Implementing group care in Dutch and Surinamese maternity and child care services: the vital importance of addressing outer context barriers.

BACKGROUND: By addressing physical and psychosocial needs, group care (GC) improves health-related behaviours, peer support, parent-provider interactions and may improve birth outcomes. Hence, global implementation of GC is encouraged. Context analyses prior to implementation are vital to elucidate which local factors may support or hinder implementation. METHODS: Contextual analyses conducted in the Netherlands and Suriname were compared to identify the factors relevant to the implementability of GC as perceived by healthcare professionals (HCPs). 32 semi-structured interviews were conducted with Dutch and Surinamese healthcare professionals. Audio recordings were transcribed verbatim and coded using the Framework approach. The Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research guided the development of the interview guide and of the coding tree. RESULTS: Outer setting: Concerns regarding funding surfaced in both countries. Due to limited health insurance coverage, additional fees would limit accessibility in Suriname. In the Netherlands, midwives dreaded lower revenue due to reimbursement policies that favour one-on-one care. Inner setting: Appropriate space for GC was absent in one Dutch and three Surinamese facilities. Role division regarding GC implementation was clearer in the Netherlands than in Suriname. INNOVATION: HCPs from both countries expected increased social support, health knowledge among women, and continuity of care(r). Individuals/innovation deliverers: Self-efficacy and motivation emerged as intertwined determinants to GC implementation in both countries. Individuals/innovation recipients: Competing demands can potentially lower acceptability of GC in both countries. While Dutch HCPs prioritised an open dialogue with mothers, Surinamese HCPs encouraged the inclusion of partners. PROCESS: Campaigns to raise awareness of GC were proposed. Language barriers were a concern for Dutch but not for Surinamese HCPs. CONCLUSIONS: While the most striking differences between both countries were found in the outer setting, they trickle down and affect all layers of context. Ultimately, at a later stage, the process evaluation will show if those outer setting barriers we identified prior to implementation actually hindered GC implementation. Changes to the health care systems would ensure sustained implementation in both countries, and this conclusion feeds into a more general discussion: how to proceed when contextual analyses reveal barriers that cannot be addressed with the time and resources available.

Health behaviours and well-being among older adults with a Surinamese migration background in the Netherlands.

BACKGROUND: This study aims to identify the relationships between health behaviours (healthy diet, physical activity, not smoking and social activity) and well-being among older adults with a Surinamese background. METHODS: Community-dwelling older adults (≥ 70 years) with a Surinamese background living in Rotterdam, the Netherlands, were identified by the municipal register. A survey study was conducted to assess background information, health behaviours (healthy diet, physical activity, not smoking and social activity) and well-being. Multiple regression analyses were performed to assess the relationships of health behaviours with well-being while controlling for background characteristics. RESULTS: Average age of participants was 76.2 (4.9) years, slightly more than half of them were female (54.2%). Almost half of the participants had a low-income level (49.6%). More than half of the participants met the Dutch guidelines of fruit intake (63.0%) and vegetable intake (62.8%). Less than half of the participants met the guidelines of fish intake (40.9%) and physical activity (39.8%). The majority of the participants were non-smokers (87.9%). Most of the participants had daily contact with family/friends (90.9%) and slightly more than half of the participants visited family/friends often (53.6%). Looking at the health behaviours, a positive relationship was found between eating enough fruit (ß = .109; p ≤ 0.05) and vegetables (ß = .135; p ≤ 0.01), physical activity (ß = .164; p ≤ 0.001) and often visiting family/friends (ß = .158; p ≤ 0.001) with well-being. CONCLUSION: This study suggests that next to traditional health behaviours also social activity is an essential health behaviour for the well-being of older Surinamese adults. Research about health promotion should expand its focus by including social activity as health behaviour.

Lessons from Building a Sustainable Healthcare Exchange between the Netherlands and Cuba.

Over the past ten years, seven Dutch Universities have built a sustainable exchange with seven institutes in Cuban healthcare. The exchange was initiated by the Leiden University Medical Centre and the University of Medical Sciences of Havana. Cooperation with Cuba was chosen as Cuba has excellent primary healthcare and has a strong focus on prevention and public health. These were considered important due to the major contribution of non-communicable diseases to morbidity and mortality in the Netherlands. Exchanges have occurred with Dutch health professionals and students visiting Cuban healthcare institutions and Cuban postgraduate students studying in the Netherlands. There has been an increased awareness of the importance of public health and prevention in Dutch professional organizations following the exchange. The exchange has also helped to break the scientific and economic US blockade of Cuba and resulted in joint publications. In this review we described the process, key aspects, results and lessons learned in this process. Collaboration between Cuba (a middle income) and the Netherlands (a high-income country) is possible.

Pendiente resbaladiza de la muerte asistida en los Países Bajos, Bélgica y Colombia / An analysis of the "slippery slope" of assisted death

The study analyzes the phenomenon of the "slippery slope" of assisted death in The Netherlands, Belgium, and Colombia after the depenalization or legalization of this practice. Data analysis was performed reviewing the evidence published in scientific journals and in the governments' official reports. We verified a progressive broadening of the limits initially established by the law for the practice of assisted death in these three countries. This confirms the occurrence of the "slippery slope". Also, the exponential increase in the number of assisted deaths in these three countries after the legalization indirectly suggests the presence of the "slippery slope". An analysis of the anthropological and ethical implications of assisted death highlights that its moral assessment should not be exclusively based on consequentialist arguments. Also, a prudential interpretation of the slippery slope argument in the legal debate about assisted death should be incorporated. We conclude that the moral evaluation of assisted death cannot be exclusively grounded on its negative social consequences, but rather on the lack of respect for basic human values such as life and the intrinsic dignity of a person. The verification of the "slippery slope" in these three countries should be regarded as an alarm for an eventual legalization of euthanasia in Chile.

Belief in Brua among psychiatric patients from Aruba, Bonaire, and Curaçao: Results from an explorative study in the Netherlands.

Brua is an Afro-Caribbean religion and healing tradition predominantly practised on the ABC islands of the former Netherlands Antilles. It is grounded in oral tradition and shrouded in strict social taboos. Existing literature suggests that the majority of people on and from the islands are familiar with Brua and that it plays a substantial role in shaping their illness conception and idioms of distress. A lack of knowledge of Brua may therefore lead biomedically trained health professionals to misdiagnose these patients. This article discusses how religious beliefs related to Brua influence the illness concepts and idioms of distress of psychiatric patients originating from the ABC Islands, based on semi-structured interviews with former islanders receiving treatment at a psychiatric institute in the Netherlands. We found that of the 29 interviewees, 93.1% knew what Brua involved, 72.4% believed in it, 48.2% had first-hand experience with Brua practices, and 34.5% attributed their mental illness to Brua with greater or lesser certainty. However, only one patient had previously discussed her belief in Brua with her psychiatrist and only when asked to do so. The role of psychoactive substances in the context of Brua practices was negligible. Thus, the present study indicates that the majority of psychiatric patients from the ABC islands are familiar with Brua, but feel reluctant to discuss their concerns in this area with mental health professionals. Recommendations for clinical practice and further research are provided, including the need for a culture-sensitive approach and integrative care.

Use of Cost-Effectiveness Analyses for Decisions About Vaccination Programs for Meningococcal Disease in the United States, United Kingdom, The Netherlands, and Canada.

INTRODUCTION: Meningococcal vaccines to protect against invasive meningococcal disease (IMD) vary in terms of vaccine technology and serogroup coverage (Polysaccharide MnACWY, conjugated C and ACWY, outer membrane vesicle-based or protein-based B vaccines), and the national recommendations for each of them vary in terms of target population and number of doses. We sought to understand factors associated with the evolution of meningococcal vaccination program recommendations in four countries with formal evaluation processes: the UK, US, the Netherlands, and Canada. AREAS COVERED: A targeted review of published literature and internet sources for the four countries relating to meningococcal vaccination decision-making was conducted. The review focused on the impact of cost-effectiveness analyses on vaccine policy decisions and the extent to which variation in incidence of IMD and its potential catastrophic consequences influenced policy decisions.The evolution of meningococcal vaccine recommendations in the four countries was mainly driven by changes in vaccine availability and changes in serogroup incidence. Public pressure due to the catastrophic nature of IMD influenced recommendations. The role of cost-effectiveness analyses varied across the 4 countries. EXPERT OPINION: The value of implementing meningococcal vaccination programs should be assessed using factors beyond those included in traditional cost-effectiveness analyses.

Why Using Religious Arguments in the Euthanasia Discussion is Problematic / Por qué hacer uso de argumentos religiosos en el debate sobre la eutanasia es un tema problemático / Por que usar argumentos religiosos no debate sobre a eutanásia é um tema problemático

Abstract: In discussions about assisted dying (euthanasia, assisted suicide), those who argue 'against' legalisation often reason from a religious angle, whereas those 'in favour' adopt a secular stance. The Dutch experience is more nuanced: here, euthanasia advocacy largely originated from protestant religious believers. In this contribution, I criticise the use of religious arguments favouring any specific position. Religion may provide a heuristic context to explore norms relevant in the discussion, and religion may help us formulate our personal stance. But when it comes to societal debates (often focusing on whether or not to legalise euthanasia), we should concentrate on legal, societal, empirical, and ethical arguments that are understandable to all.

Resumen: en discusiones sobre la muerte asistida (eutanasia, suicidio asistido), aquellos que argumentan estar "en contra" de la legalización a menudo razonan desde un ángulo religioso, mientras que los que están "a favor" adoptan una postura secular. La experiencia holandesa es más matizada: aquí, la defensa de la eutanasia se originó en gran medida por creyentes religiosos protestantes. En esta contribución, critico el uso de argumentos religiosos que favorezcan cualquier posición específica. La religión puede proveer un contexto heurístico para explorar normas relevantes en la discusión, y la religión puede ayudarnos a formular nuestra postura personal. Pero cuando se trata de debates sociales (a menudo enfocados en la legalización o no de la eutanasia), debemos concentrarnos en argumentos jurídicos, sociales, empíricos y éticos que sean comprensibles para todos.

Resumo: Em discussões sobre a morte assistida (eutanásia, suicidio assistido), os que argumentam estar "contra" a legalização com frequência pensam a partir de um ângulo religioso, enquanto os que estão "a favor" adotam um posicionamento secular. A experiência holandesa é mais fusionada: aqui, a defesa da eutanásia foi originada em grande medida por crentes religiosos protestantes. Nesta contribuição, critico o uso de argumentos religiosos que favoreçam qualquer posicionamento específico. A religião pode promover um contexto heurístico para explorar normas relevantes na discussão, e a religiao pode ajudarnos a formular nosso posicionamento pessoal. Contudo, quando é tratado de debates sociais (às vezes focados na legalização ou não da eutanásia), devemos concentrar-nos em argumentos jurídicos, sociais, empíricos e éticos que sejam compreensíveis para todos.

Contribution of amenable mortality to life expectancy differences between the Dutch Caribbean islands of Aruba and Curaçao and the Netherlands.

OBJECTIVE: To identify specific health care areas whose optimization could improve population health in the Dutch Caribbean islands of Aruba and Curaçao. METHODS: Comparative observational study using mortality and population data of the Dutch Caribbean islands and the Netherlands. Mortality trends were calculated, then analyzed with Joinpoint software, for the period 1988-2014. Life expectancies were computed using abridged life tables for the most recent available data of all territories (2005-2007). Life expectancy differences between the Dutch Caribbean and the Netherlands were decomposed into cause-specific contributions using Arriaga's method. RESULTS: During the period 1988-2014, levels of amenable mortality have been consistently higher in Aruba and Curaçao than in the Netherlands. For Aruba, the gap in amenable mortality with the Netherlands did not significantly change during the study period, while it widened for Curaçao. If mortality from amenable causes were reduced to similar levels as in the Netherlands, men and women in Aruba would have added, respectively, 1.19 years and 0.72 years to their life expectancies during the period 2005-2007. In Curaçao, this would be 2.06 years and 2.33 years. The largest cause-specific contributions were found for circulatory diseases, breast cancer, perinatal causes, and nephritis/nephrosis (these last two causes solely in Curaçao). CONCLUSIONS: Improvements in health care services related to circulatory diseases, breast cancer, perinatal deaths, and nephritis/nephrosis in the Dutch Caribbean could substantially contribute to reducing the gap in life expectancy with the Netherlands. Based on our study, we recommend more in-depth studies to identify the specific interventions and resources needed to optimize the underlying health care areas.

Estimating the Impact of Switching from a Lower to Higher Valent Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine in Colombia, Finland, and The Netherlands: A Cost-Effectiveness Analysis.

INTRODUCTION: Widespread use of ten-valent (Synflorix™, GSK) or 13-valent (Prevenar 13™; Pfizer) conjugate vaccination programs has effectively reduced invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) globally. However, IPD caused by serotypes not contained within the respective vaccines continues to increase, notably serotypes 3, 6A, and 19A in countries using lower-valent vaccines. Our objective was to estimate the clinical and economic benefit of replacing PCV10 with PCV13 in Colombia, Finland, and The Netherlands. METHODS: Country-specific databases, supplemented with published and unpublished data, informed the historical incidence of pneumococcal disease as well as direct and indirect medical costs. A decision-analytic forecasting model was applied, and both costs and outcomes were discounted. The observed invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) trends from each country were used to forecast the future number of IPD cases given a PCV13 or PCV10 program. RESULTS: Over a 5-year time horizon, a switch to a PCV13 program was estimated to reduce overall IPD among 0-2 year olds by an incremental - 37.6% in Colombia, - 32.9% in Finland, and - 26% in The Netherlands, respectively, over PCV10. Adults > 65 years experienced a comparable incremental decrease in overall IPD in Colombia (- 32.2%), Finland (- 15%), and The Netherlands (- 3.7%). Serotypes 3, 6A, and 19A drove the incremental decrease in disease for PCV13 over PCV10 in both age groups. A PCV13 program was dominant in Colombia and Finland and cost-effective in The Netherlands at 1 × GDP per capita (€34,054/QALY). CONCLUSION: In Colombia, Finland, and The Netherlands, countries with diverse epidemiologic and population distributions, switching from a PCV10 to PCV13 program would significantly reduce the burden of IPD in all three countries in as few as 5 years.

High seroprevalence of multiple high-risk human papillomavirus types among the general population of Bonaire, St. Eustatius and Saba, Caribbean Netherlands.

BACKGROUND: Incidence and mortality of human papillomavirus (HPV)-related cancers differs geographically, with high rates in Caribbean countries. Seroepidemiological data provide information on lifetime cumulative HPV exposure and contributing risk factors, but has not been available yet for Caribbean Netherlands (CN), comprising the islands Bonaire, St. Eustatius and Saba. Therefore, a cross-sectional population-based serosurveillance study was performed in this (recently girls-only HPV-vaccinated) population in 2017. METHODS: Blood samples from participants (n = 1,823, 0-90 years) were tested for seven high-risk (hr)-HPV-specific IgG-antibodies using a VLP-based multiplex-immunoassay. Risk factors for HPV-seropositivity were analysed among persons unvaccinated aged ≥ 15 years who ever had sex (n = 1,080). RESULTS: Among unvaccinated individuals aged ≥ 15 years, overall seropositivity was high (34%), with over half of them being seropositive for ≥ 2 hr-HPV types, and HPV16 and 52 being most prevalent (13%). Seroprevalence was substantial higher in unvaccinated women (51%) than men (18%), predominantly peaking in women aged 20-59 years, and was highest on St. Eustatius (38%). Besides age and sex, sexual risk factors were associated with HPV-seropositivity. CONCLUSIONS: In accordance with the Caribbean region, seroprevalence of multiple hr-HPV types was high in CN. These data corroborate the decision regarding introduction of a sex-neutral HPV-vaccination program and the relevance for considering a population-based cervical cancer screening program.

Contribution of amenable mortality to life expectancy differences between the Dutch Caribbean islands of Aruba and Curaçao and the Netherlands / Contribución de la mortalidad por causas evitables mediante la atención de salud a la diferencia de la esperanza de vida entre las islas del Caribe holandés de Aruba y Curaçao y los Países Bajos / Contribuição da mortalidade evitável para as diferenças na expectativa de vida entre as ilhas de Aruba e Curaçao, no Caribe holandês, e os Países Baixos

ABSTRACT Objective. To identify specific health care areas whose optimization could improve population health in the Dutch Caribbean islands of Aruba and Curaçao. Methods. Comparative observational study using mortality and population data of the Dutch Caribbean islands and the Netherlands. Mortality trends were calculated, then analyzed with Joinpoint software, for the period 1988-2014. Life expectancies were computed using abridged life tables for the most recent available data of all territories (2005-2007). Life expectancy differences between the Dutch Caribbean and the Netherlands were decomposed into cause-specific contributions using Arriaga's method. Results. During the period 1988-2014, levels of amenable mortality have been consistently higher in Aruba and Curaçao than in the Netherlands. For Aruba, the gap in amenable mortality with the Netherlands did not significantly change during the study period, while it widened for Curaçao. If mortality from amenable causes were reduced to similar levels as in the Netherlands, men and women in Aruba would have added, respectively, 1.19 years and 0.72 years to their life expectancies during the period 2005-2007. In Curaçao, this would be 2.06 years and 2.33 years. The largest cause-specific contributions were found for circulatory diseases, breast cancer, perinatal causes, and nephritis/nephrosis (these last two causes solely in Curaçao). Conclusions. Improvements in health care services related to circulatory diseases, breast cancer, perinatal deaths, and nephritis/nephrosis in the Dutch Caribbean could substantially contribute to reducing the gap in life expectancy with the Netherlands. Based on our study, we recommend more in-depth studies to identify the specific interventions and resources needed to optimize the underlying health care areas.(AU)

RESUMEN Objetivo. Determinar las áreas específicas de atención de salud cuya optimización podría mejorar la salud de la población en las islas del Caribe holandés de Aruba y Curaçao. Métodos. Estudio de observación comparativo en el que se utilizaron datos demográficos y de mortalidad de las islas del Caribe holandés y de los Países Bajos. Se calcularon las tendencias de mortalidad y luego se analizaron con programas de computación Jointpoint de regresión lineal segmentada, para el período 1988-2014. La esperanza de vida se calculó utilizando tablas de mortalidad abreviadas con los datos más recientes disponibles de todos los territorios (2005-2007). Las diferencias de esperanza de vida entre el Caribe holandés y los Países Bajos se desglosaron, usando el método de Arriaga, en contribuciones por causas específicas. Resultados. En el período 1988-2014, los niveles de mortalidad por causas evitables mediante la atención de salud han sido sistemáticamente mayores en Aruba y Curaçao que en los Países Bajos. En el caso de Aruba, la brecha en la mortalidad por causas evitables mediante la atención de salud con respecto a los Países Bajos no varió significativamente durante el período de estudio; en el caso de Curaçao, la brecha fue mayor. Si la mortalidad por causas evitables mediante la atención de salud se redujese a un nivel similar al de los Países Bajos, los hombres y las mujeres en Aruba habrían sumado, respectivamente, 1,19 años y 0,72 años a su esperanza de vida en el período 2005-2007. En Curaçao, el aumento hubiese sido de 2,06 años y de 2,33 años. Según el estudio, las causas específicas que más contribuyen a esta diferencia son las enfermedades circulatorias, el cáncer de mama, las complicaciones perinatales, y la nefritis/nefrosis (estas últimas dos causas solamente en Curaçao). Conclusiones. Una mejora en los servicios de salud en relación con las enfermedades circulatorias, el cáncer de mama, las complicaciones perinatales, y la nefritis/nefrosis en el Caribe holandés podría contribuir sustancialmente a la reducción de la brecha en la esperanza de vida con respecto a los Países Bajos. Por tanto, con base en nuestro estudio, recomendamos que se realicen más estudios exhaustivos a fin de determinar las intervenciones específicas y los recursos que se necesitan para optimizar las áreas de atención de salud involucradas.(AU)

RESUMO Objetivo. Identificar áreas específicas da atenção à saúde cuja otimização poderia melhorar a saúde da população nas ilhas de Aruba e Curaçao, no Caribe holandês. Métodos. Estudo observacional comparativo baseado em dados de mortalidade e populacionais das ilhas do Caribe holandês e dos Países Baixos. As tendências de mortalidade foram calculadas e então analisadas com o software Joinpoint, no período de 1988 a 2014. As expectativas de vida foram computadas usando tábuas de mortalidade resumidas com os dados disponíveis mais recentes de todos os territórios (2005-2007). As diferenças na expectativa de vida entre o Caribe holandês e os Países Baixos foram desagregadas segundo as contribuições específicas por causa usando o método de Arriaga. Resultados. No período de 1988 a 2014, os níveis de mortalidade evitável foram consistentemente mais elevados em Aruba e Curaçao do que nos Países Baixos. Em Aruba, a diferença na mortalidade evitável em comparação com os Países Baixos não mudou significativamente durante o período do estudo, enquanto que em Curaçao a diferença aumentou. Se a mortalidade por causas evitáveis fosse reduzida a níveis semelhantes aos dos Países Baixos, os homens e mulheres de Aruba teriam aumentos respectivos de 1,19 e 0,72 anos nas suas expectativas de vida durante o período 2005-2007. Em Curaçao, o aumento seria de 2,06 e 2,33 anos. As maiores contribuições de causas específicas foram as de doenças circulatórias, câncer de mama, causas perinatais e nefrite/nefrose (estas duas últimas causas somente em Curaçao). Conclusões. Melhorias nos serviços de saúde relacionados com doenças circulatórias, câncer de mama, mortes perinatais e nefrite/nefrose no Caribe holandês poderiam contribuir substancialmente para reduzir as disparidades na expectativa de vida em comparação com os Países Baixos. Com base neste trabalho, recomendamos estudos mais aprofundados para identificar as intervenções e recursos específicos necessários para otimizar estas áreas da atenção à saúde.(AU)

Food habits and substrate use by the South American xenodontine snake Erythrolamprus frenatus, with comments on its brightly-coloured venter

Erythrolamprus frenatus belongs to the Family Dipsadidae, is distributed mainly within Cerrado areas of southeastern South America and it is poorly known in your diet and use of the substrate. Information on substrate use and diet was obtained from unpublished data provided by other researchers and specimens deposited in the herpetological collections, respectively. Five specimens were observed in the water, while two others were found on the ground, but close to bodies of water. Four prey items were recorded, and all of them being swamp eels of the family Synbranchidae. Our results providing important information on substrate use and diet of this species, and suggests that E. frenatus is a fish-eatinger snake, which seems to have specialized on elongated fishes. The presence of brightly colored belly in E. frenatus, suggests that this pattern may be a defensive tactic against aquatic predators.

EQA-based evaluation of metrological traceability of clinical chemistry test results in Argentina / EQA-based evaluation of metrological traceability of clinical chemistry test results in Argentina

Equivalence of results among laboratories is a major mission for medical laboratories. In the Netherlands, medical laboratories only use homogenous, commercial for general chemistry analytes, whereas in Argentina heterogenous, home brew test applications are common. The effect of this practice difference on test accuracy is studied using key features of the accuracy-based EQA program of the Netherlands. Six frozen, human-based, commutable poolsera, covering the (patho) physiological measuring range for 17 general chemistry analytes, were assayed by ~75 Argentinian labs and ~200 Dutch laboratories in 2014. After removal of outliers, harmonization status among laboratories was evaluated by calculating overall mean interlaboratory coefficients of variation (CVs, %) per analyte and per country for all 6 levels. Evenso, standardization status was evaluated after removal of outliers by calculating overall mean recoveries (%) as compared to the assigned target values per analyte per country for all 6 levels. Absolute median biases were compared to (minimal/desirable) biases derived from biological variation criteria. For serum enzymes interlaboratory CVs in the Argentinian laboratories ranged between 10 and 22%, as compared to 3-6% in the Netherlands. For serum uric acid, creatinine, glucose and total protein, interlaboratory CVs varied between 4.3 and 13.1% in Argentinian labs, as compared to <3.5% in the Netherlands. For serum electrolytes, interlaboratory CVs ranged between 1.8 and 3.8% for Na+; 2.9-5.8% for Cl-; 3.8-7.5% for K+; 9.4-10.4% for Ca2+ and 16.2-22.3% for Mg2+ as compared to ≤2% (Na+, K+, Cl-, Ca2+) and ≤3% (Mg2+) in the Netherlands. Mean recoveries in Argentinian laboratories for e.g. serum creatinine, glucose, CK, Ca2+ and Na+ were 95-119%; 95-104%; 98-102%; 98-102% and 96-100% respectively, whereas min-max recovery ranges were 65-155%; 58-126%; 47-132%; 66-132% and 85-115%. In the Netherlands, absolute mean recoveries were overall 98.9% with a SD of 2.0%. Median biases in Argentinian laboratories ranged from -2.9 to 18.2%; -3.1 - 2.6%; -3.3 - 0.5%; -1.1 - 3.8% and -4.3-0% for serum creatinine, glucose, CK, Ca2+ and Na+. In the Netherlands overall mean/median biases were 1.1% (SD=2.0%). Exchange of commutable, value- assigned EQA-materials was helpful for studying the harmonization and standardization status of medical tests in Argentina, and for revealing the future harmonization and standardization potential. The results clearly demonstrate that metrological traceability of test results in Argentina is on average in line with what is expected; yet, the spreading among laboratories is far too high and should be improved.

La equivalencia de resultados entre laboratorios es una mision importante para los laboratorios medicos. En los Paises Bajos, los laboratorios medicos solo usan aplicaciones comerciales homogeneas, regulatoriamente aprobadas (CE-IVD) para analitos quimicos, mientras que en la Argentina son comunes las aplicaciones heterogeneas caseras. El efecto de esta diferencia practica en la precision de la prueba se estudia utilizando caracteristicas clave del programa EQA, basado en la precision, de los Paises Bajos. Se ensayaron seis pools de sueros, congelados, de origen humano, conmutables, que cubrian el rango de medidas (pato)fisiologicas para 17 analitos de quimica clinica. Estos analitos de quimica clinica fueron analizados por ~75 laboratorios argentinos y ~200 laboratorios holandeses en 2014. Despues de eliminar los valores atipicos, el estado de armonizacion entre los laboratorios fue evaluado calculando los coeficientes de variacion interlaboratorios medios globales (CV%) por analito y por pais para los 6 niveles. No obstante, el estado de estandarizacion se evaluo despues de la eliminacion de valores atipicos mediante el calculo de recuperaciones medias generales (%) en comparacion con los valores asignados por analito por pais para los 6 niveles. Los sesgos medios absolutos se compararon con los sesgos (minimos / deseables) derivados de los criterios de variacion biologica. Para enzimas sericas los CV interlaboratorio en los laboratorios argentinos oscilaron entre 10 y 22%, en comparacion con 3-6% en los Paises Bajos. Para el acido urico serico, creatinina, glucosa y proteinas totales, los CV entre laboratorios variaron entre 4,3 y 13,1% en los laboratorios argentinos, en comparacion con <3,5% en los Paises Bajos. Para los electrolitos sericos, los CV interlaboratorios oscilaron entre 1,8 y 3,8% para Na+; 2,9-5,8% para Cl-; 3,8-7,5% para K+; 9,4-10,4% para Ca2+ y 16,2-22,3% para Mg2+ en comparacion a ≤2% (Na+, K+, Cl-, Ca2+) y ≤3% (Mg2+) en los Paises Bajos. Las recuperaciones medias en laboratorios argentinos para, p.ej. la creatinina serica, glucosa, CK, Ca2+ y Na+ fueron 95-119%; 95-104%; 98-102%; 98-102% y 96-100% respectivamente, mientras que los rangos de recuperacion min-max fueron 65-155%; 58-126%; 47-132%; 66-132% y 85-115%. En los Paises Bajos, las recuperaciones medias absolutas fueron en general del 98,9% con una desviacion estandar (DE) del 2,0%. La mediana de los sesgos medios de los laboratorios argentinos oscilo entre -2,9 y 18,2%; -3,1 - 2,6%; -3,3 - 0,5%; -1,1 - 3,8% y -4,3-0% para creatinina serica, glucosa, CK, Ca2+ y Na+. En los Paises Bajos, las medias / medianas en general fueron de 1,1% (DE=2,0%). El intercambio de los valores asignados a los materiales EQA, conmutables fue de gran ayuda para la armonizacion y estandarizacion de los ensayos medicos en la Argentina y para revelar el potencial futuro de armonizacion y estandarizacion. Estos resultados claramente demuestran que la trazabilidad metrologica de los resultados de las pruebas en la Argentina esta, en promedio, de acuerdo con lo esperable; sin embargo, la dispersion entre laboratorios es muy grande y deberia ser mejorada.

A equivalencia de resultados entre laboratorios e uma missao importante para os laboratorios medicos. Nos Paises Baixos, os laboratorios medicos so utilizam aplicacoes comerciais homogeneas, aprovadas por regulacoes (CE-IVD) para analitos quimicos, ao passo que na Argentina sao comuns as aplicacoes heterogeneas caseiras. O efeito desta diferenca pratica na exatidao do teste e estudado utilizando caracteristicas essenciais do programa EQA, dos Paises Baixos, baseado na exatidao. Foram ensaiados seis pools de soros, congelados, de origem humana, comutaveis, que abrangiam a faixa de medidas (pato)fisiologicas para 17 analitos quimicos gerais. Esses analitos quimicos foram analisados por ~75 laboratorios argentinos e ~200 laboratorios holandeses em 2014. Apos eliminar os valores atipicos, o estado de harmonizacao entre os laboratorios foi avaliado atraves do calculo dos coeficientes de variacao interlaboratorio meios globais (CV%) por analito e por pais para os 6 niveis. Nao obstante, o estado de padronizacao foi avaliado depois da eliminacao de valores atipicos pelo calculo de recuperacoes medias gerais (%) se comparados com os valores atribuidos por analito por pais para os 6 niveis. Os vieses medios absolutos foram comparados com os vieses (minimos / desejaveis) decorrentes dos criterios de variacao biologica. Para enzimas sericas, os CV interlaboratorio nos laboratorios argentinos oscilaram entre 10 e 22%, em comparacao com 3-6% nos Paises Baixos. Para o acido urico serico, creatinina, glicose e proteinas totais, os CV entre laboratorios variaram entre 4,3 e 13,1% nos laboratorios argentinos, em comparacao com <3,5% nos Paises Baixos para os eletrolitos sericos, os CV interlaboratorios oscilaram entre 1,8 e 3,8% para Na+; 2,9-5,8% para Cl-; 3,8-7,5% para K+; 9,4-10,4% para Ca2+ e 16,2-22,3% para Mg2+ em comparacao com ≤2% (Na+, K+, Cl-, Ca2+) e ≤3% (Mg2+) nos Paises Baixos. As recuperacoes medias em laboratorios argentinos para, p.ex. a creatinina serica, glicose, CK, Ca2+ e Na+ foram 95-119%; 95-104%; 98-102%; 98-102% e 96-100% respectivamente, enquanto que os intervalos de recuperacao min-max. foram 65-155%; 58-126%; 47-132%; 66-132% e 85-115%. Nos Paises Baixos, as recuperacoes medias absolutas foram em geral de 98,9% com um desvio padrao (DE) de 2,0%. A mediana dos vieses medios dos laboratorios argentinos oscilou entre -2,9 e 18,2%; -3,1 - 2,6%; -3,3 - 0,5%; -1,1 - 3,8% e -4,3-0% para creatinina serica, glicose, CK, Ca2+ e Na+. Nos Paises Baixos, as medias / medianas em geral foram de 1,1% (DE=2,0%). O intercambio dos valores atribuidos aos materiais EQA, comutaveis, foi de grande ajuda para a harmonizacao e padronizacao dos ensaios medicos na Argentina e para revelar o potencial futuro de harmonizacao e padronizacao. Esses resultados demonstram as claras que a rastreabilidade metrologica dos resultados dos testes na Argentina esta de acordo com o esperavel; a dispersao entre laboratorios ainda e muito grande e deveria ser melhorada.

Seroepidemiology of Measles, Mumps and Rubella on Bonaire, St. Eustatius and Saba: The First Population-Based Serosurveillance Study in Caribbean Netherlands.

The National Immunization Program (NIP) on Bonaire, St. Eustatius and Saba (i.e., Caribbean Netherlands (CN)) includes the measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine since 1988/89. Seroepidemiological data is an important tool to evaluate the NIP, hence a cross-sectional representative population-based serosurveillance study was conducted for the first time in CN in mid-2017. Participants (n = 1829, aged 0-90 years) donated a blood sample and completed a health-related questionnaire. MMR-specific IgG antibodies were determined using a bead-based multiplex immunoassay and risk factors were analyzed using logistic regression models. Overall seroprevalence was high for measles (94%), but lower for mumps and rubella (both 85%). In NIP eligibles, including women of childbearing age, rubella seroprevalence (88%) exceeded the threshold for protection (85%); however, for measles (89%) this protective level (95%) was not met. MMR seropositivity was lowest in children who became CN resident at 11-17 years of age (especially for measles (72%)), mostly originating from Latin America and other non-Western countries. Interestingly, rubella seroprevalence was lowest in non-NIP eligible adults from Dutch overseas territories and Suriname (75%). Taken together, MMR immunity is generally good in CN, nonetheless some risk groups were identified. Additionally, we found evidence for a unique island epidemiology. In light of recent regional measles outbreaks, disease monitoring remains of utmost importance.

The hypervirulent Coxiella burnetii Guiana strain compared in silico, in vitro and in vivo to the Nine Mile and the German strain.

OBJECTIVE: Q fever epidemic outbreaks have been reported in French Guiana and in The Netherlands. To determine whether the C. burnetii strains involved in these epidemics had a peculiar virulence pattern, we compared the pathogenicity of the Guiana and the German strain (a clone of The Netherlands strain), in silico, in vitro, and in vivo versus the Nine Mile strain. METHOD: The pan-genomes of the Guiana (Cb175), German (Z3055), and the referent Nine Mile (RSA 493) C. burnetii strains were compared. In vitro, the growth rate and the morphological presentation were compared. In vivo (SCID and Balb/c mice), weight loss, histological lesions, C. burnetii bacterial load in deep organs, and serological response were reported according to each C. burnetii strain studied. RESULTS: The Guiana strain had 77 times more missing genes and 12 times more unique genes than the German strain. The Guiana strain presented as large cell variants (LCVs) and led to the most pronounced fatality rate in SCID mice (100% at 4 weeks). The German strain presented as small cell variants (SCVs), and had an intermediate fatality rate (75% at 4 weeks). Both the Guiana and the German strains led to a significant higher serological response at 2 and 4 weeks post infection (p <0.05). CONCLUSION: The Guiana strain was the most virulent strain, followed by the German strain and the referent Nine Mile strain. Unique and missing genes could be implicated but further investigations are necessary to specify their role.

Barriers and motivators of Ghanaian and African-Surinamese migrants to donate blood.

African migrants are underrepresented as blood donors in many Western countries, which can lead to shortages of specific blood types for transfusion. More insight in the reasons for this underrepresentation is required to improve blood donor recruitment and retention strategies. The aim of this qualitative study was to explore barriers and motivators for donating blood among migrants of African background. The research population consisted of first and second generation African-Surinamese (n = 20) and Ghanaian (n = 16) migrants living in the Netherlands. In semi-structured personal interviews performed in 2016 and 2017, their experiences and opinions regarding blood donation, barriers, and motivators to (not) become a blood donor and their suggestions to improve recruitment were explored. Data collection was continued until data saturation was achieved. The interviews revealed that although all participants knew about blood donation in general, only four had previously heard of the Dutch national blood bank organisation. Participants expected that if blood was needed, the blood bank would directly approach them, as in their country of origin. Other main blood donation barriers were fear (e.g., of needles, losing too much blood) and issues related to health and non-eligibility to donate. Main motivators were mainly of altruistic nature (e.g., saving a life) and an increased awareness of the need via personal recruitment appeals. It is concluded that expectations regarding donor recruitment-derived from the country of origin-and unawareness of the need for blood can act as important barriers in blood donation among African migrants. Contrary to studies in the United States and Australia, perceived discrimination and social exclusion did not seem to be a donation deterrent among migrants in the Netherlands. Creating awareness of the need of blood by actively approaching, and informing migrants about the donation procedure in the host country, should be considered by blood banks.

Inequalities in smoking and obesity in Europe predicted to 2050: Findings from the EConDA project.

AIMS: The aim of this study was to project educational inequalities in obesity and smoking prevalence to 2050 based on past obesity and smoking trends by education level. METHODS: Data on obesity (body mass index ≥ 30) and smoking prevalence (current smokers) by education level (tertiary education and less than tertiary) from nationally representative cross-sectional surveys were collected for the following six countries participating in the Economics of Chronic Diseases project (EConDA): England, Finland, Lithuania, the Netherlands, Poland (obesity only) and Portugal (obesity only). A nonlinear multivariate regression model was fitted to the data to create longitudinal projections to 2050. Inequalities were measured with a prevalence ratio and a prevalence difference using projected obesity/smoking prevalence. RESULTS: Educational inequalities in obesity prevalence are projected to increase in Finland, Lithuania and England for men, and in Lithuania and Poland for women, by 2050. Obesity prevalence is projected to increase faster among the more advantaged groups in England, Portugal, Finland and the Netherlands among women, and Portugal and the Netherlands among men, narrowing inequalities. In contrast to obesity, smoking prevalence is projected to continue declining in most of the countries studied. The decline is projected to be faster in relative terms among more advantaged groups; therefore, relative educational inequalities in smoking prevalence are projected to increase in all countries. CONCLUSIONS: Widening educational inequalities in obesity and smoking prevalence are expected in several European countries if current trends in obesity and smoking prevalence are unaltered. This will impact on inequalities in morbidity and mortality of associated diseases such as diabetes, coronary heart disease and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

Yellow fever in a traveller returning from Suriname to the Netherlands, March 2017.

A Dutch traveller returning from Suriname in early March 2017, presented with fever and severe acute liver injury. Yellow fever was diagnosed by (q)RT-PCR and sequencing. During hospital stay, the patient's condition deteriorated and she developed hepatic encephalopathy requiring transfer to the intensive care. Although yellow fever has not been reported in the last four decades in Suriname, vaccination is recommended by the World Health Organization for visitors to this country.

Preventive Child Health Care within the Framework of the Dutch Health Care System.

The Netherlands has established a high quality system of child health care based on a unique standardized digital preventive child health program underpinned by legislation. Stringent assessment of the implementation of the new Youth Act is needed to fulfill the United Nations' child rights to health. The impact of national child health care systems on the well-being of children with long-term conditions should be evaluated by using international (World Health Organization) comparable coding to document the benefit of preventive child health care programs and their outcomes.

Zika virus infection in 18 travellers returning from Surinam and the Dominican Republic, The Netherlands, November 2015-March 2016.

PURPOSE: We report 18 cases of confirmed Zika virus (ZIKV) infection in travellers returning to the Netherlands from Surinam (South America, bordering northern Brazil) and the Dominican Republic. METHODS: In a multi-centre study, we collected epidemiological, virological and clinical characteristics, as well as data on travel history, underlying illness and laboratory results of the 18 imported ZIKV infection cases using a standardised form. RESULTS: Most cases had a self-limiting course of disease, two patients developed complications, one had Guillain-Barré and another had severe thrombocytopenia. Four patients had underlying illness. One of the reported cases was pregnant. Three of 13 patients tested had a weak-positive result for dengue IgM. The majority of patients were born in Suriname and/or visiting friends and relatives (VFR). CONCLUSIONS: Providing pre-travel advice among travellers, especially VFR travellers, is needed to enhance the use of preventive measures against ZIKV infection. Further evidence on health risks associated with ZIKV infection is urgently needed.