Sequential electro-coagulation and electro-Fenton processes for the treatment of textile wastewater.

Textile wastewater, laden with persistent dyes and non-biodegradable organics, poses a challenge for treatment in common effluent treatment plants (CETPs) using conventional methods. Pre-treatment of textile effluents is essential to ensure compatibility with CETPs. The present study employed three-dimensional (3D) aluminum and graphite electrodes for a sequential electro-coagulation and electro-Fenton (EC + EF) process. An experimental plan of 25 experiments was constructed using Taguchi method. The combination resulted in high removal efficiencies: 99.91% for color, 93.20% for chemical oxygen demand (COD), and 91.75% for total organic carbon (TOC) for the operating parameters; for EC, current density (J): 20 mA/cm2, time (t): 45 min, speed of rotation (N): 55 rpm; and for EF, current density (J): 25 mA/cm2, time (t): 50 min, iron concentration: 40 mg/L. Post-treatment, the wastewater exhibited an enhanced biodegradability index of 0.875, rendering it suitable for CETPs. There was an increase of 11% in the total energy consumption when energy spent during rotation and aeration at the time of EC and EF, respectively, were considered. This energy increases the cost and is not accounted for, in previous research. The energy consumption in kWh per g of COD removed at optimum condition for the hybrid treatment was 0.0314, which is lower than the energy consumption by other electrochemical processes employing plate electrodes. This indicates that 3D electrodes are more energy efficient than plate electrodes. PRACTITIONER POINTS: Hybrid electrochemical processes can be used as pre-treatment method for textile effluents. Three-dimensional electrodes improve removal rates with lower energy consumption. Significant color, COD, and TOC abatement were noted post-hybrid treatment of textile wastewater. Biodegradability of the textile effluent improves after the hybrid treatment.

Optimizing microplastic treatment in the effluent of biological nutrient removal processes using electrocoagulation: Taguchi experimental design.

Microplastics (MPs) have become one of the most critical environmental pollution problems in recent years. Due to the growing abundance of MPs in aquatic environments, extensive research has been conducted and continues to be ongoing to develop effective treatment methods. In this study, the removal of MPs in the effluent of biological wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) was investigated by electrocoagulation (EC) process with aluminum electrodes. Using Taguchi design, the importance of process variables such as pH, current density, and reaction time were evaluated by Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). Statistically, according to F and p values, the most effective parameter for microplastic (MP) removal was current density, followed by pH and reaction time. The R2 value of the created model was found to be above 98%. According to Taguchi results, the optimum process conditions were determined as pH 9, current density 1.905 mA/cm2, and reaction time 15 min and 99% MP removal efficiency was obtained. Under these optimum conditions, the process cost was calculated as 0.049 $/m3 wastewater, considering energy and electrode consumption. As a result of visual analyses, fiber, film, pellet, amorphous, and undefined forms were dominant in WWTP effluent, while only fiber structures were observed after treatment with EC. In this study, it was concluded that the EC process is an alternative treatment method that can be integrated into wastewater treatment plant effluent to achieve MP removal at very low cost and high efficiency. In addition, as a result of this study, it was observed that the EC process can also be used in MP removal by applying it to real wastewater.

Fluoride removal using a rotating anode electro-coagulation reactor: Parametric optimization using response surface methodology, isotherms and kinetic studies, economic analysis and sludge characterization.

The presence of fluoride in drinking water can cause various diseases, such as dental fluorosis and skeletal fluorosis. The present study aims to intensify the fluoride removal using a rotating anode electro-coagulation (EC) reactor with providing the proper hydrodynamics conditions. This fluoride removal is modeled and optimized using Response Surface Methodology (RSM) and central composite design (CCD) with varying operational parameters (rotation speed: 20-80 RPM, current: 0.2-1.0 A, initial fluoride concentration: 8-40 mg/L and time: 15-75 min). The maximum fluoride removal is obtained as 96.87% (predicted) and 95.40% (experimental) for the optimized process parameters, initial concentration of 32 mg/L, 0.8 A current, 60 min, and 60 RPM of rotating speed. Kinetic analysis reveals that the removal process adheres to a second-order kinetic model, suggesting that the rate of fluoride removal is dependent on the concentration of fluoride ions present. Isothermal studies indicate that the effective sorption of fluoride onto the generated flocs follows a sips isotherm. The optimal cost analysis is carried out to determine the operational cost as 0.256 USD/m3 for F removal of 93.49% at initial concentration 24 mg/L, time 50 min, current 0.7 A, and rotation 70 rpm and presenting a cost-effective solution for fluoride mitigation. Further, characterizations of the resultant sludge through X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), and the Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure (TCLP) confirmed the safe disposal potential of the sludge. The findings show a promising approach for fluoride removal, combining high efficiency, economic viability, and environmental safety.

Contemporary methods of treating venous lake lesions on the oral mucosa: A literature review.

A venous lake (VL) is a vascular lesion arising from dilated venous vessels surrounded by thick fibrous tissue, located in the upper layers of the dermis. It can also appear in the oral cavity, especially on the lips, buccal mucosa and tongue. Recurrent bleeding or aesthetic complaints are the most common reasons for the treatment of these lesions. This review aims to present the current state of knowledge regarding the treatment of VL lesions in the oral cavity. PRISMA guidelines were followed. Articles were searched in the following databases: Pubmed, Medline and Scopus. The authors of this study analyzed scientific works concerning VL treatment. Keywords searched included "venous lake", "venous lake treatment", "sclerotherapy", "laser", "laser photocoagulation", "infrared coagulation", and "diathermocoagulation". Two articles described electrocoagulation, 10 articles focused on photocoagulation using laser devices, 2 articles studied photocoagulation with infrared, and 4 articles described sclerotherapy for the treatment of VL lesions. The most effective therapeutic options were electrocoagulation, 808 nm diode laser photocoagulation and 1064 nm Nd:YAG.

Accurate prediction and intelligent control of COD and other parameters removal from pharmaceutical wastewater using electrocoagulation coupled with catalytic ozonation process.

In this study, we employed the response surface method (RSM) and the long short-term memory (LSTM) model to optimize operational parameters and predict chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal in the electrocoagulation-catalytic ozonation process (ECOP) for pharmaceutical wastewater treatment. Through RSM simulation, we quantified the effects of reaction time, ozone dose, current density, and catalyst packed rate on COD removal. Then, the optimal conditions for achieving a COD removal efficiency exceeding 50% were identified. After evaluating ECOP performance under optimized conditions, LSTM predicted COD removal (56.4%), close to real results (54.6%) with a 0.2% error. LSTM outperformed RSM in predictive capacity for COD removal. In response to the initial COD concentration and effluent discharge standards, intelligent adjustment of operating parameters becomes feasible, facilitating precise control of the ECOP performance based on this LSTM model. This intelligent control strategy holds promise for enhancing the efficiency of ECOP in real pharmaceutical wastewater treatment scenarios. PRACTITIONER POINTS: This study utilized the response surface method (RSM) and the long short-term memory (LSTM) model for pharmaceutical wastewater treatment optimization. LSTM predicted COD removal (56.4%) closely matched experimental results (54.6%), with a minimal error of 0.2%. LSTM demonstrated superior predictive capacity, enabling intelligent parameter adjustments for enhanced process control. Intelligent control strategy based on LSTM holds promise for improving electrocoagulation-catalytic ozonation process efficiency in pharmaceutical wastewater treatment.

Electrocoagulation process for phosphate recovery of agricultural wastewater: effect of calcium adding, voltage, and time.

Recovery of valuable resources, such as phosphate recovery from wastewater, can help close the nutrient cycle and is interesting to investigate. This study aims to evaluate phosphate recovery and set aside TOC, OC, and IC in agricultural wastewater using electrocoagulation with a helix electrode configuration. This study employed the Response Surface Methodology (RSM) for statistical analysis and modeling, utilizing a central composite design (CCD). Variation of calcium concentration (2-7 mg/L), voltage (15-45 V), and electrocoagulation time (5-15 min) was applied in an electrocoagulation reactor with a helix-shaped stainless steel cathode and a solid cylindrical Mg anode. Based on RSM analysis, electrocoagulation with a helical electrode configuration significantly affects phosphate recovery and the removal of TOC, OC, and IC when treating agricultural wastewater. Under operating conditions of 15 V, 15 min time, and 2 mg/L calcium concentration, we achieved the lowest phosphate concentration of 0.003 mg/L (99.74% reduction). The highest TOC allowance is > 100% of the initial concentration, the TC allowance is 55.79%, and the IC allowance is 30.91%. The formation of metal hydroxides affects the efficiency of TOC removal in the electrocoagulation process, and higher electrolysis times lead to higher TOC removal efficiency. Higher voltages also improve the coagulation and flotation processes in the reactor. Calcium concentration plays a role in enhancing the flocculation process and binding phosphonates from wastewater.

Potential damage to ovarian reserve from laparoscopic electrocoagulation in endometriomas and benign ovarian cysts: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

PURPOSE: Laparoscopic cystectomy for ovarian endometriomas and benign ovarian cysts is often conducted through hemostatic methods, with bipolar electrocoagulation as a common approach. This study evaluated the impact of electrocoagulation, primarily through bipolar energy, versus nonthermal hemostatic methods on ovarian reserve in patients undergoing laparoscopic cystectomy for ovarian endometriomas and benign ovarian cysts. METHODS: A systematic review with meta-analysis was conducted by searching the Cochrane Library, PubMed, EMBASE, and Web of Science databases. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing the impact of nonthermal hemostatic methods and electrocoagulation on the ovarian reserve during laparoscopic cystectomy were included. The Cochrane Risk of Bias Tool for Randomized Controlled Trials (ROB 2.0) was utilized to assess the quality of the included studies. The meta-analysis included 13 RCTs involving 1043 patients. Postoperative serum anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) levels and antral follicle counts (AFCs) were analyzed using Review Manager ver. 5.4. RESULTS: Compared with the bipolar group, patients with endometriomas in the nonthermal hemostatic group exhibited significantly higher postoperative AMH levels at 1, 3, 6, and 12 months. Conversely, no significant differences in AMH levels were observed in patients with benign ovarian cysts. Similarly, AFCs showed no significant differences, except for lower postoperative AFCs in patients with endometrioma in the electrocoagulation group. CONCLUSION: Nonthermal hemostatic methods are associated with more effective preservation of the ovarian reserve compared with bipolar electrocoagulation in laparoscopic cystectomy for ovarian endometriomas. However, no significant impact of bipolar electrocoagulation on the ovarian reserve was observed in patients with benign ovarian cysts. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Registered in PROSPERO on April 10, 2023; ID # CRD42023413158.

Alternative sequential combinations of electrocoagulation with electrooxidation and peroxi-coagulation for effective treatment of adhesive production industry wastewater.

Adhesive production industry wastewater can be characterized by high chemical oxygen demand (COD) sourced from high refractory organic contaminants and high total suspended solids (TSS) concentration. Biodegradability of the wastewater is low and wastewater quality is unstable. Various treatment processes have limited applicability in such characterized wastewater. In this study, the treatment performance of electrochemical processes was investigated. Because it is not possible to meet the discharge standards by application of only one process for high refractory organic content, sequential electrochemical processes were studied in this work. In the first step of the sequential process, electrocoagulation (EC) using Al electrodes by which better performance was achieved was applied. In the second step, electrooxidation (EO) and peroxi-coagulation (PC) processes were applied to the EC effluent. In EO, Ti/MMO was selected as the most effective anode whereas in PC, Fe was used as the anode, and graphite was used as the cathode. Box-Behnken Design was applied to optimize the operating conditions of EO and PC processes and to obtain mathematical model equations. In the EC process, 77% COD, 78.5% TSS, and 85% UV254 removal efficiency were obtained under the optimum conditions (pH 7.2, reaction time 35 min, and current density 0.5 mA/cm2). With the EO and PC processes applied to the effluent of EC, 68.5% COD, 77% TSS, and 83% UV254 removal and 77.5% COD, 87% TSS, and 86.5% UV254 removal were obtained, respectively. The specific energy consumption of EC-EO and EC-PC processes was 16.08 kWh/kg COD and 15.06 kWh/kg COD, respectively. Considering the treatment targets and process operating costs, it was concluded that both sequential electrochemical systems could be promising alternative systems for the treatment of adhesive production industry wastewater.

Coupling Electro-Fenton and Electrocoagulation of Aluminum-Air Batteries for Enhanced Tetracycline Degradation: Improving Hydrogen Peroxide and Power Generation.

Electro-Fenton (EF) technology has shown great potential in environmental remediation. However, developing efficient heterogeneous EF catalysts and understanding the relevant reaction mechanisms for pollutant degradation remain challenging. We propose a new system that combines aluminum-air battery electrocoagulation (EC) with EF. The system utilizes dual electron reduction of O2 to generate H2O2 in situ on the air cathodes of aluminum-air batteries and the formation of primary cells to produce electricity. Tetracycline (TC) is degraded by ·OH produced by the Fenton reaction. Under optimal conditions, the system exhibits excellent TC degradation efficiency and higher H2O2 production. The TC removal rate by the reaction system using a graphite cathode reached nearly 100% within 4 h, whereas the H2O2 yield reached 127.07 mg/L within 24 h. The experimental results show that the novel EF and EC composite system of aluminum-air batteries, through the electroflocculation mechanism and ·OH and EF reactions, with EC as the main factor, generates multiple •OH radicals that interact to efficiently remove TC. This work provides novel and important insights into EF technology, as well as new strategies for TC removal.

Predicting intraoperative major blood loss in microsurgery for brain arteriovenous malformations.

Objective: Intraoperative blood loss poses a great challenge for brain arteriovenous malformation (AVM) microsurgery, although systematic researches are still lacking. This study aimed to identify factors predicting intraoperative major blood loss in brain AVM microsurgery and to investigate its impact on patient outcome. To deal with the fierce bleeding, we introduced a modified hemostatic method, bone-wax (BW) coated bipolar electrocoagulation. Methods: The authors retrospectively analyzed the clinical data of 131 patients (50/81 in intraoperative major/non-major blood loss cohort) with brain AVMs who underwent microsurgery in our center during the period between January 2018 and April 2023. According to previous studies, major blood loss was defined as blood loss of at least 1,000 mL. The accuracy and objectivity of our grouping methodology were validated by comparing the hemoglobin mass loss, hematocrit loss and factors associated with intraoperative bleeding. Potential clinical and radiological predictors for intraoperative major blood loss were evaluated using a multivariate stepwise logistic regression. And outcomes of patients in the two cohorts were also compared. At last, the performance of BW coated bipolar electrocoagulation in brain AVM microsurgery was illustrated by the case presentation, histological staining and transmission electron microscopy of the coagulated nidus vessels. Results: Hemoglobin mass loss, hematocrit loss and factors associated with intraoperative bleeding were significant different between the two cohorts. five independent factors predicting intraoperative major blood loss were identified: (1) clinical manifestations; (2,3) location and size of the nidus; (4) deep venous drainage; and (5) the number of draining veins. And the intraoperative major blood loss can not only adversely affect the surgical progression, but also predict poor perioperative outcomes for patients. Regarding the application of BW coated bipolar electrocoagulation, we found the novel hemostatic method exerted efficient hemostatic effect and reduced the damage to the vascular structure in brain AVM microsurgery. Conclusion: This study proposed a nomogram for neurosurgeons to predict intraoperative major blood loss in brain AVM microsurgery preoperatively. And intraoperative major blood loss is associated with poor patient outcomes. In addition, BW coated bipolar electrocoagulation, can be applied to control ferocious bleeding during brain AVM microsurgery, which still remains further researches.

Comparison of thyroid surgery techniques: a retrospective cohort study and meta-analysis of traditional electric knife vs. straight bipolar electrocoagulation forceps.

Background: In recent years, advancements in surgical techniques for thyroidectomy have led to varying outcomes and efficiencies. Understanding these differences is crucial to optimize patient care and surgical success. This study compared intra- and postoperative parameters of thyroid surgery for thyroidectomy or thyroid cancer. One approach involved the traditional electric knife, employing traditional clamp-ligation skills and an electric knife. The other approach utilized straight bipolar electrocoagulation forceps for micro-hemostasis and micro-cutting. Methods: Data were analyzed retrospectively for 228 patients who underwent thyroidectomy at the Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University from January 2014 to November 2018. Surgery was performed either as traditional open surgery (n=150) or as a meticulous anatomical procedure involving bipolar electrocoagulation (n=78). In addition, data from published studies comparing the two surgical procedures were meta-analyzed. Results: The bipolar electrocoagulation procedure was associated with significantly shorter total operation time, lower intraoperative blood loss and lower rate of hypocalcemia. The two procedures were associated with similar rates of hoarseness. Meta-analysis of eight studies involving 2,080 patients showed that bipolar electrocoagulation was associated with significantly shorter total operation time than the traditional approach (mean difference =-21.29 min, 95% CI: -26.32 to -16.27) and with less intraoperative bleeding (mean difference =-12.87 min, 95% CI: -23.81 to -1.93). Conclusions: Straight bipolar electrocoagulation forceps can be used to perform fine dissection during thyroid surgery. Performing "micro-hemostasis" and "micro-cutting" manipulations with these straight bipolar forceps can smoothly dissect nerves and parathyroid glands and may reduce intraoperative bleeding, operation time and rates of postoperative complications, might accelerate recovery after surgery.

[To introduce a new method of resection of carotid body tumor with preservation of the internal carotid artery ----microscopic coagulation method].

Objective:To introduce the surgical experience of carotid body tumor（CBT） resection with preservation of internal carotid artery. Methods:The clinical data of 109 patients with CBT were retrospectively analyzed. The key points of surgical techniques were summarized, the imaging and pathological results were comprehensively analyzed, and the postoperative complications were observed. Results:Of the 109 patients, 28 were Shamblin Ⅰ, 46 were Shamblin Ⅱ, and 35 were Shamblin Ⅲ. Synaptophysin（SYN） and soluble protein-100（S-100） were positive in all cases. There was a positive correlation between the average expression area percentage of S-100 and SYN in pathological tissue of 17 patients（r=0.48）, and the difference was statistically significant（P<0.05）. The average operation time was（148.4±46.2） minutes, the average intraoperative blood loss was（64.7±22.8） mL, and the average hospital stay was（15.2±2.6） days. Three patients underwent tumor resection combined with external carotid artery ligation, 1 patient underwent tumor resection combined with internal carotid artery ligation, and the remaining patients underwent tumor resection alone. The overall rate of intraoperative vascular ligation was 3.7% and the rate of nerve injury was 6.4%. According to preoperative CTA, intraoperative situation and postoperative pathological results, a new classification of CBT was proposed, which could intuitively reflect the gap between the tumor and the carotid artery and the nature of the tumor. Conclusion:Surgical resection of CBT is recommended after diagnosis. The potential gap between the tumor and the blood vessels was found under the microscope. Low energy bipolar electrocoagulation was used to coagulate and cut off the fibrous connective tissue between the tumor and gradually separated along the adventitia of the artery. The carotid artery could be preserved in most cases while the tumor was completely removed, and the amount of intraoperative bleeding and the incidence of complications were reduced. It is particularly important to identify the difficult cases before operation.

Defluoridation by positive single-pulse current electrocoagulation from photovoltaic wastewater: Energy consumption assessment and mechanism analysis.

The presence of fluoride ions (F-) in photovoltaic (PV) wastewater significantly affects the integrity of the ecological environment. In contrast to direct current electrocoagulation (DC-EC), positive single-pulse electrocoagulation (PSPC-EC) shows a significant reduction in both the formation of passivation films on electrodes and the consumption of electrical energy. Under the experimental conditions of an Al-Al-Al-Al electrode combination, an electrode spacing of 1.0 cm, a NaCl concentration of 0.05 mol L-1, an initial pH of 5.6, an initial F- concentration of 5 mg L-1, a current density of 5 A m-2, a pulse frequency of 500 Hz, and a 40 % duty cycle, the achieved equilibrium F- removal efficiencies were 84.0 % for DC-EC and 88.0 % for PSPC-EC, respectively, accompanied by power consumption of 0.0198 kWh·mg-1 and 0.0073 kWh·mg-1. The flocs produced in the PSPC-EC process were characterized using scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and it is revealed that the F- removal mechanisms in the PSPC-EC process include co-precipitation, hydrogen bond complexation, and ion exchange. When the actual PV wastewater was finally subjected to treatment under the optimal PSPC-EC conditions, the F- concentration in the wastewater was reduced from 4.6 mg L-1 to 1.4 mg L-1. This paper provides both a theoretical framework and a technological basis for the application of PSPC-EC in the advanced treatment of PV wastewater.

Efficiency enhancement of electrocoagulation, ion-exchange resin and reverse osmosis (RO) membrane filtration by prior organic precipitation for treatment of anaerobically-treated palm oil mill effluent.

Anaerobically-treated palm oil mill effluent (POME) still has unacceptable properties for water recycling and reuse, with an unpleasant appearance due to the brownish color caused by tannins and phenolic compounds. This study proposes an approach for treating anaerobically-treated POME for water recycling by combining organic precipitation, electrocoagulation (EC), and ion-exchange resin, followed by reverse osmosis (RO) membrane filtration in series. The results indicated that the organic precipitation enhanced the efficiency of EC treatment in reducing the concentrations of tannins, color, and chemical oxygen demand (COD) of the anaerobically-treated POME effluent, with reductions of 95.73%, 96.31%, and 93.96% for tannin, color, and COD, respectively. Moreover, organic precipitation affected the effectiveness of Ca2+ and Mg2+ ion removal using ion exchange resin and RO membrane filtration. Without prior organic precipitation, the ion-exchange resin process required a longer contact time, and the RO membrane filtration treatment was hardly effective in removing total dissolved solids (TDS). The combined process gave a water quality that meets the criteria set by the Thailand Ministry of Industry for industrial boiler use (COD 88 mg/L, TDS <0.001 mg/L, water hardness <5 mg-CaCO3/L, and pH 6.9).

Optimization of electrocoagulation process parameters for the treatment of oil industry drill site wastewater.

The effluent from the oil drilling site is a complex mixture of hazardous chemicals that causes environmental impacts on its disposal. The treatment of oil drill-site wastewater has not been explored much, and understanding its characteristics and optimizing the treatment process are required. In the present study, we have optimized the electrocoagulation process with aluminum electrodes for drill-site wastewater treatment. A multi-level factorial center composite design using response surface methodology is applied to optimize the effect of current density (CD), pH, and inter-electrode distance (IED) on chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal. The increasing current density shows a significant increase in COD removal, and a similar trend was observed with a decreased pH. It was found that with current density and inter-electrode distance, the maximum COD removal achieved was 70% at the CD of 19.04 mA cm-2 and IED 2.6 cm. By varying pH and current density, the COD removal reached up to 90% at pH 6 and CD 19.04 mA cm-2. The study shows that the current density is the dominant factor for the process's energy consumption and operating cost, followed by pH. This study's findings could be effectively used to develop large-scale treatment processes through electrocoagulation.

Analysis of factors influencing on Electro-Fenton and research on combination technology (II): a review.

The principle of Fenton reagent is to produce ·OH by mixing H2O2 and Fe2+ to realize the oxidation of organic pollutants, although Fenton reagent has the advantages of non-toxicity and short reaction time, but there are its related defects. The Fenton-like technology has been widely studied because of its various forms and better results than the traditional Fenton technology in terms of pollutant degradation efficiency. This paper reviews the electro-Fenton technology among the Fenton-like technologies and provides an overview of the homogeneous electro-Fenton. It also focuses on summarizing the effects of factors such as H2O2, reactant concentration, reactor volume and electrode quality, reaction time and voltage (potential) on the efficiency of electro-Fenton process. It is shown that appropriate enhancement of H2O2 concentration, voltage (potential) and reaction volume can help to improve the process efficiency; the process efficiency also can be improved by increasing the reaction time and electrode quality. Feeding modes of H2O2 have different effects on process efficiency. Finally, a considerable number of experimental studies have shown that the combination of electro-Fenton with ultrasound, anodic oxidation and electrocoagulation technologies is superior to the single electro-Fenton process in terms of pollutant degradation.

Optimization and kinetic analysis of electrocoagulation-assisted adsorption for treatment of young landfill leachate.

An investigation was conducted on the electrocoagulation treatment of high-strength young landfill leachate using an electrode made of aluminium in a batch electrochemical cell reactor. An iron sheet of 1 m⨯1 m⨯1.1 m (L: B: H) was used to construct the two landfill simulating reactors, both the reactors were operated at different conditions, i.e., one without rainfall (S1) and the other with rainfall (S2). Both reactors have 51% wet and 49% dry waste, which is the typical waste composition of India, and the quantity of waste taken was 450 kg; hence, the generated leachate was treated. This work focuses on the utilization of electrocoagulation as the sole treatment method where coagulation and adsorption occur simultaneously for young landfill leachate. The study employed a central composite design (CCD) to systematically vary the initial pH, current density (CD), and reaction time to examine their impact on the removal efficiency of COD (Chemical oxygen demand), TOC (Total organic carbon), and TSS (Total Suspended Solids). The optimum conditions obtained were a pH of 7.35, a CD of 15.29 mA/cm2, and a reaction duration of 57 min. When the conditions were optimized, the COD, TSS, and TOC removal efficiencies were 83.56%, 73.12%, and 85.58%, respectively. Also, the electrodes depleted 2.78 g of Al/L. In addition, pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second-order kinetics were employed to examine the elimination of contaminants by adsorption on aluminium hydroxide, thereby confirming the adsorption process. After investigation through energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) and X-ray diffraction (XRD), with the produced sludge confirmed that electrocoagulation removed a significant amount of metals from landfill leachate.

Investigating the efficiency of electrocoagulation using similar/dissimilar electrodes for the detoxification of Coralene Rubine dye: a cost effective approach.

Efficient treatment of textile dyeing wastewater can be achieved through electrocoagulation (EC) with minimal sludge production; however, the selection of the appropriate electrode is essential in lowering overall costs. Also, the reuse of the treated aqueous azo dye solution from this process has not been explored in detail. With these objectives, this study aims to treat synthetic azo dye solutions and achieve high colour removal efficiency (CRE%) using similar (Ti-Ti) and dissimilar (Ti-Cu) metal electrodes through EC with an attempt to reduce the cost. The aqueous Coralene Rubine GFL azo dye was used to examine the efficiency and cost of the EC process. X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy was used to study the EC mechanism, while High Performance Liquid Chromatography was used to analyse the degradation of the dye and the formation of intermediate compounds. The concentration of metal ions in the treated dye solution was quantified using Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-OES), with Ti-Ti treated solution having 14.20 mg/L concentration of Ti and Ti-Cu treated solution having 0.078 mg/L of Ti and 0.001 mg/L of Cu, respectively. Colour removal efficiency of 99.49% was obtained for both electrode sets, with a lower operating time and voltage for dissimilar metal combination. Ecotoxicity studies showed negligible toxicity of Ti-Cu treated dye samples compared to untreated solutions. Survival rate, protein estimation, and catalase activity was used to validate the treatment method's efficacy. The study found that the dissimilar electrode material exhibited reduced toxicity due to the presence of heavy metals below the permissible limit.

Application of prostate resectoscope in the treatment of massive rectal bleeding after transrectal prostate puncture.

BACKGROUND: Ultrasound-guided prostate biopsy is a reliable diagnostic procedure for prostate cancer diagnosis with minimal procedure-related trauma. However, complications, such as massive rectal bleeding may occur after the puncture. We hypothesized that using a transrectal resectoscope could help treat massive rectal bleeding after transrectal prostate punctures. AIM: To identify a simple and effective treatment for massive rectal bleeding after transrectal prostate punctures. METHODS: Patients requiring treatment for massive rectal bleeding after transrectal prostate punctures were included. A SIMAI resectoscope was inserted through the anus. Direct electrocoagulation was performed for superficial bleeding points. Part of the rectal mucosa or surface muscle layer was removed to expose deep bleeding points, followed by electrocoagulation. An electric cutting ring was used to compress and stop the bleeding for jet-like points before electrocoagulation. The fluid color in the drainage tube was monitored postoperatively for continuous bleeding. RESULTS: Eight patients were included from 2012 to 2022. None of the patients with massive rectal bleeding after the transrectal prostate punctures improved with conventional conservative and blood transfusion treatments. Two patients had an inferior artery embolism, and digital subtraction angiography was ineffective. All patients received emergency transanal prostate resection, which immediately stopped the bleeding. Four days after the procedure, the patients had recovered and were discharged. CONCLUSION: Using a transanal prostate resection instrument is a simple, safe, and effective method for treating massive rectal bleeding after transrectal prostate punctures.

Risk Factors for Post-Endoscopic Submucosal Dissection Electrocoagulation Syndrome in Patients with Colorectal Neoplasms: A Multicenter, Large-Scale, Retrospective Cohort Study by the Honam Association for the Study of Intestinal Disease (HASID).

Background and Objectives: Colorectal endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) is an effective technique for removing colorectal neoplasms with large or cancerous lesions. However, there are few studies on post-ESD electrocoagulation syndrome (PECS), a complication of colorectal ESD. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the various risk factors for PECS after colorectal ESD. Materials and Methods: We retrospectively analyzed the medical records of 1413 lesions from 1408 patients who underwent colorectal ESD at five tertiary hospitals between January 2015 and December 2020. We investigated the incidence and risk factors associated with PECS. Based on the data, we developed a risk-scoring model to predict the risk of PECS after colorectal ESD. Results: The incidence rate of PECS was 2.6% (37 patients). In multivariate analysis, the use of anti-platelet agents (odds ratio (OR), 2.474; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.088-5.626; p < 0.031), a lesion larger than 6 cm (OR 3.755; 95% CI, 1.237-11.395; p = 0.028), a deep submucosal invasion (OR 2.579; 95% CI, 1.022-6.507; p = 0.045), and an ESD procedure time ≥ 60 min (OR 2.691; 95% CI, 1.302-5.560; p = 0.008) were independent risk factors of PECS after colorectal ESD. We developed a scoring model for predicting PECS using these four factors. As the score increased, the incidence of PECS also increased, from 1.3% to 16.6%. PECS occurred more frequently in the high-risk group (≥2) (1.8% vs. 12.4%, p < 0.001). Conclusions: In this study, the risk factors for PECS after colorectal ESD were the use of anti-platelet agents, a lesion larger than 6 cm, a deep submucosal invasion, and an ESD procedure time ≥ 60 min. The risk-scoring model developed in this study using these factors could be effective in predicting and preventing PECS.