Multiple benefits of new-energy vehicle power battery recycling strategies based on the theory of planned behavior and stimulus organism response.

With the yearly increasing market penetration of new-energy vehicles in China, the retirement of power batteries has gradually become a scale, and most of the waste batteries have entered informal recycling channels, which has induced a series of environmental problems. Considering this issue, we introduced the system dynamics (SD), stimulus organism response (SOR), and the theory of planned behavior (TPB) in behavioral economics to establish the environmental economic benefit evaluation model of power battery recycling strategies, and we performed a dynamic simulation analysis on the effect of government subsidy policy, policy advocacy, and other recycling strategies. The results show that: (1) the recovery subsidy policy can improve the formal recycling quantity and economic benefits of recovery, but the effect on the degree of environmental pollution is limited. (2) The combination of environmental awareness promotion strategy and subsidy policy can overcome the shortcomings of subsidy policy and has significant environmental and economic performance. (3) Compared with the benchmark scenario, the formal recycling quantity, the CO2 emission reduction, and the economic benefits of recovery in scenario 4 (high subsidy-high policy propaganda strategy) increased by approximately 112 %, 208 %, and 223 %, respectively, and the degree of environmental pollution decreased by approximately 65 %.

Predictors of self-care behaviors in patients with hypertension: The integrated model of theories of "planned behavior" and "protection motivation".

BACKGROUND: Assessment of self-care behaviors in patients with hypertension may provide clinicians and practitioners with important information about how to better control hypertension. Therefore, the present study aimed to explore the predictors of self-care behaviors in patients with hypertension based on an integrated model of theories of planned behavior and protection motivation. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The present cross-sectional study was part of a larger study, conducted in 2022 on 344 hypertensive patients from Khamir County in Hormozgan Province in Iran. The sample was selected through a systematic random sampling. The patients completed a researcher-made questionnaire based on constructs of the theory of planned behavior and protection motivation theory. They also completed, Hypertension Self-Care Activity Level Effects (H-SCALE), Hypertension Knowledge-Level Scale (HK-LS), and a demographic questionnaire. The data were analyzed in SPSS 21 using the Pearson correlation coefficient, independent-samples T test, one-way ANOVA, and linear regression analysis. RESULTS: The participants' mean age was 47.34 ± 13.68 years. Adherence to medication, physical activity, weight management, diet, and nonsmoking scores were 42.7, 27.3, 66.3, 14.2, and 81.1, respectively. The linear regression model showed that behavioral beliefs (ß = 0.366, P < 0.001), perceived rewards (ß = -0.248, P < 0.001), control beliefs (ß = 0.133, P = 0.013), and normative beliefs (ß = 0.143, P = 0.025) were the major predictors of self-care behaviors in patients with hypertension. CONCLUSION: In light of the present findings, it can be concluded that it is crucial to change patients' attitudes toward self-care behaviors and improve the social acceptance of behavior and its development in society, and improve patients' control beliefs through goal-oriented education that develops resistance against the perceived rewards of the unfavorable behavior. Considering these constructs can act as strategies to promote self-care behaviors among patients.

Exploring the influence of Chinese online patient trust on telemedicine behavior: insights into perceived risk and behavior intention.

As a supplement to medical services, telemedicine is of great significance to alleviate the shortage of health resources in China. Based on the traditional consumer behavior measurement model the Technology Acceptance Mode/Theory of Planned Behavior (TAM/TPB), this paper divides online patient trust into six dimensions: perceived risk, personal trust tendency, doctors' credibility, hospitals' credibility, websites' credibility, and system guarantee. On this basis, a structural equation model (SEM) was used to explore the influence of each dimension of online patient trust on online patient intention, behavior choice, and pre-factors. A total of 582 valid questionnaires were distributed to selected patients with experience in using mobile healthcare services in the vicinity of hospitals and communities, as well as to users who shared their experiences in the discussion forums of mobile healthcare websites. The results show that online patient trust has a significant positive impact on telemedicine behavior intention selection, with a standardized path coefficient being as high as 0.866. Doctors' credibility, system guarantee, and website credibility have significant positive effects on online patient trust, with standardized path coefficients of 0.401, 0.260, and 0.226, respectively. Hospital trustworthiness and personal trust propensity have no significant effect on online patient trust. Perceived risk has a significant negative effect on online patient trust, with a standardized path coefficient of -0.118. The research findings suggest that health departments and mobile healthcare providers can enhance mobile healthcare services by considering the patients' perspectives, elevate their online trust levels, and foster a deeper understanding, safety consciousness, and confidence in telehealth services. On this basis, it can be concluded that only the participation of government, medical subjects, and online patients can effectively reduce perceived risks, improve perceived characteristics of online patients, enhance online patient trust, and promote the real willingness and behavior choice for online medical services, effectively improving the positive role of telemedicine in increasing health benefits to people.

The effect of education based on the theory of planned behavior to prevent the consumption of fast food in a population of teenagers.

BACKGROUND: Considering the increasing prevalence of fast food consumption among teenagers, providing the necessary training and self-awareness is the best solution for institutionalizing the prevention of fast food consumption by this group. Therefore, this issue should be taken seriously, as should the implementation of educational interventions to prevent the consumption of fast food. The theory of planned behavior (TPB) is one of the various health education styles and methods that works well. However, given that a number of local data points are crucial in establishing the efficacy of the model employed, this study looks into the impact of TPB-based education in preventing fast food intake among teenagers. METHODS: A total of 180 male students, ages 15 to 18, participated in this quasi-experimental study in Shiraz, Iran. Cluster sampling was used in the study, and participants were randomly assigned to two groups: the experimental group (n = 90) and the control group (n = 90). A theory-based questionnaire was used to gather data, and both the control and experimental groups had to complete it before and three months after the intervention. The data were examined using paired t, independent t, and chi-square statistical tests after being entered into SPSS-24. RESULTS: The results of the independent t-test showed that there was no significant difference between the two study groups before the intervention in terms of knowledge (P = 0.14), attitude (P = 0.57), subjective norms (P = 0.94), perceived behavioral control (P = 0.81), behavioral intention (P = 0.42), or behavior (P = 0.25). However, following the intervention, there was a significant difference between the two groups with regard to the noted variables (P = 0.001). Furthermore, the McNemar test results demonstrated that the experimental group's consumption of fast food varied significantly before and after the intervention (P = 0.001), but not in the control group (P = 0.07). CONCLUSION: The study's findings demonstrated that TPB-based treatments are successful in helping male students change their habits of consuming fewer amounts of fast food. This study demonstrated that the instructional techniques employed improved the fast food consumption behavior of the intervention group as well as the TPB's structure (attitude, subjective norms, behavioral intention, and perceived behavioral intention).

Research on the energy saving behaviors of university students based on TPB in a hot summer-cold winter area in China.

Energy saving in higher education institutions holds significant importance in the establishment of environmentally friendly and low-carbon societies, with the energy-saving behaviors of university students playing a pivotal role in the development of sustainable campuses. However, there is a clear need for customized strategies to encourage energy-saving habits among university students in areas of China with extreme weather conditions, such as hot summers and cold winters. This study offers a thorough examination of the literature regarding energy-saving behaviors among college students and presents a new theoretical framework based on the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB). A survey questionnaire is conducted at universities in regions with hot summers and cold winters across China, with the goal of identifying the main factors that influence students' intentions and actions regarding campus energy conservation. From July to August 2022, we collected 512 survey responses from different university campuses in China's hot summer-cold winter weather zone. The survey asked about subjective norms, understanding of energy conservation, and the importance of saving energy. Utilizing the Structural Equation Model (SEM), we examined how influencing factors are associated with energy conservation behaviors. Our findings indicate that (1) both the significance of energy conservation and subjective norms significantly drive energy-saving actions; (2) distinct factors impact different forms of energy-saving practices; and (3) the inclination to save energy partially mediates the relationship between comfort choices and the significance of energy conservation. This study presents a validated behavioral model tailored for regions experiencing hot summers and cold winters, offering valuable insights for college administrators in managing energy usage while also serving as a theoretical reference for establishing environmentally sustainable campuses.

Factors influencing farmers' intention to participate in the voluntary carbon market: An extended theory of planned behavior.

Carbon sequestration in agricultural soils is essential for sustainable agriculture, contributing to the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals and combating climate change. The Voluntary Carbon Market (VCM), designed to encourage farmers to implement sequestration practices, is a recent innovation in Europe, in contrast to the well-established American system. Consequently, there is limited understanding of farmers' intentions to participate. The study analyzes farmers' willingness to participate in VCM and the influencing factors through the Extended Theory of Planned Behavior (ETPB). For this purpose, data were collected from 241 Italian farmers located in the Sicily region and the partial least squares structural equation model (PLS-SEM) was applied. The results show that Attitude, Perceived Behavioral Control and Knowledge of VCM have a statistically significant influence on farmers' intention to participate in VCM. In contrast, Subjective Norms and Perceived Environmental Risk do not have a statistically significant influence. Our findings suggest that farmers' intention is strongly influenced by confidence in their capabilities and knowledge of the topic. This should guide policymakers and practitioners to offer extension services and technical assistance, helping farmers understand the potential of the VCM. Indeed, limited knowledge is a major barrier to participation in this initiative.

Parents' Intentions of Human Papillomavirus Vaccination for Students in Vietnam: A Cross-Sectional Study.

BACKGROUND: Human papillomavirus (HPV) is known as a common agent of sexually transmitted infections and cervical cancer. One of the most effective ways for parents to protect their children from HPV is by ensuring they receive vaccinations. AIM: To determine the percentage of parents who intend to vaccinate their children against HPV and associated factors. METHOD: A cross-sectional study was conducted on 365 parents who had children attending high school in Ha Tinh province, Vietnam, from April to May 2023, using stratified and random sampling methods. Data were collected by a self-administered questionnaire designed based on previous studies and the domains of the Theory of Planned Behavior and Health Belief Model. A multivariable logistic regression was performed to determine the association between several factors and vaccination status. RESULT: A total of 365 participants took part in the study. The rate of parents intending to vaccinate their children against HPV was 55.9%. Knowledge about the HPV disease and vaccine (all P < .05) and the attitude of parents (P < .001) were determined as the motivation factors that affect the intention to vaccinate children against HPV. CONCLUSION: Many parents still do not have the intention to vaccinate children against HPV. Health education communication should focus on the motivation factors, not only to improve the parents' knowledge and perspective but also to increase the coverage of the vaccine to prevent cancers caused by HPV.

Background: Human papillomavirus (HPV) is known as a common agent of sexually transmitted infections and cervical cancer. One of the most effective ways for parents to protect their children from HPV is by ensuring they receive vaccinations. Aim: To determine the percentage of parents who intend to vaccinate their children against HPV and associated factors. Method: A cross-sectional study was conducted on 365 parents who had children attending high school in Ha Tinh province, Vietnam in 2023, using stratified and random sampling methods. The data was collected by a self-administered questionnaire designed based on the previous studies, and domains of Theory of Planned Behavior and Health Belief Model. A multivariable logistic regression was performed to determine the association between several factors and vaccination status. Result: 365 participants took part in the study. The rate of parents intending to vaccinate their children against HPV was 55.9%. Knowledge about the HPV disease and vaccine (all P < .05), and the attitude of parents (P < .001) were determined as the motivation factors that affect the intention to vaccinate children against HPV. Conclusion: Many parents still don't have the intention to vaccinate children against HPV. Health education communication should focus on the motivation factors, not only to improve the parents' knowledge and perspective but also to increase the coverage of the vaccine to prevent cancers caused by HPV.

An intervention study of poly-victimization among rural left-behind children based on the theoretical framework of planned behavior.

BACKGROUND: Poly-victimization (PV) not only threatens physical and mental health but also causes a range of social problems. Left-behind children in rural areas are more likely to experience PV problems. However, there have been fewer studies on PV among rural children, and even fewer intervention studies. OBJECTIVE: The difference-in-differences method was employed to analyze the impact of intervention measures, based on the theory of planned behavior, on PV among left-behind children in rural areas. METHODS: The study subjects were left-behind children from six middle schools in two cities in southern China, who completed the baseline survey from 2020 to 2021. They were divided into a control group and an intervention group, each consisting of 228 cases, based on their schools. Before and after the intervention, the Self-made victimization-related knowledge, attitude, and practice questionnaire, Poly-victimization scale, and Middle school students' coping style scale were used to evaluate the victimization-related KAP(knowledge, attitude, and practice), victimization occurrence, and coping styles of left-behind children, respectively. Stata 15.0 was used to establish a difference-in-differences regression model to analyze the impact of the intervention measures on poly-victimization and coping styles. RESULTS: Mixed Anova revealed that after the intervention, the KAP scores of the intervention group were significantly higher than those of the control group (p < 0.05). After the intervention, the incidence of child victimization in the intervention group dropped to 9.60% (n = 22), lower than in the baseline survey, with a statistically significant difference (p < 0.01). The incidence of PV among children in the intervention group was lower than that in the control group, with the difference being statistically significant (p < 0.01). The net reduction in the incidence of PV among children was 21.20%. After the intervention, the protection rate for preventing PV among children was 73.33%, and the effect index was 3.75. The intervention improved children's coping styles, problem-solving, and help-seeking, while reducing negative coping styles such as avoidance and venting, with the differences being statistically significant (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Intervention measures based on the theory of planned behavior reduce the occurrence of PV among left-behind children, and the intervention effects on different types of victimization are also different.

Translation, cross-cultural adaptation, and validation of a Gujarati version of a theory of planned behavior questionnaire that assesses walking treatment beliefs in people with intermittent claudication.

BACKGROUND: Walking as a treatment is recommended for people with intermittent claudication (IC), but participation tends to be poor. Walking treatment beliefs, as defined by the Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) are associated with walking behavior, so assessing and designing interventions targeting walking treatment beliefs are crucial. To assess walking treatment beliefs in people with IC in Gujarat, a translated, culturally adapted questionnaire that assesses the four TPB constructs (attitude, subjective normative beliefs, perceived behavioral control beliefs, and intention to walk) is required. AIM: To translate and cross-culturally assess the content validity and face validity of a Gujarati version of a TPB questionnaire that assesses walking treatment beliefs. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A forward-backward translation of the 12-item TPB questionnaire was applied using a standardized approach. The translated versions were compared with the original questionnaire, and ten experts, rated each item according to: clarity, semantic, appropriateness, and cultural relevance. Content Validity Index (CVI), item level content validity (I-CVI), Scale -content validity index (S-CVI/Ave), and universal agreement (UA) were computed to summarize the overall content validity of the questionnaire as well as a proportion of agreement with content experts. Face validity was assessed using a think-aloud approach with ten patients with IC. This cognitive interviewing approach (think-aloud approach) asked participants to describe their thoughts whilst completing the questionnaire. Responses were analyzed thematically. RESULTS: There was complete agreement between experts for 9/12 items (I-CVI=1.00), leading to an overall agreement (S-CVI/Ave) of 0.98. For face validation, at least 50% of the participants had no significant problems with any question in the questionnaire. Most problems participants encountered were straightforward, such as re-reading some questions or considering the questions carefully before answering. CONCLUSION: The Gujarati TPB questionnaire had excellent content validity and was comprehensible and answerable by the majority of our participants with IC and, therefore, had good face validity; this will enable walking treatment beliefs to be assessed in people with IC.

An integrated dual process model in predicting e-cigarette use in undergraduate students.

The use of e-cigarette or vape devices is a growing concern on an international scale, given the devices' addictive nature and questions regarding their short- and long-term health impacts. Their use is especially an issue in young people, many of whom have little or no previous nicotine use experience. This study tested an integrated dual process model in 363 young Australian undergraduates where prospectively measured e-cigarette use was predicted by the psychological constructs of the theory of planned behavior, supplemented with risk perception, e-cigarette dependence, habit, and implicit attitude. Intention to use an e-cigarette was predicted by affective attitude, subjective norm, and e-cigarette dependance, but not instrumental attitude, perceived behavioral control, or risk perception. E-cigarette use was predicted by e-cigarette dependance, intention, habit, implicit attitude, and previous nicotine use, although perceived behavioral control did not directly predict behavior nor moderate the intention-behavior relationship. Current findings provide evidence for important psychological predictors of e-cigarette use, signposting potential intervention targets. Specifically, interventions may benefit from using strategies that tap affective or normative beliefs alongside automatic constructs and dependence, while focusing less on beliefs about the health impacts of e-cigarettes or control over using.

Exploring the behavioral intentions of PICC-related thrombosis prevention in breast cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy: a qualitative study based on theory of planned behavior.

PURPOSE: To explore the behavioral intention of breast cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy to prevent PICC-related thrombosis based on the theory of planned behavior (TPB). METHODS: This qualitative study employed purposive sampling and conducted semi-structured interviews with 14 breast cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy in the outpatient chemotherapy ward of a tertiary A-level comprehensive hospital in Beijing from July to August 2023. Data were analyzed using Colaizzi's descriptive analysis framework. RESULTS: Data analysis identified 10 themes that were derived from 4 aspects. Regarding behavioral attitude, three themes were condensed: (1) Considering the benefits of preventive measures, (2) Simple and easy preventive measures, and (3) Underestimating the importance of PICC-related thrombosis prophylaxis. Subjective norms yielded two main themes and five sub-themes: (1) Support from those close to the patient motivates adherence to prophylaxis (support from the patient's family, healthcare professionals, and other patients) and (2) Patients are influenced by personal factors to form an internal driving force (physical symptoms, fear of PICC-related thrombosis). Regarding perceived behavioral control, three main themes and four sub-themes were extracted: (1) Obstacles before actual prevention exercise (prevention information, hard-to-remember information), (2) Forgetfulness is the main obstacle factor, and (3) Wanting to overcome barriers to adhere to regular prevention (confidence to overcome obstacles, hope to get support). CONCLUSIONS: The impediments and facilitators identified in this study may provide a scientific foundation for subsequent targeted non-pharmacological preventive interventions for PICC-related thrombosis based on TPB in breast cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy. Special interventions should be designed for the patients in three areas: the patients themselves, the supporters around the patient, and the healthcare professionals.

Predictors of Intention to use Health Literacy Strategies in Patient Education among Health Care Professionals at Public Hospitals of Bahir Dar City: Application of Theory of Planned Behavior.

PURPOSE: Health literacy strategies were using plain language, using visual aids, using the teach-back method, limiting the number of items provided, and providing culture-sensitive care. This study aimed to assess predictors of intention to use health literacy strategies in patient education among healthcare professionals. DESIGN: An institutional-based cross-sectional study, theory of planned behavior. SETTING: Bahir Dar, Northwest Ethiopia, from March 10 to April 10, 2023. SUBJECTS: 422 healthcare professionals. MEASURES: Six items with a response range from 1 = strongly disagree to 5 = strongly agree each item was summed on a five-point Likert scale and its score range (6-30). ANALYSIS: Linear regression, SPSS version 25. RESULTS: A total of 389 healthcare professionals participated with a response rate of 92.18%. The overall mean intention towards health literacy strategies score was 24.02 with (SD ± 3.84). Subjective norm [(ß, .231; 95% CI: .129, .333)], attitude [ß, .162; 95% CI: .072, .252], perceived behavioral control [(ß, .121; 95% CI: .022, .221)], having got training [(ß, .125; 95% CI: .348, .530)] and knowing health literacy [(ß, .251; 95% CI: .131, .371)] were factors. CONCLUSION: The mean score of intention to use health literacy strategies was very low. Attitude, subjective norm, perceived behavioral control, training, and knowledge of health literacy strategies were predictors. Therefore, different strategies should be applied to increase the utilization of health literacy strategies.

Factors Influencing Nurses' Intentions to Protect Patient Privacy: A Survey-Based Study Using the Theory of Planned Behavior.

Background and Purpose: Patient privacy and confidentiality are fundamental ethical principles in healthcare. Protecting patient privacy, which is accepted as a patient's right, is one of the responsibilities of nurses. Few studies on patient privacy among nurses have used social cognitive approaches. The purpose of this study is to examine nurses' intentions to protect patient privacy using the theory of planned behavior (TPB). Methods: This is a cross-sectional and correlational design study. The study sample consisted of 202 nurses working in the emergency departments, operating rooms, inpatient wards, and intensive care units of the hospitals. Research data were collected using a face-to-face questionnaire that included TPB components on patient privacy. The proposed research model was tested using structural equation modeling. Results: Attitude (ß = .238, p < .05), subjective norm (ß = .295, p < .05), and moral norm (ß = .337, p < .05) toward patient privacy are positive predictors of intention. The moral norm is the most effective component of intention. Perceived behavioral control is not a significant predictor of intention (ß = .049, p > .05). Implications for Practice: Norms that create a sense of moral obligation in nurses are a significant determinant in increasing the intention to protect patient privacy. Interventions that improve moral norms, attitudes, and subjective norms will increase the intention to protect privacy. Nurse managers should provide nurses with adequate skills, resources, and an appropriate work environment to ensure perceived behavioral control regarding patient privacy.

Understanding aberrant driving intentions based on the Theory of Planned Behavior: Literature review and Meta-Analysis.

INTRODUCTION: Despite deployed efforts to establish strict road safety standards, human factors is still the leading cause of road crashes. To identify determinants of driver's behavior, TPB (Theory of Planned Behavior) is widely used as a prominent theory of behavior change. However, the existence of different aberrant driving behaviors (decision errors, recognition errors, violations, and physical condition related errors) and several studies using TPB to understand driving behavior, makes it important to conduct a literature review and a meta-analysis of existing studies to use their results in effective driving behavior change interventions. METHOD: The selection process provided 125 relevant studies that were published between 1991 and 2022, and that used TPB for the understanding of aberrant driving behavior. Five fundamental research questions were defined to identify information to be discovered from the literature review and from the meta-analysis. RESULTS: In addition to the standard TPB constructs (attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control), past behavior, moral norms, and descriptive norms were used in studies for a more comprehensive understanding of aberrant driving intention. This analysis demonstrated a significant correlation between aberrant driving intentions and past behavior. Also, moral norms construct was correlated with violations and recognition errors, whereas descriptive norms construct was correlated just with recognition errors. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study highlight the strength of TPB in the prediction of aberrant driving intention and its potential effectiveness to guide interventions aimed at changing aberrant driving behaviors. The study contributes to the comprehension of the relevant psychological factors influencing the engagement of drivers in each category of aberrant driving behaviors. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Researchers can use the results of this study to select the relevant psychological factors adapted to their interventions of driving behavior change. The results of the meta-analysis can also be used in the prediction of driver's intentions.

The effect of single-child couples' education based on the theory of planned behavior on their intention to have next child.

BACKGROUND: In today's society, for many reasons, families have tended toward selective single-child upbringing. Single-child couples' decisions about continuing to have children depend on their attitudes about the consequences of having the next child, perceived norms about it, and perception of control over childbearing behavior. Therefore, this study was conducted with the aim of determining the effect of single-child couples' education based on the theory of planned behavior on their intention to have next child. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study is a field trial that was conducted in 2022. Eight girls' and boys' primary schools in Golpayegan City, Isfahan Province, were randomly selected for sampling the intervention and control groups. Parents of 70 first-grade students who were single children were selected and placed in groups. 35 couples in the intervention group received education about parenting based on the constructs of the theory of planned behavior during 4-weekly sessions. The questionnaire for the evaluation of childbearing behavior intention was completed by the research samples before the intervention, immediately, and three months after the intervention. Data were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA), independent-samples t-test, and Mann-Whitney statistical tests. RESULT: Demographic and fertility characteristics were homogeneous in the intervention and control groups. The results showed that the changes in the average score of the attitude toward childbearing (P = 0.004), abstract norms (P = 0.001), perceived behavioral control (P = 0.01), behavioral intention (P = 0.003), and the overall score for the evaluation of childbearing behavior intention (P = 0.001) were significant in the intervention group. Comparing the intervention and control groups, the abstract norms immediately after the intervention (P = 0.002) and three months after the intervention (P = 0.002), behavioral intention immediately after the intervention (P = 0.006) and three months after the intervention (P = 0.009), and the overall score of the questionnaire to evaluate the intention to have children immediately after the intervention (P = 0.004) and three months after the intervention (P = 0.008) had significant differences. However, the two groups did not have significant differences in the dimensions of attitude toward having children and perceived behavioral control, immediately and 3 months after the intervention. CONCLUSION: The results obtained from this study showed that parenting education based on the theory of planned behavior generally improved couples' intention to have children, abstract norms, and also the intention to have children later, but it had no effect on the attitude of couples toward having children and controlling their perceived behavior in having children. It seems that couples having only one child are rooted in environmental conditions, such as the economic and social status of society, rather than being under the control and desire of the couple. Therefore, other environmental conditions should also be taken into consideration in fertility promotion policies. Adaptation and implementation of theory of planned behavior (TPB)-based intervention by health policymakers and healthcare providers achieve a better understanding of childbearing.

Basic human values and the adoption of cryptocurrency.

Cryptocurrency is an attempt to create an alternative to centralized financial systems using blockchain technology. However, our understanding of the psychological mechanisms that drive cryptocurrency adoption is limited. This study examines the role of basic human values in three stages of cryptocurrency adoption-awareness, intention to buy, and ownership-using the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB). Logistic regression analysis was conducted on a quota sample of 714 German adults, and the results showed that openness-to-change values increased the likelihood of cryptocurrency awareness, while self-enhancement values increased the likelihood of intention to buy and ownership. These findings were consistent even after controlling for demographic characteristics, attitudinal beliefs, and perceived behavioral control, which are important factors in the TPB. The results suggest that basic human values may influence an individual's decision to adopt cryptocurrency, but the transition from awareness to ownership may be influenced by socio-economic opportunities available to interested individuals.

The effect of training to diabetes patients according to planned behavior theory on self-efficacy and patient empowerment: A randomized study.

AIM: To examine the effect of training provided to type 2 diabetes patients according to the theory of planned behavior on self-efficacy and patient empowerment. METHODS: This study, pre-test-post-test active control group single-blind experimental design, was conducted in the internal medicine outpatient clinic of a state hospital between April and October 2023. Participants were randomly assigned to the intervention group (IG; n = 45) and control group (CG; n = 47). The intervention group received a theory-based training program consisting of 5 sessions lasting approximately 40 min. each. Diabetes Management Self-Efficacy Scale, Patient Empowerment Scale and the patient's laboratory results were used for data collection. RESULTS: In the study, while the posttest self-efficacy and patient empowerment scores of the intervention group increased compared to the pretest, there was an decrease in HbA1C level. On the post-test measurements between groups, self-efficacy and patient empowerment scores were higher and effect sizes were higher in the intervention group, while no difference was found in HbA1C values. CONCLUSION: The training program provided according to the theory of planned behavior in diabetes patients provides positive contributions to disease management.

Understanding the acceptance of online tourism programs: Perspectives of generic learning outcomes and theory of planned behavior.

The integration of information technology, particularly the Internet, with the tourism industry has laid a solid foundation for the widespread popularity of online tourism. Online tourism offers numerous advantages such as being unconstrained by time, space, and region, having low costs, and providing strong interactive features, making it increasingly popular worldwide. Nevertheless, not all individuals are willing to adopt online tourism, and the factors and mechanisms that influence online tourism require further investigation. This study aims to examine the factors that influence the intention to adopt online tourism by integrating the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM), the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB), and the Generic Learning Outcomes (GLOs). Using the Yunyou Dunhuang Online Program (), the current study invited tourists to participate in the online tourism experience, and collected 536 pieces of data. The results of structural equation modeling reveal that: (1) attitude toward using and perceived usefulness positively predict behavioral intention to use; (2) perceived ease of use, perceived usefulness, and subjective norm significantly and positively predict attitude toward using; (3) perceived ease of use significantly and positively predicted perceived usefulness, while knowledge and understanding, activity, behavior, and progression had no significant effect on perceived usefulness; (4) knowledge and understanding positively predicted perceived ease of use, while activity, behavior, and progression had no significant effect on perceived ease of use. This study explores the factors influencing online tourism adoption intention in a comprehensive way. The findings hold practical significance for the design of online tourism programs for intangible cultural heritage, providing theoretical guidance for cultural heritage and development.

Enhancing Evidence-Based Practice in Rural Social Work: Applying the Theory of Planned Behavior to Identify Key Determinants.

PURPOSE: This study explores the application and extent of utilization of Evidence-Based Practice (EBP) among rural social workers, identifying key factors such as attitudes, social pressures, and perceived barriers that influence its use. METHODS: Utilizing the Theory of Planned Behavior as a framework, this research involved a comprehensive survey targeting rural social workers. The survey assessed their attitudes toward EBP, the social pressures, and the barriers in implementing EBP. Data from 91 participants were analyzed using multiple regression to determine how these factors impact EBP utilization. RESULTS: The analysis indicated that while attitudes toward EBP did not significantly affect its use, perceived ease of use, social pressures, and practical barriers were significant predictors. Interestingly, the data showed that external factors like organizational support and resource availability played a larger role than personal attitudes in the adoption of EBP. The regression model successfully explained 39% of the variance in EBP usage among rural social workers. DISCUSSION: The findings underscore the importance of external over internal factors in the adoption of EBP within rural settings. The study suggests that improving access to EBP resources and enhancing organizational support could facilitate more effective use of EBP among rural social workers. CONCLUSION: Effective implementation of EBP in rural areas necessitates addressing both perceived and actual barriers. Developing strategies to enhance resource availability and organizational support is recommended to boost EBP adoption, ultimately aiming to improve service outcomes and client well-being.

Allowing time for 8+ hours of sleep: identification and validation of important beliefs using the reasoned action approach.

Introduction: The present studies advance research using the Reasoned Action Approach to understand sleep behavior. Identification of the modal salient beliefs that individuals hold regarding their sleep habits is necessary to understand the attitudes, perceived normative pressure, and perceived behavioral control (PBC) that individuals hold. Methods: Belief elicitation (Study 1) and follow-up validation (Study 2) studies of undergraduates at a Midwestern USA university were conducted to identify readily accessible and important beliefs regarding allowing time for 8+ hours of sleep each night. Results: Important attitude relevant beliefs included positive effects on mood, thinking, health, and productivity. Important normative beliefs were perceived injunctive pressure from family, health professionals, and significant others. Because of the strong influence of PBC on intentions/behavior, most important were control beliefs about the need for good time management. Discussion: The present studies increased our understanding why many individuals do not allow time to obtain adequate sleep. Identification of the beliefs that distinguish between those who intend to allow time for adequate sleep and those who do not is a necessary step toward the design of effective interventions to improve sleep duration. The results indicate that a focus on increasing time management skills and PBC may be an effective approach for sleep interventions.