ABSTRACT
Artificial Light at Night (ALAN) threatens to disrupt most natural habitats and species, including those in coastal settings, where a growing number of studies have identified ALAN impacts. A careful examination of the light properties behind those impacts is important to better understand and manage the effects of this stressor. This study focused on ALAN monochromatic wavelengths and examined which types of light spectra altered the natural activity of two prominent coastal species from the Pacific southeast: the talitroid amphipod Orchestoidea tuberculata and the oniscoid isopod Tylos spinulosus. We compared the natural daylight/night activity of these organisms with the one they exhibit when exposed to five different ALAN wavelengths: lights in the violet, blue, green, amber, and red spectra. Our working hypothesis was that ALAN alters these species' activity at night, but the magnitude of such impact differs depending on light wavelengths. Measurements of activity over 24 h cycles for five consecutive days and in three separate experiments confirmed a natural circadian activity pattern in both species, with strong activity at night (â¼90% of probability) and barely any activity during daylight. However, when exposed to ALAN, activity declined significantly in both species under all light wavelengths. Interestingly, amphipods exhibited moderate activity (â¼40% of probability) when exposed to red lights at night, whereas isopods shifted some of their activity to daylight hours in two of the experiments when exposed to blue or amber lights, suggesting a possible alteration in this species circadian rhythm. Altogether, our results were consistent with our working hypothesis, and suggest that ALAN reduces night activity, and some wavelengths have differential effects on each species. Differences between amphipods and isopods are likely related to their distinct adaptations to natural low-light habitat conditions, and therefore distinct sensitivity to ALAN.
Subject(s)
Amphipoda , Isopoda , Light , Animals , Amphipoda/physiology , Isopoda/physiology , EcosystemABSTRACT
There are several studies in the literature showing that male and female rats explore novel environments and exhibit different exploration patterns when submitted to different apparatuses. In general, female rats spend more time moving and exploring the apparatuses than males do. A previous study showed that male woodlice (Armadillidium vulgare) explore novel environments in a very similar way to male rats (Rattus norvegicus) when tested in apparatuses analogous to the open-field test and light/dark box. Since that study was conducted only with male rats and woodlice, and since they exhibited very similar patterns of behavior, the present experiment aimed at investigating whether male and female woodlice explore novel environments with different behavioral patterns. Female and male woodlice were tested in the open-field and in the dry/moist box. Results obtained in the open-field test showed that both males and females remained longer in the corners than along the walls and avoided staying in the center. However, females remained longer along the walls and less in the corners. In the dry/moist box, there were no significant differences between the sexes: both females and males remained significantly longer in the moist compartment.
ABSTRACT
Abstract The present work describes 11 new species of the genus Trichorhina from Brazilian caves in the states of Bahia, Mato Grosso do Sul, Minas Gerais, Pará, and São Paulo. Moreover, the distribution of T. tomentosa has been expanded to include the states of Mato Grosso and Minas Gerais. Additionally, a distribution map and a key for all Brazilian species of Trichorhina, including epigean ones, are provided.
Resumo O presente trabalho descreve 11 novas espécies do gênero Trichorhina de cavernas brasileiras nos estados da Bahia, Mato Grosso do Sul, Minas Gerais, Pará e São Paulo. Além disso, a distribuição de T. tomentosa foi ampliada para incluir os estados de Mato Grosso e Minas Gerais. Adicionalmente, são fornecidos um mapa de distribuição e uma chave para todas as espécies brasileiras de Trichorhina, incluindo as epígeas.
ABSTRACT
Six new epigean freshwater species of the genus Caecidotea in Mexico are described. These species were collected in waterbodies located along the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt (TMVB) and the eastern slope of the country: Caecidotea buzwilsoni sp. nov., Caecidotea chicoensis sp. nov., Caecidotea alvarezi sp. nov., Caecidotea mintzita sp. nov., Caecidotea zacapuensis sp. nov., and one additional species Caecidotea villalobosi sp. nov. is described from the Papaloapan basin at the Atlantic Slope of Mexico. The taxonomic treatment for each species includes a detailed description, figures of characters of diagnostic importance and comments. We also provide an updated map of Caecidotea records in Mexico. This work substantially increases the number of epigean Caecidotea known to occur in Mexico to 11 species, a new total of 99 species described to North America.
Subject(s)
Isopoda , Animal Distribution , Animals , Fresh Water , Isopoda/anatomy & histology , Isopoda/classification , Mexico , Species SpecificityABSTRACT
In the present work, five new species of Xangoniscus are described, increasing to eight the number of the known troglobitic species for the genus. Xangoniscus species can be distinguished from each other by the shape of pleonites epimera, the number and size of aesthetascs in the distal article of antennula, the modifications on pereopods, the shape of male pleopods and the proportion between uropod rami. Species from this genus are known for the states of Minas Gerais and Bahia with Xangoniscus aganju representing the northernmost occurrence, and X. lundi n. sp. and X. dagua n. sp. the southernmost occurrences. Of the six caves where specimens were collected, four are not registered in the national speleological database, what points to all the potential to yet be discovered regarding number of cavities and the associated biodiversity in Brazil. Some of the here mentioned type localities are not located inside protected areas, therefore exposing the species to risks related to the adjacent land use and consequent influence on water table level and input of food resources. The contribution of this work with descriptions of new troglobitic species provides support to consider them as plausible candidates to be assessed in the next list of threatened species as well as to elaborate conservation actions for the species, the caves where they inhabit and the surrounding landscape.
Subject(s)
Isopoda , Animals , Biodiversity , Brazil , Caves , Ecosystem , MaleABSTRACT
To date, approximately 190 species of terrestrial isopods are known from Brazil and only 14 are considered troglobiotic. After the examination of a large collection from caves in Bambuí and Una geomorphological areas, along the states of Bahia, Minas Gerais and Goiás, two new troglobiotic species were recognized. Pectenoniscus liliae Campos-Filho, Bichuette Taiti sp. n. (Styloniscidae) is described from Serra do Ramalho karst area, and Benthana xiquinhoi Campos-Filho, Bichuette Taiti sp. n. (Philosciidae) from sandstone caves of Chapada Diamantina region. The latter constitutes the second troglomorphic species of the genus. Xangoniscus aganju (Styloniscidae) is also recorded from two caves in the Serra do Ramalho karst area. The systematic position of Iuiuniscus iuiuensis is briefly discussed and Venezillo congener (Armadillidae) is redescribed from São Domingos karst area.
Subject(s)
Isopoda , Animals , Brazil , MalpighialesABSTRACT
The genus Novamundoniscus includes eight species with distribution in Brazil and Venezuela. The new species Novamundoniscus adhara Campos-Filho & Cardoso sp. nov. from the state of Tocantins, northern Brazil, is described, which represents the first record to the family for the state of Tocantins.(AU)
Subject(s)
Animals , Isopoda/anatomy & histology , Isopoda/classification , Species Specificity , BrazilABSTRACT
The use of molecular data in association with classical taxonomy has helped to alleviate the taxonomic impediment through the discovery, delimitation and description of new species. Terrestrial isopods are the largest suborder of Isopoda; however, there are very few active taxonomists in this group and a representative part of the terrestrial isopods world diversity remains unexplored. The genus Atlantoscia comprises five species in which diagnostic characters are few and show subtle differences among the species. The objective of this study was to delimit and describe two new species of the genus Atlantoscia from southern Brazil by using traditional taxonomy coupled with genetic information. Specimens were analyzed morphologically and by the aid of two molecular markers, mitochondrial COI and nuclear 18S rRNA. The validity of the new species Atlantoscia antennamaculata sp. nov. and Atlantoscia australis sp. nov. was corroborated, unambiguously, by morphological approach, phylogenetic analysis and species delimitation methods. Our study reinforces the fact that, despite the undeniable importance of comparative morphology in species discovery, new methods and data, particularly molecular ones, are becoming prominent and an integrative part of the taxonomy practice.
Subject(s)
Isopoda , Phylogeny , Animals , BrazilABSTRACT
A new species of Pseudione Kossmann, 1881 is described from two parasitized specimens of the clawed lobster Nephropsis aculeata Smith, 1881, collected from Brazilian waters in the southwestern Atlantic. It is the second species of the genus from Brazil and is the fourth species parasitizing nephropid lobsters in the world.
Subject(s)
Isopoda , Nephropidae , Animals , BrazilABSTRACT
The genus Novamundoniscus includes eight species with distribution in Brazil and Venezuela. The new species Novamundoniscus adhara Campos-Filho & Cardoso sp. nov. from the state of Tocantins, northern Brazil, is described, which represents the first record to the family for the state of Tocantins.
Subject(s)
Animals , Species Specificity , Isopoda/anatomy & histology , Isopoda/classification , BrazilABSTRACT
Balloniscus glaber Araujo & Zardo, 1995 (Balloniscidae), a Neotropical Oniscidea, has been recorded historically in environments with low or no human interference. In one of these areas, it was determined as aK-strategist. Recently, however, this species was documented in a disturbed forest within urban limits. The present work revealed that the population in the urban area has high density, high number of ovigerous females and mancae in the population, a long reproductive period, and early sexual maturity. These results suggest that modified environments may provide favorable conditions and that the species is not negatively affected by human influence.(AU)
Balloniscus glaber Araujo & Zardo, 1995 (Balloniscidae), um oniscídeo Neotropical, tem sido registrado historicamente em ambientes com baixa ou sem interferência humana. Em uma dessas áreas, a espécie foi classificada como K-estrategista. No entanto, recentemente foi registrada em uma floresta perturbada dentro dos limites urbanos. O presente trabalho revela que a população na área urbana tem densidade alta, elevado número de fêmeas ovígeras e mancas, período reprodutivo longo e maturidade sexual precoce. Estes resultados sugerem que um ambiente modificado pode proporcionar condições favoráveis e que a espécie não é afetada negativamente pela influência humana.(AU)
Subject(s)
Animals , Isopoda , Ecosystem , Cities , Human Activities , Man-Made DisastersABSTRACT
Balloniscus glaber Araujo & Zardo, 1995 (Balloniscidae), a Neotropical Oniscidea, has been recorded historically in environments with low or no human interference. In one of these areas, it was determined as aK-strategist. Recently, however, this species was documented in a disturbed forest within urban limits. The present work revealed that the population in the urban area has high density, high number of ovigerous females and mancae in the population, a long reproductive period, and early sexual maturity. These results suggest that modified environments may provide favorable conditions and that the species is not negatively affected by human influence.
Balloniscus glaber Araujo & Zardo, 1995 (Balloniscidae), um oniscídeo Neotropical, tem sido registrado historicamente em ambientes com baixa ou sem interferência humana. Em uma dessas áreas, a espécie foi classificada como K-estrategista. No entanto, recentemente foi registrada em uma floresta perturbada dentro dos limites urbanos. O presente trabalho revela que a população na área urbana tem densidade alta, elevado número de fêmeas ovígeras e mancas, período reprodutivo longo e maturidade sexual precoce. Estes resultados sugerem que um ambiente modificado pode proporcionar condições favoráveis e que a espécie não é afetada negativamente pela influência humana.
Subject(s)
Animals , Human Activities , Cities , Ecosystem , Isopoda , Man-Made DisastersABSTRACT
Changes in temperature across geographic gradients can occur on a wide temporal range, from fluctuations within hours as a result of day-night to those over many years. These events will drive many organisms towards their physiological limits of thermal tolerance. Recently, many reports support a limited scope for adaptive evolutionary responses to high temperatures, meaning a conserved heat tolerance among ectotherms in general. We address this problem and tested the heat and cold tolerance invariant-variant hypotheses in terrestrial isopods. We studied five different populations of Porcellio laevis and three populations of Porcellio scaber, spanning 30° S latitudinal gradient in Chile. The heat tolerance of woodlice was conserved with little variation along latitude and environmental temperatures, but cold tolerance decreases significantly with environmental temperatures and latitudes. Indeed, a significant and negative correlation was observed between cold tolerance and latitude. Also, significant and positive correlations were observed among cold tolerance and environmental temperatures. Conversely, heat tolerance was not significantly correlated with any of the environmental temperatures tested neither with latitude. This macrophysiological pattern indicated that heat and cold-tolerances of species and populations not always change across geographical gradients meaning that thermal tolerance responses to high temperatures may be evolutionary constrained.
Subject(s)
Acclimatization , Climate , Isopoda/physiology , Models, Biological , Altitude , Animals , Chile , Climate Change , Cold Temperature/adverse effects , Hot Temperature/adverse effects , Isopoda/growth & development , Species Specificity , Weight GainABSTRACT
The genus Benthana includes 25 species with distribution in Brazil and Paraguay. In this paper we describe a new species from the state of Santa Catarina, southern Brazil, and provide new records for Benthana cairensis Sokolowicz, Araujo & Boelter, 2008, Benthana longicornis Verhoeff, 1941, Benthana moreirai Lemos de Castro, 1985, Benthana picta (Brandt, 1833), Benthana serrana Araujo & Lopes, 2003, and Benthana taeniata Araujo & Buckup, 1994.
Subject(s)
Animals , Crustacea , Species Specificity , Isopoda/classificationABSTRACT
The genus Benthana includes 25 species with distribution in Brazil and Paraguay. In this paper we describe a new species from the state of Santa Catarina, southern Brazil, and provide new records for Benthana cairensis Sokolowicz, Araujo & Boelter, 2008, Benthana longicornis Verhoeff, 1941, Benthana moreirai Lemos de Castro, 1985, Benthana picta (Brandt, 1833), Benthana serrana Araujo & Lopes, 2003, and Benthana taeniata Araujo & Buckup, 1994.(AU)
Subject(s)
Animals , Species Specificity , Crustacea , Isopoda/classificationABSTRACT
Terrestrial isopods are widely infected with Wolbachia. However, little is known about the presence of bacteria in the Neotropical species. The objective of this study was to test the hypothesis of presence of Wolbachia infection in the native species of terrestrial isopods, Atlantoscia floridana and Circoniscus bezzii, and in the introduced species Burmoniscus meeusei.
Subject(s)
Animals , Base Sequence , Gene Amplification , In Vitro Techniques , Rickettsiaceae Infections/genetics , Isopoda/genetics , Marine Fauna , Polymerase Chain Reaction/methods , Rickettsiaceae/genetics , Wolbachia/genetics , Diagnosis , MethodsABSTRACT
Terrestrial isopods are widely infected with Wolbachia. However, little is known about the presence of bacteria in the Neotropical species. The objective of this study was to test the hypothesis of presence of Wolbachia infection in the native species of terrestrial isopods, Atlantoscia floridana and Circoniscus bezzii, and in the introduced species Burmoniscus meeusei.
ABSTRACT
Terrestrial isopods are widely infected with Wolbachia. However, little is known about the presence of bacteria in the Neotropical species. The objective of this study was to test the hypothesis of presence of Wolbachia infection in the native species of terrestrial isopods, Atlantoscia floridana and Circoniscus bezzii, and in the introduced species Burmoniscus meeusei.
ABSTRACT
Seven new species of Trichorhina Budde-Lund, 1908 are described, six from Southeastern Brazil, T. biumbonata sp. nov., T. lenkoi sp. nov., T. myrmecophila sp. nov., T. orensis sp. nov., T. sexdens sp. nov., T. tropidocerata sp. nov., and one from Central Brazil, T. crassisetae sp. nov. An emended diagnosis for the genus and a key to the 19 species recorded from Brazil are provided. Trichorhina acuta Araújo & Buckup, 1994 is recorded to state of Mato Grosso do Sul.
Sete espécies novas de Trichorhina Budde-Lund, 1908 são descritas, seis do sudeste do Brasil, T. biumbonata sp. nov., T. lenkoi sp. nov., T. myrmecophila sp. nov., T. orensis sp. nov., T. sexdens sp. nov. e T. tropidocerata sp. nov., e uma do Centro-Oeste, T. crassisetae sp. nov. São fornecidos uma diagnose emendada para o gênero e chave para as 19 espécies registradas para o Brasil. É registrada a ocorrência de Trichorhina acuta Araújo & Buckup, 1994 para o Mato Grosso do Sul.
ABSTRACT
Seven new species of Trichorhina Budde-Lund, 1908 are described, six from Southeastern Brazil, T. biumbonata sp. nov., T. lenkoi sp. nov., T. myrmecophila sp. nov., T. orensis sp. nov., T. sexdens sp. nov., T. tropidocerata sp. nov., and one from Central Brazil, T. crassisetae sp. nov. An emended diagnosis for the genus and a key to the 19 species recorded from Brazil are provided. Trichorhina acuta Araújo & Buckup, 1994 is recorded to state of Mato Grosso do Sul.
Sete espécies novas de Trichorhina Budde-Lund, 1908 são descritas, seis do sudeste do Brasil, T. biumbonata sp. nov., T. lenkoi sp. nov., T. myrmecophila sp. nov., T. orensis sp. nov., T. sexdens sp. nov. e T. tropidocerata sp. nov., e uma do Centro-Oeste, T. crassisetae sp. nov. São fornecidos uma diagnose emendada para o gênero e chave para as 19 espécies registradas para o Brasil. É registrada a ocorrência de Trichorhina acuta Araújo & Buckup, 1994 para o Mato Grosso do Sul.