In vitro pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics of FL058 (a novel beta-lactamase inhibitor) combined with meropenem against carbapenemase-producing Enterobacterales.

Objective: FL058 is a novel beta-lactamase inhibitor with a broad spectrum of activity and a favorable safety profile. The objective of this study was to evaluate pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) relationships for the combination of FL058 and meropenem in an in vitro infection model. Methods: By simulating human concentration-time profiles in the in vitro model, meropenem combined with FL058 when administered 1 g/0.5 g, 1 g/1 g, 2 g/1 g, and 2 g/2 g q8h by 3-h infusion achieved approximately 2- and 4-log10 kill to KPC/OXA-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichia coli; the combination therapy could not inhibit NDM-producing K. pneumoniae but could maintain NDM-producing E. coli around a baseline. Results: The PK/PD indexes that best described the bacterial killing from baseline in log10 CFU/mL at 24 h were the percent time of free drug above the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) (%fT > MIC, MIC with FL058 at 4 mg/L) for meropenem and the percent time of free drug above 1 mg/L (%fT > 1 mg/L) for FL058. The targets for achieving a static effect and the 1- and 2-log10 kill were 74, 83, and 99 for %fT > MIC of meropenem and 40, 48, and 64 for %fT > 1 mg/L of FL058, respectively. The PK/PD index of %fT > 1 mg/L can provide a basis for evaluating clinical dosing regimens for FL058 combined with meropenem. Conclusion: FL058 combined with meropenem might be a potential treatment for KPC- and/or OXA-48-producing Enterobacterales infection.

Pharmacokinetics, metabolism, excretion and safety of iruplinalkib (WX-0593), a novel ALK inhibitor, in healthy subjects: a phase I human radiolabeled mass balance study.

BACKGROUND: Iruplinalkib is a novel anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) inhibitor for the treatment of ALK-positive crizotinib-resistant NSCLC. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: A single oral dose of 120 mg/3.7 MBq [14C]iruplinalkib was administered to healthy subjects. Blood, urine and fecal samples were collected and analyzed for iruplinalkib and its metabolites. The safety of iruplinalkib was also assessed. RESULTS: Iruplinalkib was absorbed quickly and eliminated slowly from plasma, with a Tmax of 1.5 h and t1/2 of 28.6 h. About 88.85% of iruplinalkib was excreted at 312 h, including 20.23% in urine and 68.63% in feces. Seventeen metabolites of iruplinalkib were identified, and M3b (demethylation), M7 (cysteine conjugation), M11 (oxidative dehydrogenation and cysteine conjugation of M3b) and M12 (oxidative dehydrogenation and cysteine conjugation) were considered the prominent metabolites in humans. Iruplinalkib-related compounds were found to be covalently bound to proteins, accounting for 7.70% in plasma and 17.96% in feces, which suggested chemically reactive metabolites were formed. There were no serious adverse events observed in the study. CONCLUSIONS: Iruplinalkib was widely metabolized and excreted mainly through feces in humans. Unchanged iruplinalkib, cysteine conjugates and covalent protein binding products were the main drug-related compounds in circulation. Iruplinalkib was well tolerated at the study dose. TRIAL REGISTRATION: The trial is registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (Identifier: Anonymized).

First-in-human study to evaluate the safety, tolerability, and population pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic target attainment analysis of FL058 alone and in combination with meropenem in healthy subjects.

FL058 is a novel diazabicyclooctane ß-lactamase inhibitor. This first-in-human study evaluated the safety, tolerability, and population pharmacokinetic (PK)/pharmacodynamic target attainment analysis of FL058 alone and in combination with meropenem in healthy subjects. The results showed that the maximum tolerated dose of FL058 was 3,000 mg after single-dose infusion. FL058 in combination with meropenem did not cause any grade 3 or higher adverse event when the dose was escalated up to 1,000 mg/2,000 mg. FL058 exposure PK parameters showed dose proportionality. FL058 was excreted primarily in urine. No significant PK interaction was found between FL058 and meropenem. Population PK model analysis indicated that the PK profiles of FL058 and meropenem were consistent with the two-compartment model. The impact of covariates, creatinine clearance, concomitant use of meropenem, body weight, sex, and FL058 dose, on FL058 exposure was less than 10%. FL058/meropenem combination was safe and well tolerated up to a 1,000-mg/2,000-mg dose in healthy adults. The recommended minimum dose of FL058/meropenem combination was 500 mg/1,000 mg by intravenous infusion over 2 h every 8 h based on target attainment analysis. The good safety, tolerability, and satisfactory PK profiles of FL058 alone and in combination with meropenem in this first-in-human study will support further clinical development of FL058 in combination with meropenem in patients with target infections (ClinicalTrials.gov identifiers: NCT05055687, NCT05058118, and NCT05058105).

Iruplinalkib (WX­0593), a novel ALK/ROS1 inhibitor, overcomes crizotinib resistance in preclinical models for non-small cell lung cancer.

Despite remarkable initial responses of anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) inhibitors in ALK-positive non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients, cancers eventually develop resistance within one to two years. This study aimed to compare the properties of iruplinalkib (WX­0593) with other ALK inhibitors and report the comprehensive characterization of iruplinalkib against the crizotinib resistance. The inhibitory effect of iruplinalkib on kinase activity was detected. A kinase screen was performed to evaluate the selectivity of iruplinalkib. The effect of iruplinalkib on related signal transduction pathways of ALK and c-ros oncogene 1 (ROS1) kinases was examined. The cellular and in vivo activities of ALK inhibitors were compared in engineered cancer-derived cell lines and in mice xenograft models, respectively. Human hepatocytes derived from three donors were used for evaluating hepatic enzyme inducing activity. HEK293 cell lines expressing transportors were used to invesigated the drug interaction potential mediated by several transporters. The results showed iruplinalkib potently inhibited the tyrosine autophosphorylation of wild-type ALK, ALKL1196M, ALKC1156Y and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)L858R/T790M. The inhibitory effects of iruplinalkib in patient-derived xenograft and cell line-derived xenograft models were observed. Moreover, iruplinalkib showed robust antitumor effects in BALB/c nude mice xenograft models with ALK-/ROS1-positive tumors implanted subcutaneously, and the tumor suppressive effects in crizotinib-resistant model was significantly better than that of brigatinib. Iruplinalkib did not induce CYP1A2, CYP2B6 and CYP3A4 at therapeutic concentration, and was also a strong inhibitor of MATE1 and MATE2K transporters, as well as P-gp and BCRP. In conclusion, iruplinalkib, a highly active and selective ALK/ROS1 inhibitor, exhibited strong antitumor effects in vitro and in crizotinib-resistant models.

WX-0593 combined with an epithelial growth factor receptor (EGFR) monoclonal antibody in the treatment of xenograft tumors carrying triple EGFR mutations.

Background: To evaluate the safety and therapeutic efficacy of WX-0593, a newly developed potent anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) inhibitor, in combination with an epithelial growth factor receptor (EGFR) monoclonal antibody (QL1203 or Vectibix) for the treatment of xenograft tumors carrying mutant EGFR and osimertinib-resistant mutations (EGFR/T790M/C797S). Methods: The inhibition of tumor cell proliferation by WX-0593 and Vectibix alone or combined was evaluated in four EGFR triple-mutant cell lines: PC9 (EGFR Del19/T790M/C797S), NCI-H1975 (EGFR L858R/T790M/C797S), Ba/F3 (EGFR L858R/T790M/C797S and EGFR Del19/T790M/C797S). The in vivo antitumor efficacy of WX-0593 alone or combined with QL1203 or Vectibix was evaluated in xenograft tumor models of BALB/c nude mice developed from H1975 (EGFR-Del19/T790M/C797S) and Ba/F3 (EGFR-L858R/T790M/C797S) cell lines. Mice were randomized into groups and treated with or without WX-0593, QL1203, Vectibix, or their combination. The tumor volume, mouse body weight, and therapeutic side effects were monitored routinely. Blood samples were obtained from all mice at different time points after the last dosage of treatment to evaluate the pharmacokinetic parameters of the drugs. Results: WX-0593 and Vectibix showed a strong synergistic inhibitory effect on the proliferation of two EGFR triple-mutant Ba/F3 cell lines (EGFR L858R/T790M/C797S and Del19/T790M/C797S), but little synergistic inhibitory effect on the proliferation of NCI-H1975 (EGFR L858R/T790M/C797S) and PC9 (EGFR Del19/T790M/C797S). In vivo, WX-0593 (25 mg/kg) showed a modest therapeutic effect when combined with QL1203 or Vectibix, but had no effect on tumor growth as a monotherapy at this dosage. WX-0593 (75 mg/kg) exhibited modest antitumor efficacy that was further enhanced in combination with QL1203 or Vectibix in both tumor models (H1975 and Ba/F3). No significant body weight alteration, any other side effect, or deaths were observed during treatment. Pharmacokinetic analysis showed that the serum level of QL1203 or Vectibix was significantly increased and lasted longer when combined with WX-0593. Conclusions: WX-0593 exhibited a synergetic effect with an EGFR monoclonal antibody on osimertinib-resistant EGFR-mutant non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) both in vitro and in vivo. Their combination showed potent antitumor efficacy and an acceptable safety profile, which may be a promising strategy for the treatment of patients with EGFR triple-mutant NSCLC resistant to osimertinib.

Discovery and preclinical evaluations of WX-0593, a novel ALK inhibitor targeting crizotinib-resistant mutations.

ALK gene rearrangements are oncogenic drivers in approximately 5% of NSCLC. Crizotinib, a first generation ALK inhibitor, is widely prescribed for ALK-positive NSCLC in clinic. Resistance to crizotinib and other ALK inhibitors has been problematic. Addressing resistance, here we describe discovery and development of a novel, proprietary spirocyclic diamine-substituted aryl phosphine oxide series of inhibitors, which led to the identification of WX-0593 (16a) as a potent ALK inhibitor. WX-0593 inhibited the activity of both wild type and resistant mutants of ALK in vitro, showed strong antitumor activity in a crizotinib-resistant mouse PDX model. WX-0593 is currently under development in phase II/III clinical trials.

Design, Synthesis, and Evaluation of Tetrahydropyrrolo[1,2-c]pyrimidines as Capsid Assembly Inhibitors for HBV Treatment.

The discovery of novel tetrahydropyrrolo[1,2-c]pyrimidines derivatives from Bay41_4109 as hepatitis B virus (HBV) inhibitors is herein reported. The structure-activity relationship optimization led to one highly efficacious compound 28a (IC50 = 10 nM) with good PK profiles and the favorite L/P ratio. The hydrodynamic injection model in mice clearly demonstrated the efficacy of 28a against HBV replication.

Structure-activity study of quinazoline derivatives leading to the discovery of potent EGFR-T790M inhibitors.

We have developed a series of 6, 7-disubstituted-4-(arylamino) quinazoline derivatives that functioned as irreversible EGFR inhibitors, and these compounds exhibited excellent enzyme inhibition potency. As compared with afatinib, some of them showed significantly enhanced activities towards H1975 cells (EGFR-T790M). Furthermore, the optimized compounds 7q and 8f also demonstrated good pharmacokinetic profiles, oral bioavailability as well as excellent in vivo efficacy in H1975 and HCC827 xenografts at a non-toxic dose. Based on the improved safety and efficacy against EGFR-T790M resistance, 7q and 8f are promising candidates for further studies.

Metabolic pathways of the psychotropic-carboline alkaloids, harmaline and harmine, by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry and NMR spectroscopy.

The ß-carboline alkaloids, harmaline and harmine, are present in hallucinogenic plants Ayahuasca and Peganum harmala, and in a variety of foods. In order to establish the metabolic pathway and bioactivities of endogenous and xenobiotic bioactive ß-carbolines, high-performance liquid chromatography, coupled with mass spectrometry, was used to identify these metabolites in human liver microsomes (HLMs) in vitro and in rat urine and bile samples after oral administration of the alkaloids. Three metabolites of harmaline and two of harmine were found in the HLMs. Nine metabolites for harmaline and seven metabolites for harmine, from the rat urine and bile samples, were identified. Among them, four in vivo metabolites were isolated and fully characterised by NMR analysis. For the first time, harmaline is shown transforming to harmine by oxidative dehydrogenation in rat. Five metabolic pathways were therefore proposed, namely, oxidative dehydrogenation, 7-O-demethylation, hydroxylation, O-glucuronide conjugation and O-sulphate conjugation.

[Chemical constituents from the roots of Hedysarum polybotrys].

From the roots of Hedysarum polybotrys, ten compounds were isolated and identified as ferulic hexadecyl ester(1), ferulic(2), formononetin(3), formononetin-7-O-beta-D-glucoside(4), calycosine(5), calycosine-7-O-beta-D-glucoside(6), isoliquiritigenin(7), 7,4'-di-hydroxylflavone(8), liquiritigenin(9) and uracil(10). Compounds 2, 8, 9 and 10 were isolated from the genus Hedysarum for the first time, while compounds 6 and 7 were isolated from H. polybotrys for the first time.

Two new pyrrolizidine alkaloids from Senecio nemorensis.

Two new compounds, including petasinoside A and chloridate-[N-chloromethyl-hectorine], were isolated from Senecio nemorensis. The structures of these compounds were elucidated by spectroscopic methods including 1D and 2D NMR experiments.