[Sick sinus node syndrome ¿Pacemaker or ablation? Case report]. / Síndrome del nodo sinusal enfermo ¿marcapaso o ablación? Reporte de caso.

The tachycardia-bradycardia syndrome is the most frequent form of presentation of Sick sinus node syndrome and is commonly characterized by episodes of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation followed by significant pauses, especially in older adult patients. Other frequently associated tachyarrhythmias are atrial tachycardia and atrial flutter. The association between orthodromic tachycardia and significant pauses in these patients is an unusual presentation. We present the case of an older adult with bradycardia-tachycardia syndrome and syncope, who presented with a hidden accessory pathway and who, after successful ablation of it, did not present syncope again.

Implante de marcapasos sin cables. Caso Clínico / Leadless pacemaker implantation. Case report

We report 67-year-old woman with a sinus node dysfunction and diffuse conduction system disease, with a history of recurrent paroxysmal atrial fibrillation. She was admitted to the Hospital due to palpitations, dizziness, and vertigo, attributing the symptoms to the rhythm disorder described, for which the implantation of a pacemaker was indicated. With a history of tracheal cancer treated with radio and chemotherapy, and chronic steroid therapy for rheumatoid arthritis, she had an important limitation in vascular access for a conventional pacemaker, so, added to a high risk of infection, a decision was made to implant a leadless pacemaker. We discuss the electrocardiographic and clinical manifestations of sinus node disease, its relationship with oncological treatment and the indication for a permanent pacemaker, highlighting the characteristics of this new modality of artificial cardiac stimulation, for a special type of patients.

Descripción de los pacientes de 80 o más años intervenidos quirúrgicamente en el laboratorio de electrofisiología en un hospital de tercer nivel / Description of patients aged 80 or older undergoing surgery in the electrophysiology lab of a tertiary care hospital

Resumen Introducción: en una unidad de electrofisiología de un hospital de tercer nivel de Manizales, Caldas, se han atendido pacientes en la cuarta edad; sin embargo, existe poca claridad en la literatura sobre las conductas terapéuticas en este grupo etario. Presentamos nuestra experiencia de atención e intervención en pacientes mayores de 80 años entre el 20 de septiembre de 2017 y 7 de octubre de 2019. Métodos: estudio tipo cohorte longitudinal, se recogió información con base en revisión de historias clínicas. Se realizaron seguimientos telefónicos al tercer y sexto mes del procedimiento. Se incluyeron pacientes mayores de 80 años intervenidos de cualquier procedimiento en la sala de electrofisiología. Se excluyeron los pacientes sin información sobre los datos de seguimiento. Resultados: se recogieron datos de 75 pacientes llevados a procedimiento. El 62.7% de los pacientes fueron hombres, las edades oscilaron entre 80 y 95 años. 32.7%, de pacientes con diagnóstico de disfunción sinusal. La comorbilidad más prevalente fue hipertensión arterial (92%). El procedimiento más realizado fue el implante de marcapaso bicameral. La mediana del tiempo de estancia hospitalaria fue de 1 día. EL 70% de los pacientes tuvieron riesgo medio o bajo según la escala CHA2DS2VASc. En el lapso de seis meses se encontró una incidencia acumulada de complicaciones de 4%, con 8% de reconsultas y una mortalidad de 1.3%. Conclusiones: las complicaciones posquirúrgicas, la necesidad y duración de la hospitalización, la tasa de reconsulta y la mortalidad asociada a los procedimientos en este grupo de edad son similares a las observadas en estudios con población menor de 80 años.

Abstract Introduction: fourth age patients have been cared for in the electrophysiology unit of a tertiary care hospital in Manizales, Caldas; however, there is little clarity in the literature regarding therapeutic conduct in this age group. We present our experience of care and intervention in patients over the age of 80 between September 20, 2017 and October 7, 2019. Methods: a longitudinal cohort study in which data was collected from a chart review. Telephone follow up was performed three and six months after the procedure. Patients over the age of 80 who had undergone any procedure in the electrophysiology lab were included. Patients without follow up information were excluded. Results: data were collected on 75 patients undergoing a procedure: 62.7% of the patients were men, ages ranged from 80 to 95, and 32.7% of the patients had a diagnosis of sinus dysfunction. The most prevalent comorbidity was arterial hypertension (92%). The most frequently performed procedure was dual chamber pacemaker implantation. The median hospital stay was one day. Seventy percent of the patients had a medium or low risk according to the CHA2DS2-VASc scale. Over a six-month period, a 4% cumulative incidence of complications was found, with 8% reconsultation and 1.3% mortality. Conclusions: postsurgical complications, the need for and length of hospitalization, the rate of reconsultation and the mortality associated with procedures in this age group are similar to those seen in studies of populations under 80 years old.

Clinical Spectrum of SCN5A Channelopathy in Children with Primary Electrical Disease and Structurally Normal Hearts.

Sodium voltage-gated channel α subunit 5 (SCN5A)-mutations may cause an array of arrhythmogenic syndromes most frequently as an autosomal dominant trait, with incomplete penetrance, variable expressivity and male predominance. In the present study, we retrospectively describe a group of Mexican patients with SCN5A-disease causing variants in whom the onset of symptoms occurred in the pediatric age range. The study included 17 patients with clinical diagnosis of primary electrical disease, at least one SCN5A pathogenic or likely pathogenic mutation and age of onset <18 years, and all available first- and second-degree relatives. Fifteen patients (88.2%) were male, and sixteen independent variants were found (twelve missense, three truncating and one complex inframe deletion/insertion). The frequency of compound heterozygosity was remarkably high (3/17, 17.6%), with early childhood onset and severe disease. Overall, 70.6% of pediatric patients presented with overlap syndrome, 11.8% with isolated sick sinus syndrome, 11.8% with isolated Brugada syndrome (BrS) and 5.9% with isolated type 3 long QT syndrome (LQTS). A total of 24/45 SCN5A mutation carriers were affected (overall penetrance 53.3%), and penetrance was higher in males (63.3%, 19 affected/30 mutation carriers) than in females (33.3%, 5 affected/15 carriers). In conclusion, pediatric patients with SCNA-disease causing variants presented mainly as overlap syndrome, with predominant loss-of-function phenotypes of sick sinus syndrome (SSS), progressive cardiac conduction disease (PCCD) and ventricular arrhythmias.

Electrocardiographic "Northwest QRS Axis" in the Brugada Syndrome: A Potential Marker to Predict Poor Outcome.

Conduction delay in the right ventricular outflow tract as manifested in the electrocardiogram constitutes a high-risk predictor of ventricular arrhythmias in patients with Brugada syndrome. We present a case with a right QRS axis between -90° and ±180°. This feature has never been reported in the context of Brugada syndrome. (Level of Difficulty: Advanced.).

Imagen de Flúter Atrial en una Paciente con Marcapasos Bicameral: ¿Cuál es el Mecanismo? / Atrial Flutter in a Patient with a Two-chamber Pacemaker. What is the mechanism?

Se presenta el caso de una paciente portadora de un marcapasos bicameral implantado por enfermedad del nodo sinusal. En su primer control postoperatorio presentó un electrocardiograma sugestivo de flúter atrial. Se discuten los mecanismos posibles que resultan de la interacción entre el ritmo propio del paciente y la función del marcapasos y sus manifes taciones electrocardiográficas.

Atrial Flutter in a Patient with a Two-chamber Pacemaker. What is the mechanism? We present the case of a female patient patient in whom a dual-chamber pacemaker was implanted due to sick sinus syndrome. During her first postoperative follow-up visit, her electrocardiogram showed an atrial flutter pattern. The mechanisms of interaction between the patient´s intrinsic rhythm and the pacemaker functions as well as the main electrocardiographic findings are discussed.

Efeitos adversos em longo prazo da sobre-estimulação atrial dinâmica em pacientes com marcapasso e doença do nó sinusal / Long-term adverse effects of dynamic atrial overstimulation in patients with pacemaker and sinus node disease

Diversos estudos têm sido realizados a fim de mostrar a eficácia dos algoritmos na redução dos episódios da fibrilação atrial (FA). Dentre eles, destaca-se o ADOPT A (Atrial Dynamic Overdrive Pacing Trial - A), com o objetivo de avaliar a eficácia de um algoritmo de overpace atrial dinâmico (DAO - dynamic atrial overdrive) na redução de episódios de fibrilação atrial. Objetivo primário: Analisar os efeitos adversos do uso em longo prazo da sobre-estimulação atrial dinâmica em portadores de marcapasso para doença do nó sinusal do tipo síndrome braditaquicardia. Objetivo secundário: Avaliar a prevalência de possíveis efeitos adversos com o algoritmo e as consequências da FA, como: acidente vascular encefálico, embolia pulmonar, alterações cardíacas e outras causas. Método: Estudo observacional, retrospectivo, descritivo, no qual foi realizada a análise dos dados dos pacientes que implantaram marcapasso com software de sobre-estimulação atrial. Critério de inclusão: portador de MP com software overdrive programado em DDD cuja indicação baseou-se na presença de doença do nó sinusal do tipo síndrome braditaquicardia, em acompanhamento por um período mínimo de 48 meses. A coleta de dados foi feita por meio de consulta ao prontuário do paciente. Resultados: No que tange aos dados telemétricos encontrados, os diagnósticos dos 20 pacientes da amostra refletiram em uma média de 79,09 ± 5,39 episódios de troca (AMS), com janela em ciclos estimulados (OPC) de 28,54 ± 9,91, respeitando uma taxa básica de estímulos já programada de acordo com a mudança de modo. A frequência básica (BR) atingiu 62,9 ± 5,16 bpm em média.

Several studies have been conducted to demonstrate the effectiveness of algorithms in reducing atrial fibrillation episodes (AF). Among them, we highlight ADOPT A (Atrial Dynamic Overdrive Pacing Trial - A), with the aim of evaluating the dynamic algorithm overpace effectiveness (DAO - dynamic atrial overdrive) in reducing atrial fibrillation episodes. Primary Objective: Analyze database looking for long-term adverse effects of DAO in patients with pacemaker for sinus disease in type bradycardia-tachycardia syndrome. Secondary Objective: Evaluate the prevalence of possible adversities with the algorithm and consequences of FA as stroke, pulmonary embolism, cardiac abnormalities and other causes. Method: The project is an observational, retrospective, descriptive trial and analyzed data of patients whose pacemaker was implanted using an atrial overstimulation software. This protocol was approved by the ethics committee of the Catholic University of Goiás on March 04, 2013, with protocol number 210 302. Inclusion criteria: patients using a pacemaker implanted by an overdrive software programmed in DDD within a minimum of four (4) years, whose indication was based on the presence of sinus node disease type bradycardia-tachycardia syndrome. Data collection was obtained by assessing the patient’s chart...

Arritmias intraoperatorias: nodo sinusal enfermo manifestado durante anestesia general / Intra-operative arrhythmias: sick sinus syndrome manifested during general anesthesia

Dentro de la práctica diaria de la anestesiología las arritmias representan un trastorno bastante habitual, y existen varios factores implicados en su aparición, incluidos los fármacos utilizados para la inducción y el mantenimiento anestésico. Se expone en el presente estudio el caso de un paciente masculino de 38 años, previamente sano, quien presenta un síndrome del nodo sinusal, como ritmo nodal acelerado durante la administración de anestesia general, y el cual revierte a ritmo sinusal, sin ninguna intervención específica. Esta condición se asocia a múltiples etiologías, y sus manifestaciones electrocardiográficas pueden también ser diversas. Es importante reconocer las arritmias intraquirúrgicas, así como identificar sus posibles causas y tratarlas cuando sea pertinente.

Arrhythmias are a frequent occurrence in the daily practice of anesthesia and there are several factors implicated, including the drugs used for induction and maintenance of anesthesia. Acase is presented of a 38-year old male patient, previously healthy, who developed a sick sinus syndrome manifested in the form of an acceleratednodal rhythm during general anesthesia,which reverted to sinus rhythm without requiring specific management. This condition is associated with multiple etiologies and its electrocardiographicmanifestations may be diverse. It is important to recognize intra-operative arrhythmias, identify their possible causes, and treat them when necessary.

Implante de marcapasos a través de la vena cava superior izquierda persistente. Reporte de un caso / Pacemaker lead implant via the persistent left superior vena cava

Antecedentes: La persistencia de la vena cava superior izquierda (VCSIP) es una anomalía estructural infrecuente y asintomática, presente en el 0.5% de la población general. Habitualmente se descubre de forma incidental, y es durante el implante de marcapasos cuando adquiere relevancia anatómica. La vía de abordaje venoso para el implante de marcapasos definitivos más utilizada en la actualidad es a través de la subclavia izquierda; la VCSIP dificulta, aunque no imposibilita el implante del o los electrodos para la estimulación eléctrica auricular o ventricular. El presente reporte está enfocado como referencia práctica para el diagnóstico y consideraciones técnicas durante el implante. Presentación del caso: Mujer de 26 años de edad en quien se documentó enfermedad intrínseca del nodo sinusal sintomática, variedad paros sinusales. Durante el abordaje venoso, la clave diagnóstica que hizo sospechar la anomalía fue la trayectoria medial del electrodo, corroborándose por venografía la desembocadura de la VCSIP en el seno coronario y su drenaje al atrio derecho. Se avanzó sin dificultad un electrodo de fijación activa implantándolo en la pared libre anterosuperior de la aurícula derecha. Tras 24 meses de seguimiento no se han presentado complicaciones y la paciente cursa asintomática. Discusión: La VCSIP es una anomalia congénita rara. Además de relacionarse con otras malformaciones congénitas, podría tener implicaciones desde el punto de vista de su desarrollo morfológico en los trastornos de la formación y conducción del impulso cardíaco. La falta de regresión de la vena cardinal izquierda puede influir en gran medida en el desarrollo ontogénico del nodo sinusal, el nodo auriculoventricular y el haz de His, relacionándose por lo tanto con diversos trastornos del ritmo. En casos de difícil manipulación del electrodo a través del seno coronario, se recomienda el abordaje venoso derecho después de visualizar la vena cava por venografía o ecocardiografía pues su ausencia o hipolasia (defecto que se reporta hasta en el 10% de los casos) representa un obstáculo aún mayor y que debiera sugerir el implante epicárdico. Conclusión: Ahora que la mayoría de implantes de marcapasos definitivos se abordan vía vena subclavia izquierda, el operador debe conocer esta anomalía venosa, que puede plantear dificultades técnicas en el implante de los electrodos. El conocimiento de esta anomalía puede ser de utilidad para otras especialidades que requieran el implante de catéteres vasculares permanentes a través de la vena subclavia izquierda.

Background: Persistent left superiorvena cava (PLSVC) is a structural, asymptomatic and infrequent anomaly, present in 0.5% of the general population. Typically the diagnosis reveals itself unexpectedly at the time of pacemaker implantation, when it acquires anatomic relevancy. Several techniques are used forthetransvenous approach to enter the central venous circulation; the left subclavian vein has become a common access site for electrode implantation and, occasionally, one can find an anomalous venous structure such as a PLSVC. Placement of electrodes through this anomalous venous structure can prove challenging, if not impossible. The present report tries to explore aspects of transimplantation diagnosis from a practical point of view. It also address the knowledge of anatomy, implant technique and radiographic orientation. Case presentation: Twenty-six-year-old woman with confirmed Symptomatic Sick Sinus Syndrome variety Sinus Arrest. The diagnosis of PLSVC was discovered unexpectedly at the time of the transvenous approach. The tip for the diagnosis was the "unusually medial" position of the lead, and the venogram showed the venous traject towards the coronary sinus and drainage into the right atrium. An active-fixation screw-in electrode was positioned in the antero-superior margin of the free wall of the right atrium. After 24 months of successful placement of the pacemaker, the patient is asymptomatic. Discussion: PLSVC is a rare congenital vascular abnormality. Besides its association with congenital anomalies, its most relevant clinical implication is the association with disturbances of cardiac rhythm, impulse formation and conduction. The ontogenetic development of the sinus node, the atrioventricular node, and the His bundle might be heavily influenced by the lack of regression of the left cardinal vein. When isolated, the PLSVC is usually not recognized until left superior approach to the heart is required, when it becomes ...