ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: The coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic impacted cancer health care in several countries, with delays in the detection and treatment of breast and cervical cancer. The objective of this study is to analyze and compare the screening, diagnosis and treatment of breast and cervical cancer in the pre-COVID period and during the COVID-19 period. METHODS: Cross-sectional study with secondary data collected from the Mortality Information System (SIM), Hospital Information System (SIH), Ambulatory Information System (SIA) and the Oncology Panel (PO) of breast cancer notifications with ICD C50.0 to C50.9 and cervix ICD C53.0 to C53.9, The analyzed period before the pandemic was from March 1 to October 1, 2019, and during the pandemic from March 1 to October 1, 2020. The period from 2013 to 2022 was also analyzed with the same information, including the number of diagnoses, treatments, and deaths from breast cancer and cervical cancer. The study population consisted of Brazilian women aged 25 to 70 years. In order to compare categorical variables between periods, the Chi-Square or Fisher's Exact tests, and Mann-Whitney U tests were applied, and the Poisson Regression model was applied to model the number of reported cases of COVID-19 and the amount of procedures. RESULTS: There was a decrease in the number of mammograms and cytopathological exams during COVID-19, as well as a decrease in cases of breast and cervical cancer. The Poisson regression showed that the increase in the number of COVID-19 cases caused a decrease in the number of breast cytopathological examinations, cervical-vaginal cytopathological examinations/microflora and screening, diagnosis, initiation of treatment for breast cancer and deaths from this disease. Meanwhile, in some regions of Brazil, as the number of Covid-19 increased, there was a significantly increase in the number of mammograms performed and cervical cancer diagnoses. CONCLUSIONS: The COVID-19 period in 2020 significantly impacted screening, diagnosis, treatment for breast and cervical cancer.
Subject(s)
Breast Neoplasms , COVID-19 , Early Detection of Cancer , Uterine Cervical Neoplasms , Humans , Female , COVID-19/epidemiology , Uterine Cervical Neoplasms/diagnosis , Uterine Cervical Neoplasms/epidemiology , Uterine Cervical Neoplasms/pathology , Breast Neoplasms/diagnosis , Breast Neoplasms/epidemiology , Breast Neoplasms/pathology , Middle Aged , Cross-Sectional Studies , Adult , Brazil/epidemiology , Aged , Early Detection of Cancer/statistics & numerical data , SARS-CoV-2ABSTRACT
OBJETIVE: Describing the theoretical sampling process in the development of a Grounded Theory based on the Straussian strand. The objective of the field research, used as an example, was to develop a substantive theory, based on the theoretical framework of Symbolic Interactionism, about the perceptions and experiences of patients, family members, and health professionals regarding the presence of the family during emergency care. METHOD: In the theoretical sampling, 42 participants were recruited, divided into nine sample groups, constituted based on the constant comparative method. RESULTS: The description of this example allowed to identify how theoretical sampling guided data collection, which occurred through the in-depth study of concepts and the search for answers to questions arising from the data. FINAL CONSIDERATIONS: It is expected that the readers find subsidies to understand how theoretical sampling is conducted in a Grounded Theory study, based on the Straussian strand, and thus be able to apply it.
Subject(s)
Family , Research Design , Grounded Theory , Health Personnel , HumansABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To know the perception of health professionals and their families about fake news related to the COVID-19 pandemic. METHOD: Descriptive-exploratory study with a qualitative approach. Twenty-eight individuals participated, including seven physicians, seven nurses, and 14 family members. Data collection took place between August and October 2020, with audio-recorded interviews. After transcription, the content was analyzed using Content Analysis, thematic modality. RESULTS: Three categories were identified: "Context of the occurrence and dissemination of fake news in times of pandemic"; "Consequences of fake news on the experience of the pandemic"; and "Coping strategies to contain/combat fake news". CONCLUSION: Sociocultural, political, educational, and technological aspects influence the occurrence and dissemination of fake news, which have consequences such as: misinformation, self-medication, worsening in the professional-patient relationship, increased need for additional research, and fear in the population. To face the current situation, greater control by the State is required, with investigation and punishment of people who disseminate fake news, as well as greater awareness among the population on the subject.
Subject(s)
COVID-19 , Pandemics , Deception , Humans , Perception , SARS-CoV-2ABSTRACT
ABSTRACT Objetive: Describing the theoretical sampling process in the development of a Grounded Theory based on the Straussian strand. The objective of the field research, used as an example, was to develop a substantive theory, based on the theoretical framework of Symbolic Interactionism, about the perceptions and experiences of patients, family members, and health professionals regarding the presence of the family during emergency care. Method: In the theoretical sampling, 42 participants were recruited, divided into nine sample groups, constituted based on the constant comparative method. Results: The description of this example allowed to identify how theoretical sampling guided data collection, which occurred through the in-depth study of concepts and the search for answers to questions arising from the data. Final Considerations: It is expected that the readers find subsidies to understand how theoretical sampling is conducted in a Grounded Theory study, based on the Straussian strand, and thus be able to apply it.
RESUMEN Objetivo: Describir el proceso de muestreo teórico en el desarrollo de una Teoría Fundamenta en la vertiente Straussiana. El objetivo de la investigación de campo, empleada como ejemplo, fue elaborar una teoría sustantiva, con fundamentación en el referencial teórico del Interaccionismo Simbólico, acerca de las percepciones y vivencias de paciente, familiares y profesionales de salud relativas a la presencia de la familia durante el atendimiento de urgencias. Método: En el muestreo teórico fueron seleccionados 42 participantes, divididos en nueve grupos, constituidos a partir del método comparativo constante. Resultados: Con la descripción de este ejemplo, fue posible identificar como el muestreo teórico direccionó la recogida de datos, lo que ocurrió por medio de la profundización de conceptos y de la búsqueda de respuestas para cuestiones provenientes de los datos. Consideraciones finales: Se espera que los lectores encuentren subsidios para comprender el modo como el muestreo teórico se conduce en un estudio de Teoría Fundamentada, vertiente Straussiana y, luego, puedan aplicarla.
RESUMO Objetivo: Descrever o processo de amostragem teórica no desenvolvimento de uma Teoria Fundamentada nos Dados na vertente Straussiana. O objetivo da pesquisa de campo, empregada como exemplo, foi elaborar uma teoria substantiva, fundamentada no referencial teórico do Interacionismo Simbólico, acerca das percepções e vivências de pacientes, familiares e profissionais de saúde relativas à presença da família durante o atendimento emergencial. Método: Na amostragem teórica foram recrutados 42 participantes, divididos em nove grupos amostrais, constituídos a partir do método comparativo constante. Resultados: Com a descrição deste exemplo, foi possível identificar como a amostragem teórica direcionou a coleta de dados, o que ocorreu por meio do aprofundamento de conceitos e da busca de respostas para questões provenientes dos dados. Considerações finais: Espera-se que os leitores encontrem subsídios para compreender o modo como a amostragem teórica é conduzida em um estudo de Teoria Fundamentada nos Dados, vertente Straussiana, e assim possam aplicá-la.
Subject(s)
Nursing Methodology Research , Nursing Research , Qualitative Research , Grounded TheoryABSTRACT
ABSTRACT Objective: To know the perception of health professionals and their families about fake news related to the COVID-19 pandemic. Method: Descriptive-exploratory study with a qualitative approach. Twenty-eight individuals participated, including seven physicians, seven nurses, and 14 family members. Data collection took place between August and October 2020, with audio-recorded interviews. After transcription, the content was analyzed using Content Analysis, thematic modality. Results: Three categories were identified: "Context of the occurrence and dissemination of fake news in times of pandemic"; "Consequences of fake news on the experience of the pandemic"; and "Coping strategies to contain/combat fake news". Conclusion: Sociocultural, political, educational, and technological aspects influence the occurrence and dissemination of fake news, which have consequences such as: misinformation, self-medication, worsening in the professional-patient relationship, increased need for additional research, and fear in the population. To face the current situation, greater control by the State is required, with investigation and punishment of people who disseminate fake news, as well as greater awareness among the population on the subject.
RESUMEN Objetivo: Conocer la percepción de profesionales de salud y sus familiares acerca de las fake news sobre la pandemia de COVID-19. Método: Estudio descriptivo/exploratorio de abordaje cualitativo. Participaron 28 individuos, entre los cuales siete médicos, siete enfermeros y 14 familiares. La recogida de datos ocurrió entre agosto y octubre de 2020, a partir de entrevistas audio grabadas. Tras la transcripción, el contenido fue analizado por medio del Análisis de Contenido, modalidad temática. Resultados: Fueron identificadas tres categorías: "Contexto de la ocurrencia y diseminación de las fake news en tiempos de pandemia"; "Consecuencias de las fake news frente a la vivencia de la pandemia"; y Estrategias de enfrentamiento para contener/combatir las fake news. Consideraciones Finales: Aspectos socioculturales, políticos, educacionales y tecnológicos influyen la ocurrencia y diseminación de las fake news, las cuales generan consecuencias tales como: desinformación, automedicación, perjuicio en la relación profesional/paciente, aumento de la necesidad de más investigación y miedo en la población. Para enfrentar la actual situación es necesario mejor control del Estado con investigación y punición a los que diseminan las fake news y mejor sensibilización de la población sobre el tema.
RESUMO Objetivo: Conhecer a percepção de profissionais de saúde e seus familiares acerca das fake news relacionadas à pandemia da COVID-19. Método: Estudo descritivo-exploratório de abordagem qualitativa. Participaram 28 indivíduos, dos quais sete médicos, sete enfermeiros e 14 familiares. A coleta de dados ocorreu entre agosto e outubro de 2020, a partir de entrevistas audiogravadas. Após a transcrição, o conteúdo foi analisado por meio da Análise de Conteúdo, modalidade temática. Resultados: Foram identificadas três categorias: "Contexto da ocorrência e disseminação das fake news em tempos de pandemia"; "Consequências das fake news diante da vivência da pandemia"; e "Estratégias de enfrentamento para conter/combater as fake news". Conclusão: Aspectos socioculturais, políticos, educacionais e tecnológicos influenciam a ocorrência e disseminação das fake news, as quais acarretam consequências como: desinformação, automedicação, piora na relação profissional-paciente, aumento da necessidade de pesquisa adicional e medo na população. Para enfrentar a atual situação é necessário maior controle do Estado com investigação e punição às pessoas que disseminam fake news, bem como maior sensibilização da população sobre o tema.