Avibacterium paragallinarum is an important pathogen in veterinary medicine that causes infectious coryza in chickens. Since antibiotics are often used for treatment and resistance of the pathogen is known, targeted therapy should be given after resistance testing of the pathogen. Unfortunately, there is currently no accepted method in standards that allows susceptibility testing of this fastidious pathogen. Therefore, we have worked out a method that allows harmonized susceptibility testing of the pathogen. The method meets the requirements of the CLSI and could be used by diagnostic laboratories.
Anti-Infective Agents , Poultry Diseases , Animals , Chickens/microbiology , NAD , Anti-Bacterial Agents , Tetracycline , Microbial Sensitivity Tests , Poultry Diseases/microbiology
The gut microbiota has been implicated in the context of sexual maturation during puberty, with discernible differences in its composition before and after this critical developmental stage. Notably, there has been a global rise in the prevalence of precocious puberty in recent years, particularly among girls, where approximately 90% of central precocious puberty cases lack a clearly identifiable cause. While a link between precocious puberty and the gut microbiota has been observed, the precise causality and underlying mechanisms remain elusive. This narrative review aims to systematically elucidate the potential mechanisms that underlie the intricate relationship between the gut microbiota and precocious puberty. Potential avenues of exploration include investigating the impact of the gut microbiota on endocrine function, particularly in the regulation of hormones, such as gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), luteinizing hormone (LH), and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH). Additionally, this review will delve into the intricate interplay between the gut microbiome, metabolism, and obesity, considering the known association between obesity and precocious puberty. This review will also explore how the microbiome's involvement in nutrient metabolism could impact precocious puberty. Finally, attention is given to the microbiota's ability to produce neurotransmitters and neuroactive compounds, potentially influencing the central nervous system components involved in regulating puberty. By exploring these mechanisms, this narrative review seeks to identify unexplored targets and emerging directions in understanding the role of the gut microbiome in relation to precocious puberty. The ultimate goal is to provide valuable insights for the development of non-invasive diagnostic methods and innovative therapeutic strategies for precocious puberty in the future, such as specific probiotic therapy.
Infant and toddler food (ITF), including powdered infant and follow-up formula (PIFF) and complementary food (CF), provides the majority of early-life nutrients for young children. As infants and toddlers are more vulnerable to foodborne diseases, the safety concern of ITF is the ultimate priority. However, nationwide surveillance for the presence of hazards, specifically microbiological hazards, in the Chinese ITF is partially known, posing a significant knowledge gap for risk ranking. Most importantly, the related regional surveys were largely published in Chinese, making the data unavailable for global sharing. To bridge these gaps, we screened 5,306 publications and conducted a comprehensive meta-analysis for microbiological hazards using 129 qualified studies. The four most reported microbiological hazards in ITF were Bacillus cereus (13.4 %), Cronobacter (4.8 %), Staphylococcus aureus (1.3 %), and Salmonella (1.1 %). B. cereus is a risk factor in ITF, specifically in PIFF, cereals, and ready-to-eat food. The prevalence of B. cereus was high in Northern and Southern China, while the prevalence of Cronobacter was high in Central China. Cronobacter is a microbiological hazard, specifically in PIFF, with a prevalence of 3.0 %. Interestingly, the prevalence dynamics of Cronobacter and B. cereus in ITF were rising and stable, respectively, whereas the prevalence of S. aureus and Salmonella decreased over time. Together, our analysis will promote the global sharing of these critical findings and may guide future policy making.
Cronobacter , Foodborne Diseases , Infant , Humans , Child, Preschool , Food Microbiology , Staphylococcus aureus , Foodborne Diseases/epidemiology , Foodborne Diseases/microbiology , Salmonella , Infant Formula , China
Typhoid fever is caused by Salmonella enterica serotype Typhi (Salmonella Typhi). Syndromes in patients vary from asymptomatic carriers to severe or death outcomes, which are frequently reported in African and Southeast Asian countries. It is one of the most common waterborne transmission agents, whose transmission is likely impacted by climate change. Here, we claimed the evidence and consequences of climate-related foodborne and waterborne diseases have increased and provided possible mitigations against Typhoidal Salmonella dissemination.
Typhoid Fever , Humans , Climate Change , Salmonella typhi , Salmonella
Epidemiological and toxicological studies on neonicotinoids and obesity have been relevant to adults and young children, but data are limited in adolescents. This study aimed to examine the association between urinary neonicotinoid concentrations and obesity measures among Chinese adolescent. A total of 524 urine samples from 300 boys (11.3-16.1 years) and 224 girls (12.1-15.8 years) were collected to detect the concentrations of eleven neonicotinoids. Generalized linear regression, weighted quantile sum regression (WQS) and Bayesian kernel machine regression (BKMR) were used to estimate covariate-adjusted associations between detectable neonicotinoids and ten indicators of obesity. Nitenpyram concentration was associated with increased body mass index z-score (ß = 0.170, 95% CI: 0.041, 0.299) and greater odds of being general obesity (OR = 2.46, 95% CI: 1.11, 5.46). N-desmethyl- acetamiprid concentration was associated with an increase in waist-to-height ratio (ß = 0.102, 95% CI: 0.029, 0.176) and waist-to-hip ratio (ß = 0.083, 95% CI: 0.011, 0.155). The concentrations of clothianidin (OR = 2.06, 95% CI: 1.10, 3.88) and flonicamid (OR = 2.39, 95% CI: 1.07, 5.32) were associated with greater odds of being abdominal obesity. In contrast, the concentrations of imidacloprid (OR = 0.35, 95% CI: 0.14, 0.88) and thiacloprid (OR = 0.28, 95% CI: 0.08, 0.99) were associated with lower odds of being general obesity. The estimates of general obesity and abdominal obesity increased significantly when concentrations of neonicotinoids mixture were at or above the 55th and 65th percentiles, respectively, compared to the 50th percentile concentration. Sex modified the association between nitenpyram and clothianidin and the risk of obesity with a positive association among boys, and a nonsignificant inverse association among girls. The findings suggest that these associations may be mixed and sex-specific.
Guanidines , Insecticides , Obesity, Abdominal , Thiazoles , Male , Adult , Child , Female , Humans , Adolescent , Child, Preschool , Cross-Sectional Studies , Bayes Theorem , Neonicotinoids , Obesity/epidemiology , China/epidemiology
Infectious disease outbreaks transcend the medical and public health realms, triggering widespread panic and impeding socio-economic development. Considering that self-limiting diarrhoea of sporadic cases is usually underreported, the Salmonella outbreak (SO) study offers a unique opportunity for source tracing, spatiotemporal correlation, and outbreak prediction. To summarize the pattern of SO and estimate observational epidemiological indicators, 1,134 qualitative reports screened from 1949 to 2023 were included in the systematic review dataset, which contained a 506-study meta-analysis dataset. In addition to the dataset comprising over 50 columns with a total of 46,494 entries eligible for inclusion in systematic reviews or input into prediction models, we also provide initial literature collection datasets and datasets containing socio-economic and climate information for relevant regions. This study has a broad impact on advancing knowledge regarding epidemic trends and prevention priorities in diverse salmonellosis outbreaks and guiding rational policy-making or predictive modeling to mitigate the infringement upon the right to life imposed by significant epidemics.
Disease Outbreaks , Salmonella Food Poisoning , Salmonella Infections , Humans , China/epidemiology , Data Collection , Salmonella , Salmonella Food Poisoning/epidemiology , Salmonella Infections/epidemiology , Systematic Reviews as Topic , Meta-Analysis as Topic
Global emergence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium is a continuing challenge for modern healthcare. However, the knowledge, regarding the epidemiology of salmonellosis caused by the monophasic variant S. 4,[5],12:i:- in hospitalized patients, is limited in China. To bridge this gap, we carried out a retrospective study to determine the antimicrobial resistance, trends, and risk factors of S. Typhimurium and S. 4,[5],12:i:- (n = 329) recovered from patients in Zhejiang province between 2011 and 2019. The results showed that 90.57% (298/329) of the isolates were MDR; among them, 48.94% (161/329) and 12.46% (41/329) were phenotypically resistant to cephalosporins and fluoroquinolones, respectively, which are the drugs of choice used to treat salmonellosis in clinics. Additionally, we observed a higher incidence of infections among the young population (<5 years old). Notably, the higher prevalence of ST34 (sequence type 34) isolates, especially after 2014, with MDR (57.05%, 170/298) phenotype, and incidence of ST34 isolates co-harbouring mcr-1 (mobile colistin resistance gene) and blaCTX-M-14 (ß-lactamase gene) suggest an association between STs and drug resistance. Together, the increasing prevalence of MDR ST34 calls for enhanced monitoring strategies to mitigate the spread and dissemination of MDR clones of S. Typhimurium and S. 4,[5],12:i-. Our study provides improved knowledge about non-typhoid Salmonella (NTS) infections, which could help in the effective recommendation of antimicrobials in hospitalized patients.
Salmonella Food Poisoning , Salmonella Infections , Humans , Child, Preschool , Salmonella typhimurium/genetics , Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology , Serogroup , Retrospective Studies , Drug Resistance, Bacterial/genetics , Salmonella Infections/epidemiology , Microbial Sensitivity Tests , Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial/genetics
