"There is a fear that you will be attacked just for the act of working in health": a survey of experiences of violence against healthcare in Colombia.

BACKGROUND: Colombia has experienced decades of conflict between the government and non-state actors. Attacks on healthcare have been a grave but regular facet of that violence. In response, the Misión Médica (MM) program was developed to support, protect, and defend healthcare. Sporadic violence continues, with many recent attacks perpetrated not by armed actors but by residents. Given the history of conflict and ongoing violence, we sought to capture the perspectives of both healthcare workers (HCWs) and community members (CMs) regarding the characteristics and impacts of attacks on health in Colombia to gain insight into how to better prevent violence and mitigate its impacts. METHODS: A cross-sectional survey was conducted from January to March 2021 in seven departments in Colombia in regions that witnessed attacks on healthcare. Questionnaires were administered to HCWs and CMs via purposive sampling, probing their experiences with attacks on health with both closed and open-ended questions. The categorical responses were stratified by health worker vs. non-health worker and descriptively analyzed. Narrative responses were analyzed via a hybrid deductive/inductive thematic approach. RESULTS: Seventy-three individuals participated in the study (36 HCWs and 37 cm). Approximately 77% of HCWs believed that attacks on healthcare impacted health outcomes while 68% of CMs did not see a direct connection between violence against healthcare and poor health outcomes. Awareness of the MM program was significantly different between HCWs (83.3%) and CMs (37.8%). The survey responses explored the characteristics of attacks on health, compounded impacts of violence on the health system, personal impacts, and perspectives on mitigation efforts. CONCLUSIONS: The study demonstrates that: (1) attacks on healthcare are context-dependent and require a local lens for mitigation and management; (2) both HCWs and CMs have critical perspectives that must be considered, (3) the impacts of violence against healthcare are complex and compounded and (4) that awareness of the legal protections of the Geneva Conventions must be combined with education on the health impacts for robust protection strategies. Critically, Both CMs and HCWs experience fear and psychosocial ramifications of these attacks, suggesting the need for stronger protections and resources to support the health workforce and the local community.

A New Approach for Including Social Conventions into Social Robots Navigation by Using Polygonal Triangulation and Group Asymmetric Gaussian Functions.

Many authors have been working on approaches that can be applied to social robots to allow a more realistic/comfortable relationship between humans and robots in the same space. This paper proposes a new navigation strategy for social environments by recognizing and considering the social conventions of people and groups. To achieve that, we proposed the application of Delaunay triangulation for connecting people as vertices of a triangle network. Then, we defined a complete asymmetric Gaussian function (for individuals and groups) to decide zones where the robot must avoid passing. Furthermore, a feature generalization scheme called socialization feature was proposed to incorporate perception information that can be used to change the variance of the Gaussian function. Simulation results have been presented to demonstrate that the proposed approach can modify the path according to the perception of the robot compared to a standard A* algorithm.

How Do Addressees Exploit Conventionalizations? From a Negative Reference to an ad hoc Implicature.

A negative reference, such as "not the sculpture" (where the sculpture is a name the speaker had only just invented to describe an unconventional-looking object and where the negation is saying that she does not currently desire that object), seems like a perilous and linguistically underdetermined way to point to another object, especially when there are three objects to choose from. To succeed, it obliges listeners to rely on contextual elements to determine which object the speaker has in mind. Prior work has shown that pragmatic inference-making plays a crucial role in such an interpretation process. When a negative reference leaves two candidate objects to choose from, listeners avoid an object that had been previously named, preferring instead an unconventional-looking object that had remained unnamed (Kronmüller et al., 2017). In the present study, we build over these findings by maintaining our focus on the two remaining objects (what we call the second and third objects) as we systematically vary two features. With respect to the second object - which is always unconventional looking - we vary whether or not it has been given a name. With respect to the third object - which is never named - we vary whether it is unconventional or conventional looking (for the latter, imagine an object that clearly resembles a bicycle). As revealed by selection patterns and eye-movements in a visual-world eye-tracking paradigm, we replicate our previous findings that show that participants choose randomly when both of the remaining objects are unconventional looking and unnamed and that they opt reliably in favor of the most nondescript (the unnamed unconventional looking) object when the second object is named. We show further that (unnamed) conventional-looking objects provide similar outcomes when juxtaposed with an unnamed unconventional object (participants prefer the most non-descript as opposed to the conventional-looking object). Nevertheless, effects emerging from the conventional (unnamed) case are not as strong as those found with respect to those reported when an unconventional object is named. In describing participants' choices in the non-random cases, we propose that addressees rely on the construction of an ad hoc implicature that takes into account which object can be eliminated from consideration, given that the speaker did not explicitly name it.

(In)eficácia do Princípio de Precaução no Brasil / (In) effectiveness of the Precautionary Principle in Brazil

Este artigo tem por objetivo revisar o Princípio de Precaução no ordenamento nacional ante os acordos internacionais assumidos pelo Brasil. Optamos por uma abordagem constitucional na fase introdutória, pois Princípio de Precaução, que emerge do artigo 225 da Constituição Federal, é considerado como Princípio Geral do Direito Ambiental. O artigo está dividido em três itens. No primeiro deles, como introdução, sugerimos um panorama da sua inserção no direito ambiental brasileiro a partir das convenções internacionais. O segundo item refere-se à sua incorporação pela a doutrina jurídica brasileira. No terceiro, apresentamos alguns exemplos da sua [in]eficácia no contexto nacional. As considerações finais evocam a urgência de uma postura precautória.

The purpose of this article is to review the Precautionary Principle in Brazilian law in relation to the international agreements assumed by the country. We opted for a constitutional approach in the introductory phase, since the Precautionary Principle, which emerges from Article 225 of the Brazilian Federal Constitution, is considered as a general principle of national environmental law. The article is divided into three items. In the first one, introduction, we suggest an over view of the Precautionary.

Legalizing a market for cannabis for pleasure: Colorado, Washington, Uruguay and beyond.

Colorado, Washington state and Uruguay are currently designing legal non-medical markets for cannabis. These clearly contravene the 1961 and 1988 drug conventions; options for what may happen next are discussed. The current provisions in the three regulatory schemes are summarized. From a public health perspective, the emphasis should be on holding down consumption with regulatory measures, but the public health agenda does not seem to be a strong consideration in the implementation of the US schemes, and they are paying little attention to what can be learned from the history of alcohol and tobacco regulation. While alternative paths to a cannabis market under the conventions are noted, the legalization initiatives underline the need to revise the drug conventions, making prohibition of domestic markets an optional matter. Such changes would also ease the path for including alcohol under the conventions, which would be an important step forward in global health.

"Praticamos SM, repudiamos agressão": classificações, redes e organização comunitária em torno do BDSM no contexto brasileiro / "Practicamos SM, repudiamos la agresión": clasificaciones, redes y organización comunitaria en torno al BDSM en el contexto brasileño / "We practice SM, we repudiate aggression": classifications, networks and communitary organization around BDSM in the Brazilian context

A apropriação com sentido erótico da categoria sadomasoquismo e/ou a adesão ao acrônimo BDSM têm se feito presentes no Brasil desde pelo menos a década de 1980, com a organização de uma comunidade que imagina a si mesma a partir da adesão a um conjunto diverso de práticas eróticas e a noções relacionadas à consensualidade e à segurança, marca-das pela (des)identificação com perspectivas patologizantes. A partir de perspectiva etnográfica, este artigo focaliza conexões, diálogos e o trânsito de categorias e classificações entre diferentes atores sociais envolvidos na disputa de sentidos acerca desse conjunto diverso de práticas e convenções. A produção de subjetividades e de agenciamentos coletivos é analisada tomando por base a relação com outros atores sociais, especialmente com as classificações oriundas dos saberes médico-científicos. O BDSM como lugar social é situado num espaço intersticial entre diagnósticos médicos, nichos de mercado erótico e comunidades políticas.

La apropiación con sentido erótico de la categoría sadomasoquismo y/o la adhesión al acrónimo BDSM se han hecho presentes en Brasil, desde por lo menos la década de 1980, con la organización de una comunidad que se imagina a sí misma a partir de la adhesión a un conjunto diverso de prácticas eróticas, y a nociones relacionadas con la consensualidad y la seguridad, marcadas por la (des)identificación con perspectivas patologizantes. Desde un abordaje etnográfico, este artículo pone el foco en conexiones, diálogos y tránsitos de categorías y clasificaciones entre diferentes actores sociales involucrados en la disputa de sentidos acerca de ese conjunto diverso de prácticas y convenciones. Se analiza la producción de subjetividades y agenciamientos colectivos basándose en la relación con otros actores sociales, especialmente con las clasificaciones provenientes de los saberes médico-científicos. El BDSM como lugar social es situado en el espacio intersticial entre diagnósticos médicos, nichos del mercado erótico y comunidades políticas.

The erotic appropriation of the category sadomasochism, as well as the adoption of the acronym BDSM have been present in Brazil since at least the 1980s. Communities that imagine themselves by joining a diverse set of erotic practices and notions related to consensuality and safety have organized, marked by their (dis)identification towards pathological perspectives. Working from an ethnographic perspective, this article focuses on links, dialogues and the transit of categories and classifications among different social actors involved in the dispute over the meanings of this diverse set of practices and conventions. The production of subjectivities and collective assemblages is analyzed based on the relationship with other social actors, especially with the classifications that come from the medical-scientific field of knowledge. BDSM is located as a social site in the interstitial space between medical diagnostics, erotic market niches, and political communities.

Caracterización de los eventos de salud gestionados con el Open Conference Systems en Cuba / Characterization of health events managed with the Open Systems Conference in Cuba

Los eventos científicos desarrollados mediante una plataforma informática web (llamados eventos virtuales) facilitan el acceso universal a la información que muchas veces no se publica en las revistas académicas, ni en otros medios de divulgación acreditados. La gestión de tales eventos en ciencias de la salud, por el Centro Virtual de Convenciones de Salud, en Cuba, ha tenido una evolución tecnológica a favor de las exigencias informativas y de la interacción entre los usuarios: desde el uso del PHP, HTML, XML y Plone, hasta el Open Conference Systems. En este artículo se caracteriza la participación de los usuarios en eventos virtuales de salud gestionados por primera vez mediante el Open Conference Systems. Se analizan sus indicadores estadísticos y los del sistema de análisis web Piwik. Más que para exponer la utilidad de la herramienta, se pretende demostrar la importancia que puede tener esta plataforma en la difusión de la información y sus aportes al conocimiento a partir de la gestión de los eventos(AU)

The scientific meetings developed by a web platform (virtual meetings), provide ubiquitous access to information that often is not published in academic and professional journals or other accredited means of dissemination. The management of such meetings in health sciences, by the Health Conventions Virtual Center in Cuba has suffered a technological evolution in favour of the information requirements and interaction with users: starting with PHP, and continuing with HTML, XML Plone, and finally using the Open Conference Systems. This article presents the scope of the information in seven health sciences virtual meetings managed with the latter system. Statistical indicators are analyzed by the Piwik web analytics system. Rather than exposing the usefulness of the tool aims to demonstrate the potential importance of this platform in the dissemination of information and their contributions to knowledge from managing events(AU)

Caracterización de los eventos de salud gestionados con el Open Conference Systems en Cuba / Characterization of health events managed with the Open Systems Conference in Cuba

Los eventos científicos desarrollados mediante una plataforma informática web (llamados eventos virtuales) facilitan el acceso universal a la información que muchas veces no se publica en las revistas académicas, ni en otros medios de divulgación acreditados. La gestión de tales eventos en ciencias de la salud, por el Centro Virtual de Convenciones de Salud, en Cuba, ha tenido una evolución tecnológica a favor de las exigencias informativas y de la interacción entre los usuarios: desde el uso del PHP, HTML, XML y Plone, hasta el Open Conference Systems. En este artículo se caracteriza la participación de los usuarios en eventos virtuales de salud gestionados por primera vez mediante el Open Conference Systems. Se analizan sus indicadores estadísticos y los del sistema de análisis web Piwik. Más que para exponer la utilidad de la herramienta, se pretende demostrar la importancia que puede tener esta plataforma en la difusión de la información y sus aportes al conocimiento a partir de la gestión de los eventos.

The scientific meetings developed by a web platform (virtual meetings), provide ubiquitous access to information that often is not published in academic and professional journals or other accredited means of dissemination. The management of such meetings in health sciences, by the Health Conventions Virtual Center in Cuba has suffered a technological evolution in favour of the information requirements and interaction with users: starting with PHP, and continuing with HTML, XML Plone, and finally using the Open Conference Systems. This article presents the scope of the information in seven health sciences virtual meetings managed with the latter system. Statistical indicators are analyzed by the Piwik web analytics system. Rather than exposing the usefulness of the tool aims to demonstrate the potential importance of this platform in the dissemination of information and their contributions to knowledge from managing events.

Geografia política e gestão internacional dos recursos naturais / Political geography and international management of natural resources

Combinar ideias de autores clássicos da geografia política com autores contemporâneos permite analisar temas ambientais em uma escala internacional. Para regular os diversos interesses em jogo, foram criadas convenções internacionais sobre o ambiente, que oferecem novas formas de intercâmbio, comércio e cooperação entre países. Mas a assimetria das relações entre as partes aponta para a necessidade de discutir soberania, sustentabilidade e segurança ambiental, conceitos centrais que sustentam a ordem ambiental internacional, o conjunto de acordos multilaterais sobre o ambiente. Por isso, é fundamental analisar as matrizes teóricas dos conceitos citados combinados com convenções internacionais elaboradas em reuniões de Cúpula, como as de Estocolmo, do Rio de Janeiro e a de Joanesburgo, para reforçar o diálogo na resolução de problemas internacionais.

The combination of classical and contemporaneous authors of political geography allow us to analiser an international scale. International Conventions on Environment were created to regulate the different interests at stake. They offer new forms of interchange, commerce and cooperation among countries. However the asymmetric relationship among the parties exposes the need to discuss sovereignty, sustainability and environmental security, central concepts that maintain the international environmental order, the set of multilateral agreements on environment. For this reason, it is instrumental to examine the theoretical matrix of the above mentioned concepts in combination with the international conventions elaborated in Summits, such as the ones held in Stockholm, Rio de Janeiro and Johannesburg, to reinforce the dialogue in the resolution of international problems.