ABSTRACT
This study aimed to determine the impact of age on the fecal microbiota in the genetic nucleus of cattle, with a focus on microbial richness, composition, functional diversity, and correlations with blood parameters. Fecal and blood samples from 21 cattle were analyzed using 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Older cattle exhibited greater bacterial diversity and abundance, with significant changes in alpha diversity indices (p < 0.05). Beta diversity analysis revealed significant variations in microbial composition between age groups and the interaction of age and sex (p < 0.05). Correlations between alpha diversity, community composition, and hematological values highlighted the influence of microbiota on bovine health. Beneficial butyrate-producing bacteria, such as Ruminococcaceae, were more abundant in older cattle, suggesting a role in gut health. Functional diversity analysis indicated that younger cattle had significantly more abundant metabolic pathways in fermentation and anaerobic chemoheterotrophy. These findings suggest management strategies including tailored probiotic therapies, dietary adjustments, and targeted health monitoring to enhance livestock health and performance. Further research should include comprehensive metabolic analyses to better correlate microbiota changes with age-related variations, enhancing understanding of the complex interactions between microbiota, age, and reproductive status.
ABSTRACT
We investigated the influence of sex and age in postural sway during sit-to-stand (STS) in children and adolescents of 5-15 years. We evaluated sway during STS in 86 typical participants. STS was divided into three phases: preparation, rising, and stabilization. We calculated for each phase: area, anterior-posterior, and medial-lateral velocity of center-of-pressure sway. We applied a stepwise multiple linear regression model to determine if age and sex might be predictors of postural sway during STS. Only age was associated with sway, accounting for between 6.5% and 14.6% of the variability in sway during STS. The age of the subject influences postural sway during STS, but in a small amount. This variable should be taken into account as a variable of control in the assessment of dynamic postural control. Moreover, postural stability during STS was not associated with the sex of the participants.
Subject(s)
Movement/physiology , Postural Balance/physiology , Adolescent , Age Factors , Child , Cross-Sectional Studies , Female , Humans , Male , Sex FactorsABSTRACT
Craniometry has revealed that continuous skull expansion occurs after dental maturity in macaques and other nonhuman primates. Endocranial volume has been shown to increase with age from mid-adulthood to older age in macaques. Thus, neurocranial thickness may decrease with age, especially from mid-adulthood to older age. Here, we investigated age-related changes in the cranial thickness of Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata). Ten cranial thickness measurements (ten neurocranial landmarks) were made using computed tomographic scans of 140 crania from adult macaques (67 males and 73 females). The cranial thickness at many sites was shown to increase in the neurocranium from young adulthood (7-9 years) to early-mid adulthood (14-19 years) in males and latemid adulthood (19-24 years) in females, while it was decreased in the oldest age group (>24 years). The cranial thickness at various sites showed a significant decrease from mid-adulthood to very old age in both sexes, although females had more sites with decreasing thickness than did males. The difference between sexes in terms of age-related changes in cranial thickness at sites on the mid-sagittal plane may be associated with the differences in the size of the projecting face and canines between males and females. The greater number of sites with decreasing thickness in females than in males may be associated with postmenopausal estrogen depletion in female macaques.
La craneometría ha revelado que la expansión continua del cráneo se produce después de la madurez dental en macacos y otros primates no humanos. Se ha demostrado que el volumen endocraneal aumenta con la edad desde mediados de la edad adulta hasta la edad más avanzada en macacos. Por lo tanto, el grosor neurocraneal puede disminuir con la edad, especialmente desde la edad adulta media hasta la edad avanzada. Aquí, investigamos los cambios relacionados con la edad en el grosor craneal de los macacos Japoneses (Macaca fuscata). Se realizaron diez mediciones del grosor craneal (considerando diez puntos de referencia neurocraneales) mediante tomografías computarizadas de 140 cráneos de macacos adultos (67 machos y 73 hembras). Se observó que el grosor craneal en muchos sitios aumentó en el neurocráneo desde la edad adulta joven (7-9 años) hasta la edad adulta media (14-19 años) en los hombres y en la edad adulta media tardía (19-24 años) en las mujeres, mientras que se redujo en el grupo de mayor edad (> 24 años). El grosor craneal en varios sitios mostró una disminución significativa desde la edad adulta media hasta la edad muy avanzada en ambos sexos, aunque las hembras tenían más sitios con grosor decreciente. La diferencia entre sexos, en términos de cambios relacionados con la edad, en el grosor craneal en los sitios en el plano mediano puede asociarse con las diferencias en el tamaño de la cara y en los caninos entre machos y hembras. El mayor número de sitios con grosor decreciente en las hembras respecto a los machos puede estar asociado con el agotamiento de los estrógenos posmenopáusicos en los macacos hembras.
Subject(s)
Animals , Male , Female , Skull/anatomy & histology , Aging/physiology , Cephalometry , Macaca fuscata/anatomy & histologyABSTRACT
Resumen Introducción: el Cortisol salival ha sido frecuentemente utilizado como un marcador de estrés. El cortisol tiene un importante ritmo diurno con elevaciones pico en las horas de madrugada, denominada respuesta del cortisol al despertar (RCD) con una caída durante el día. Los cambios al envejecer en el eje hipotálamo-pituitaria-adrenal (HPA) son contradictorios. Objetivo: este estudio examina la variación diurna de los niveles de cortisol salival en sujetos ancianos que viven en la comunidad. Diseño: estudio trasversal descriptivo. Medio: Poblacional. Participantes del estudio IMIAS (International Mobility in Aging Study). Participantes: cuatrocientos cincuenta personas mayores de 65 años, hombres y mujeres con una submuestra (100) para la toma de cortisol salival. Mediciones: los participantes recolectaron diez muestras de saliva, cinco por día, durante dos días así: al levantarse, 30 minutos (media hora) después de despertarse, una hora después de despertarse, en la tarde a las 3 pm y al acostarse. El cortisol fue evaluado mediante radioinmunoanálisis enzimático. Se evaluaron RCD, el área bajo la curva y la curva de patrón diurno. Resultados: se encontró una RCD amputada con un perfil diurno aplanado y con los niveles más bajos en la noche. El patrón de curva encontrado se considera como un patrón "normal" de ritmo circadiano de cortisol al envejecer, que se caracteriza por tener una baja RCD y con una caída lenta a través del día. Conclusiones: los ancianos muestran una menor respuesta del cortisol al despertar con un ritmo diurno reducido probablemente implicando una regulación alterada del eje HPA con el envejecimiento. (Acta Med Colomb 2016; 41:130-137).
Abstract Introduction: salivary cortisol has been frequently used as a marker of stress. Cortisol has an important diurnal rhythm with peak elevations at the dawn hours, called cortisol awakening response (CAR) with a drop during the day. Aging changes in the hypothalamic pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis are contradictory. Objective: this study examines the diurnal variation of salivary cortisol levels in elderly subjects living in the community. Design: a descriptive cross-sectional study. Medium: populational. Participants of IMIAS study (International Mobility in Aging Study). Participants: four hundred and fifty people over 65, men and women with a subsample (100) for the sampling of salivary cortisol. Measurements: participants collected ten saliva samples, five per day, for two days in this way: when getting up, 30 minutes (half an hour) after waking up, an hour after waking up, in the afternoon at 3 pm and at bedtime. Cortisol was assessed by enzyme radioimmunoassay. CAR, the area under the curve and the curve of diurnal pattern were evaluated. Results: an amputee CAR with a flattened diurnal profile and lower levels at night was found. Curve pattern found is considered a "normal" pattern of circadian rhythm of cortisol aging, characterized by having a low CAR and a slow fall throughout the day. Conclusions: The elderly have a lower cortisol response to awakening with a reduced diurnal rhythm probably involving an altered HPA axis regulation with aging. (Acta Med Colomb 2016; 41: 130-137).