Cooperation During Orthodontic Treatment of Patients with I Phase and Phase Orthodontic Treatment / Cooperación Durante el Tratamiento Ortodóntico de Pacientes Tratados Previamente con Ortodoncia Interceptiva

To evaluate differences in cooperation of adolescent patients in active orthodontic treatment between those who received one phased treatment (no prior interceptive or early treatment) and two phased treatment (prior interceptive or early treatment and subsequent corrective treatment). A prospective cohort study was carried out in 132 patients undergoing orthodontic treatment between 10 and 17 years old at CES University Dental Clinics and in 9 private practices in Medellín Colombia; two groups of 66 patients were defined; one that received two phased treatment and one that received one phased treatment. The Orthodontic Patient Cooperation Scale (OPCS) was applied to all individuals every three months during the first year of treatment in order to assess cooperation. Statistical differences between both groups were assessed using the SSPS® software program. Significantly greater cooperation (M = 4.6) was observed in patients who had received two phased treatment compared with those who were only subjected to one phased treatment (M = 2.3). Patient cooperation during orthodontic treatment does not seem to be affected by two phased treatment and to the contrary seems to have a positive impact when comparing it with individuals with one phased treatment. The most important factors found to influence cooperation were correlated with attitude, interest and commitment to treatment, patient and parental motivation. The OPCS scale proved to be useful for evaluating cooperation and making comparisons with other studies.

Evaluar las diferencias en la cooperación de los pacientes adolescentes en el tratamiento de ortodoncia activa entre los que recibieron una fase de tratamiento (sin tratamiento interceptivo previo o temprano) y los que recibieron el tratamiento de dos fases (tratamiento interceptivo previo o temprano y tratamiento correctivo posterior). Se realizó un estudio de cohorte prospectivo en 132 pacientes sometidos a tratamiento de ortodoncia entre 10 y 17 años en la clínica odontológica de la Universidad CES y en 9 consultorios privados en Medellín Colombia; se definieron dos grupos de 66 pacientes; uno que recibió dos fases de tratamiento y otro que recibió una fase de tratamiento. La Escala de Cooperación del Paciente de Ortodoncia (OPCS) se aplicó a todas las personas cada tres meses durante el primer año de tratamiento para evaluar la cooperación. Las diferencias estadísticas entre ambos grupos se evaluaron utilizando el programa de software SSPS®. Se observó una cooperación significativamente mayor (M = 4.6) en pacientes que habían recibido tratamiento dos fases en comparación con aquellos que solo fueron sometidos a una fase de tratamiento. (M = 2.3). La cooperación del paciente durante el tratamiento de ortodoncia no parece verse afectada por el tratamiento en dos fases y, por el contrario, parece tener un impacto positivo cuando se compara con individuos con un tratamiento en una fase. Los factores más importantes que influyeron en la cooperación se correlacionaron con la actitud, el interés y el compromiso con el tratamiento, la motivación del paciente y de los padres. La escala OPCS demostró ser útil para evaluar la cooperación y hacer comparaciones con otros estudios.

Contribution of Spinal Cord Oligodendrocytes to Neuroinflammatory Diseases and Pain.

BACKGROUND: Neuroinflammatory diseases that affect spinal cord or associated spinal nerves represent challenging conditions for management in current medicine because of their complex pathology, poor prognosis, and high morbidity, which strikingly reduces the quality of life of patients. In this sense, a better understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanisms of spinal cord neuroinflammation might contribute to the development of novel therapies. Oligodendrocytes have unique and vital biological properties in central nervous system (CNS) homeostasis and physiology. A growing body of experimental evidence demonstrates that these glial cells are involved in the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying many chronic, neurodegenerative, and incapacitating CNS disorders. These cells also have important implications for the development and maintenance of neural plasticity and chronic pain states. On the other hand, evidence indicates that oligodendrocytes and their products may act in favor of CNS promoting beneficial effects orchestrating CNS tissue repair after injury. OBJECTIVE: The present review aims to explore the multi-faceted actions of spinal cord oligodendrocyte progenitors cells (OPCs) and mature oligodendrocytes in CNS inflammation and pathology, addressing their roles in experimental and clinical settings. A major focus was given to spinal cord amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, multiple sclerosis (MS)/experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), traumatic injury and pain processing. METHODS: This review analyses and discusses published original research articles regarding the role of OPCs/oligodendrocytes in spinal cord inflammation and pain processing. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Findings from a number of clinical and experimental paradigms suggest spinal cord OPCs/oligodendrocytes are a potential therapeutic target for the control of neuroinflammation.

Oligodendrocytes: Functioning in a Delicate Balance Between High Metabolic Requirements and Oxidative Damage.

The study of the metabolic interactions between myelinating glia and the axons they ensheath has blossomed into an area of research much akin to the elucidation of the role of astrocytes in tripartite synapses (Tsacopoulos and Magistretti in J Neurosci 16:877-885, 1996). Still, unlike astrocytes, rich in cytochrome-P450 and other anti-oxidative defense mechanisms (Minn et al. in Brain Res Brain Res Rev 16:65-82, 1991; Wilson in Can J Physiol Pharmacol. 75:1149-1163, 1997), oligodendrocytes can be easily damaged and are particularly sensitive to both hypoxia and oxidative stress, especially during their terminal differentiation phase and while generating myelin sheaths. In the present review, we will focus in the metabolic complexity of oligodendrocytes, particularly during the processes of differentiation and myelin deposition, and with a specific emphasis in the context of oxidative stress and the intricacies of the iron metabolism of the most iron-loaded cells of the central nervous system (CNS).

Genotoxic, antigenotoxic and phytochemical assessment of Terminalia actinophylla ethanolic extract.

Terminalia actinophylla has been used for anti-diarrheic and haemostatic purposes in Brazil. The fly spot data obtained after exposure of marker-heterozygous Drosophila melanogaster larvae to T. actinophylla ethanolic extract (TAE) in the standard (ST) and high bioactivation (HB) crosses revealed that TAE did not induce any statistically significant increment in any spot categories. Differences between the two crosses are related to cytochrome P450 (CYPs) levels. In this sense, our data pointed out the absence of TAE-direct and indirect mutagenic and recombinagenic action in the Somatic Mutation and Recombination Test (SMART). When the anti-genotoxicity of TAE was analyzed, neither mitomycin C (MMC) nor ethylmethanesulfonate (EMS) genotoxicity was modified by the post-exposure to TAE, which suggests that TAE has no effect on the mechanisms involved in the processing of the lesions induced by both genotoxins. In the mwh/flr(3) genotype, co-treatment with TAE may lead to a significant protection against the genotoxicity of MMC and a weak but significant effect in the toxic genetic action of EMS. The overall findings suggested that the favorable modulations by TAE could be, at least in part, due to its antioxidative potential.