[Development of medicine in Lwów (Lemberg, Lviv) : Part 2. Establishment of Ukrainian university urology after 1944]. / Entwicklung der Medizin in Lwów (Lemberg, Lviv) : Teil 2. Etablierung der ukrainischen universitären Urologie nach 1944.

The beginnings of medicine and Polish urology in Lemberg (Lviv) were described in part 1 of the previous publication. The aim of this article is to show the further development of Ukrainian urology after World War II. The authors also present the leading Ukrainian urologists of the postwar period. In 1976 Professor Cesar K. Borzhyievsky became the head of the department of urology, which had been officially established as an independent unit. During the last 31 years of the free Ukraine (from December 1991) there have been profound sociopolitical changes in Eastern Europe, which formed the basis for a rapid and revolutionary modernization of medicine and increased cooperation with western urologists. This is the path that Ukrainian urologists have followed. In the course of time it has driven developments in scientific research, education and public service to the point where the clinic can compete with the best international urology clinics. For the preparation of this study extensive research was carried out to collect literature and documents in Polish, German and Ukrainian archives and libraries. Personal contacts and reports from numerous Ukrainian urologists were helpful. Unfortunately, the current state of urology in Lemberg of today is limited by the war and the lack of personal contacts.

[Development of medicine in Lwów (Lemberg, Lviv). Part 1: beginnings and establishment of urology until 1944]. / Entwicklung der Medizin in Lwów (Lemberg, Lwiw). Teil 1: Anfänge und Etablierung der Urologie bis 1944.

Innovations in diagnostic techniques due to the introduction of endoscopy and the development of X­ray technology were fundamental in reducing the dependence on surgery and to recognize urology as a new discipline. Thereafter, endoscopic surgery came to the fore. The aim of this article is to present the development of urology in Lviv as an independent discipline and its distinction from surgery. Well-known Lviv surgeons who were interested in surgery of the urogenital system are discussed. The beginnings of urology and its development within the framework of surgical departments and ultimately as an independent institution in the interwar period are described. The fate of the Polish department of urology in the interwar period and during the Second World War is also described. J. Molendzinski, G. Ziembicki, Z. Lenko and S. Laskownicki can be described as the founders of urology in Lviv (Lemberg). Extensive research in archives and libraries in Poland and Ukraine has been undertaken in the preparation of this article.

[Wilhelm Baum : Pioneer of surgery in Danzig, mentor and teacher of Theodor Billroth, professor in Greifswald and Göttingen]. / Wilhelm Baum : Pionier der Danziger Chirurgie, Mentor und Lehrer von Theodor Billroth, Ordinarius in Greifswald und Göttingen.

Wilhelm Baum was born on 10 November 1799 in Elbing and died at 84 years old on 6 September 1883. In Danzig he made a name for himself in the fight against cholera. He was the first honorary citizen of the Hanseatic city. At 43 years old he was appointed to the chair for surgery in Greifswald without having published any works. 1849 he transferred to Göttingen. As a result of his bibliophilism and inclination towards philology, he had collected the largest library on surgery in Germany. He was famous as an academic teacher. Although in 1872 he and his pupil Billroth were among the founders of the German Society of Surgery, he fell into oblivion in the twentieth century. This article describes Baum's education as well as his professional career and private background.

[Johann Adam Kulmus-on the importance of his anatomical tables for surgery in Europe and for medical training in Japan]. / Johann Adam Kulmus ­ zur Bedeutung seiner anatomischen Tabellen für die Chirurgie in Europa und für die Medizinerausbildung in Japan.

This article describes the life and medical historical achievements of Johann Adam Kulmus (1689-1745), a German physician from Breslau and an anatomist in Danzig. His "Anatomical tables for students of anatomy" published in 1722 made him famous and were written in German, which for a textbook of anatomy was very unusual at that time. They became one of the most frequently published textbooks of anatomy in the eighteenth century and were also translated into other European languages and also Latin. In 1774 they even appeared in Japan after years of effort in the translation from the Dutch language into the national language and were intended to serve for a long time as the fundamental scientific anatomical textbook in the medical training. Therefore, the anatomical tables stand ipso facto for a successful example of efforts for the introduction of west European medicine in Japan, which had already begun since the beginning of the early modern period.

Franz von Paula Gruithuisen (1774-1852): lithotrity pioneer and astronomer. On the 150th anniversary of his death.

On the occasion of the 150th anniversary of the death of Franz von Paula Gruithuisen, the authors present his life and work. His most significant work in the fields of urology and lithotrity is examined, with special emphasis on the development of the latter field. He published his epoch-making historic study in 1813 in the Journal of Medicine and Surgery (Medicinisch-Chirurgische Zeitung). Franz von Paula Gruithuisen, the Bavarian physician and astronomer, led the way in the field of lithotrity. He developed crucial ideas on how to remove bladder stones transurethrally in a way that was safer and less likely to cause death. His instruments can be regarded as the model on which subsequent devices are based. Gruithuisen's influence on European medical scientists and, in particular, his rivalry with Jean Civiale are discussed.