Breast Reconstruction after Blunt Breast Trauma: Systematic Review and Case Report Using the Ribeiro Technique.

Blunt breast trauma occurs in 2% of blunt chest injuries. This study aimed to evaluate the evidence on breast reconstruction after blunt trauma associated with the use of a seat belt. Also, we describe the first case of breast reconstruction using the Ribeiro technique. In November 2022, a systematic search of MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Google Scholar databases was conducted. The literature was screened independently by two reviewers, and the data was extracted. Our search terms included breast, mammoplasty, blunt injury, and seat belts. In addition, we present the case of a woman with a left breast deformity and her reconstruction using the inferior Ribeiro flap technique. Six articles were included. All included studies were published between 2010 and 2021. The studies recruited seven patients. According to the Teo and Song classification, seven class 2b cases were reported. In five cases a breast reduction was performed in the deformed breast with different types of pedicles (three superomedial flaps, one lower flap, one superior flap). Only one case presented complications. The case here presented was a type 2b breast deformity in which the lower Ribeiro pedicle was used successfully without complications during follow-up. Until now there has been no consensus on reconstructive treatment due to the rarity of this entity. However, we must consider surgical treatment individually for each patient. We believe that the Ribeiro technique is a feasible and safe alternative in the treatment of posttraumatic breast deformities, offering very good long-term results.

Mortality due to traffic accidents in Colombia: Profiles of pedestrians and cyclists, 1998-2019.

Background: Traffic accidents are an important issue for public health and a threat for sustainable development, with pedestrians and cyclists having been recognized as the most vulnerable actors on the streets. The objective of this study was to analyze the profiles of pedestrians and cyclists who died as a result of traffic accidents in Colombia during the 1998-2019 period. Methods: An observational and descriptive study, with the deaths due to traffic accidents in Colombia between 1998 and 2019 as data source. Secondary data were taken from the Vital statistics of Colombia (EEVV), published by Departamento Administrativo Nacional de Estadística (DANE). A trend analysis of the number of deaths during the period under study was performed, and such number was examined against sex to identify potential differences. Multiple correspondence analysis was employed to elaborate the profile of pedestrians and cyclists who die due to traffic accidents. Three profiles were prepared for each road actor: a global profile, one for 1998, and another for 2019. Results: The mortality profiles are different for pedestrians and cyclists, and, in turn, there are also demographic, geographic, and socioeconomic conditions in each type of road actor, which determine higher mortality risks. High population density, younger age group in the cyclists and adults among the pedestrians, low schooling levels and absence of health insurance are suggested as key factors in these profiles. Related to sex, for men is not possible to establish a profile. Women's cases are commonly related to health insurance, age, and population density. Conclusions: Several contextual and demographic characteristics in pedestrians and cyclists allow delimiting mortality profiles. The profiles that were identified suggest the need to articulate road safety policies with other social and development policies in order to coordinate and integrate intersectoral actions that reduce mortality in these road actors.

Sociodemographic profile of motorcyclists and their vulnerabilities in traffic.

Introduction: Violence has acquired an endemic character in society; traffic violence stands out, particularly considering the upward trend in deaths among motorcyclists. Objectives: To describe the sociodemographic profile and analyze the vulnerabilities of motorcyclists from their experiences in traffic. Methods: This is an exploratory descriptive study with a quantitative approach, performed through interviews with three groups of motorcyclists: those who used motorcycles for recreation, transportation, and for work. Results: Most participants were male (> 80%), mainly young adults in the transportation and work groups (p < 0.001); with higher schooling and income levels in the recreation group (p < 0.001); and with lightweight motorcycles in the transportation and work groups (p < 0.001). Similar experiences fragilizing all three groups include alcohol consumption, disregard of traffic rules, and acts of aggression. With a different experience from the transportation and work groups, the recreation group experienced circumstances that were favorable to traffic safety. Overall, the pattern of answers in the transportation and work groups associated them with higher susceptibility; the work group, represented by motorcycle couriers, was marked by accidents and poor working conditions. Conclusions: Contextual variables inflict a higher traffic vulnerability on motorcyclists of the transportation and work groups. We advocate that further exploration of the analysis of road traffic accidents be a social construct, and advances in the knowledge of risks and margins for implementing safety measures will only be possible when the approaches consider social, economic, and cultural aspects.

Caracterización de los accidentes de tránsito en la provincia de Cienfuegos / Characterization of Traffic Accidents in Cienfuegos Province

Introducción: En la actualidad los accidentes de tránsito son considerados un serio problema de salud pública debido al número de lesionados y muertos que ocasionan, y a los recursos económicos que deben destinarse para su atención y recuperación. Objetivo: Caracterizar los accidentes de tránsito en la provincia de Cienfuegos durante el año 2019. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo, retrospectivo, de corte transversal. El universo de estudio estuvo constituido por 300 lesionados en accidentes de tránsito en la provincia de Cienfuegos durante el año 2019, registrados por el Departamento de Estadística de Tránsito Provincial. Las variables utilizadas fueron: edad, sexo, lesiones leves, lesiones graves, fallecidos, municipio, horario de ocurrencia del hecho y causa del accidente. Resultados: Predominó el sexo masculino entre las víctimas, el 11,7 por ciento tenía entre 21 y 25 años. Las lesiones leves fueron las de mayor frecuencia. El municipio de mayor incidencia de los accidentes fue Cienfuegos (47 por ciento). Predominó el horario de 16:01 hasta las 20:00 horas. El 30,2 por ciento de los accidentes se originaron por no atender al control del vehículo. Conclusiones: Los accidentes de tránsito reportan un gran número de lesionados y fallecidos, lo que representa para los países un problema de salud, con un gran impacto en la esfera social y económica. Su prevención reviste una relevante importancia, donde la efectividad se logra con la colaboración entre los gobiernos y el sector sanitario (AU)

Introduction: Currently, traffic accidents are considered a serious public health problem, due to the number of injuries and deaths they cause, and the economic resources that must be allocated for their care and recovery. Objective: to characterize traffic accidents in Cienfuegos province during 2019. Methods: A descriptive, retrospective, cross-sectional study was carried out. The universe of study consisted of 300 injured subjects by traffic accidents in Cienfuegos province during 2019, and who were registered by the Provincial Department of Traffic Statistics. The variables used were age, sex, minor injuries, serious injuries, deceased, municipality, time of occurrence of the event and cause of the accident. Results: The male sex predominated among the victims, 11.7 percent were between 21 and 25 years old. Mild injuries were the most frequent. The municipality with the highest incidence of accidents was Cienfuegos (47 percent). The hours from 4:01 p.m. to 8:00 p.m. prevailed. 30.2 percent of the accidents originated from not paying attention to the control of the vehicle. Conclusions: Traffic accidents report a large number of injuries and deaths, which represents a health problem for the countries, with great impact on the social and economic sphere. Prevention is important, so that effectiveness is achieved with collaboration between governments and the health sector(AU)

Hipertiroidismo transitorio posterior a trauma cuello en accidente de tránsito Reporte de caso con enfoque Médico Legal / Transient hyperthyroidism after neck trauma in a traffic accident. Case report with a Legal Medical approach

Resumen El hipertiroidismo transitorio posterior a un trauma de cuello es un hecho infrecuente. Se presenta el caso de una femenina de 23 años, quien sufrió un accidente de tránsito presentando trauma en cuello al golpearse con la manivela de una motocicleta, posteriormente presentó supresión de TSH y elevación de T4 circulante, con ultrasonido y TAC que descartaron hematomas o rupturas de la glándula, que luego de manejo conservador presentó normalización de las hormonas tiroideas y evolucionó sin secuelas. Se hizo una revisión de la literatura sobre tiroiditis e hipertiroidismo transitorio post trauma de cuello.

Abstract Transient hyperthyroidism after neck trauma is not common. The case of a 23-year-old female is presented, who suffered a traffic accident presenting trauma to the neck when hitting with the crank of a motorcycle, subsequently presented suppression of TSH and elevation of circulating T4, with ultrasound and CT that ruled out bruises or ruptures of the gland, which after conservative management presented normalization of thyroid hormones and evolved without sequelae. A review of the literature on thyroiditis and transient hyperthyroidism after neck trauma was conducted.

Impacto del síndrome de apneas obstructivas del sueño en accidentes de tránsito en Chile / Impact of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome in traffic accidents in Chile

Resumen Introducción: Existe abundante evidencia para considerar al síndrome de apnea obstructiva del sueño (SAOS) como un factor de riesgo significativo en la ocurrencia de accidentes de tránsito. En el año 2018, los accidentes de tránsito en Chile provocaron 1.507 muertes, 60 mil lesionados, y generaron un costo país de US $5.985 millones al año (2,1% PIB). Sin embargo, se desconoce la prevalencia de SAOS en conductores, ni su impacto en la accidentabilidad a nivel nacional. Objetivo: Estimar la prevalencia de SAOS en conductores nacionales, y su importancia relativa en el número de accidentes, lesionados, muertes y costos asociados. Material y Método: Revisión de la literatura, análisis descriptivo con bases de datos secundarias. Estimación de prevalencia de riesgo de SAOS en conductores nacionales, profesionales, y cálculo de costos asociados a accidentabilidad. Resultados: Se estima prevalencia de SAOS moderado a severo en un 28,6% para conductores nacionales y 30,2% para conductores profesionales. Utilizando un odds ratio de 2,52 (IC 1,84-3,35) como estimador de riesgo, se obtiene un riesgo atribuible porcentual poblacional de 30,28%, que se traduce en que SAOS sería responsable de 27.046 accidentes, 17.545 lesionados, 456 muertes, y un costo país de US $1.812,4 millones al año atribuibles a SAOS para las cifras de accidentabilidad 2018. Conclusión: El presente trabajo es la primera aproximación al tema a nivel chileno. Se requieren estudios de prevalencia de SAOS en conductores para realizar estimaciones más precisas. Impresiona necesario colocar este tema en la agenda pública, por la posible reducción de riesgos.

Abstract Introduction: There is abundant evidence to consider obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) as a significant risk factor in the occurrence of traffic accidents. In 2018, traffic accidents in Chile caused 1,507 deaths, 60 thousand injured, and generated a country cost of US $ 5,985 million per year (2.1% GDP). However, the prevalence of OSAS in national drivers, nor its impact on accident rate level is unknown. Aim: To estimate the prevalence of OSAS in Chilean drivers, and their relative importance in the number of accidents, injuries, deaths and associated costs. Material and Method: Literature review, descriptive analysis with secondary databases. Estimation of risk prevalence of OSAS in Chilean drivers, professional drivers, and calculation of costs associated with accident rates. Results: The prevalence of moderate to severe OSAS is estimated at 28,6% for national drivers, 30,2% for professional drivers. Using an OR of 2.52 (CI 1.84-3.35) as a risk estimator), a population attributable risk percentage of 30,28% is obtained, which translates to 27,046 accidents, 17,545 injured, 456 deaths, and a country cost of US $ 1,812.4 million per year attributable to OSAS for accidents in 2018. Conclusion: This paper is the first approach to the subject at the Chilean level. OSAS prevalence studies in drivers are required to make more accurate estimates. It is necessary to place this topic on the public agenda, due to the possible risk reduction.

Implicações biopsicossociais em vítimas de acidente de trânsito que cursaram com deficiência adquirida / Biopsychosocial implications in traffic accident victims who course with acquired disability

Resumo Objetivo: Compreender as implicações biopsicossociais em vítimas de acidentes de trânsito que adquiriram deficiência. Método: Trata-se de uma pesquisa descritiva com abordagem qualitativa, desenvolvida em um Centro de Saúde Universitário de um município de referência do Território Sertão Produtivo da Bahia, Brasil, com doze vítimas de acidentes de trânsito atendidas com deficiência adquirida. As informações foram coletadas por meio de entrevista semiestruturada, no período de agosto a setembro de 2018. Para a análise das informações, foi utilizada a técnica de análise de conteúdo. Resultados: No aspecto físico, o acidente de trânsito gerou restrição de autonomia, limitação física para realização de atividades básicas da vida diária, deterioração de habilidades e perda da independência. No aspecto psicológico, o acidente causou sofrimento psíquico, representado por sentimentos de desesperança, tristeza, estresse, raiva, culpa e medo, intensificados pela instabilidade econômica. Além disso, o acidente teve grande impacto social, como restrições ao trabalho, estudo e lazer. Conclusão: A deficiência adquirida em um acidente de trânsito tem repercussões importantes na vida das vítimas, tanto física quanto psicossocialmente. A formação de redes de apoio compostas por familiares e equipe de saúde é fundamental para dar o suporte necessário às pessoas nesta nova condição de vida.

Abstract Objective: To understand the biopsychosocial implications in victims of traffic accidents who had acquired disability. Method: This is a descriptive research with a qualitative approach, developed in a University Health Center in a reference city of the Sertão Productivo Territory of Bahia, Brazil, with twelve victims of traffic accidents who attended with acquired disabilities. The information was collected through a semi-structured interview, in the period between August and September 2018. For the analysis of the information, the content analysis technique was used. Results: In the physical aspect, the traffic accident generated the restriction of autonomy, physical limitation to carry out basic activities in daily life, deterioration of skills and loss of independence. In the psychological aspect, the accident caused mental suffering, represented by feelings of hopelessness, sadness, stress, anger, guilt and fear, intensified by economic instability. In addition, the accident had a great social impact, such as restrictions on work, study and leisure. Conclusion: The disability acquired by a traffic accident has important repercussions on the lives of the victims, both physically and psychosocially. The formation of support networks made up of family members and the health team is essential to provide the necessary support to people in this new condition of life

Resumen Objetivo: Comprender las implicaciones biopsicosociales en víctimas de accidentes de tráfico que habían adquirido discapacidad. Método: Se trata de una investigación descriptiva con enfoque cualitativo, desarrollada en un Centro Universitario de Salud en una ciudad de referencia del Territorio Sertão Productivo de Bahía, Brasil, con doce personas víctimas de accidentes de tránsito que asistieron con discapacidad adquirida. La información fue recolectada mediante entrevista semiestructurada, en el período comprendido entre agosto y septiembre de 2018. Para el análisis de la información se utilizó la técnica de análisis de contenido. Resultados: En el aspecto físico, el accidente de tránsito generó la restricción de autonomía, limitación física para realizar actividades básicas en la vida diaria, deterioro de habilidades y pérdida de independencia. En el aspecto psicológico, el accidente provocó sufrimiento mental, representado por sentimientos de desesperanza, tristeza, estrés, rabia, culpa y miedo, intensificados por la inestabilidad económica. Además, el accidente tuvo un gran impacto social, como restricciones en el trabajo, el estudio y el ocio. Conclusión: La discapacidad adquirida por un accidente de tráfico tiene repercusiones importantes en la vida de las víctimas, tanto física como psicosocialmente. La formación de redes de apoyo integradas por familiares y equipo de salud es fundamental para brindar el apoyo necesario a las personas en esta nueva condición de vida.

Predictors of mortality of trauma patients admitted to the ICU: a retrospective observational study☆.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Worldwide, trauma is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality. The aim of the present study is to identify the predictors of mortality of trauma patients requiring Intensive Care Unit (ICU) admission. METHODS: This retrospective study was conducted in the ICU of our institution in Greece during a six-year period (2010-215). RESULTS: Among 326 patients, trauma was caused by road traffic accidents in .5%, followed by falls (21.1%) and violence (7.4%). Thirty-day mortality was 27.3%. Multivariate analysis showed that higher New Injury Severity Score (NISS), severe head/neck injury, acute kidney injury, septic shock and hemorrhagic shock were significantly associated with mortality while higher Revised Injury Severity Classification, version II (RISC II) and the administration of enteral nutrition were associated with survival. NISS showed the higher accuracy in predicting 30-day mortality followed by RISC II, while scores based only in physiological variables had lower predictive ability. CONCLUSIONS: Increased mortality was strongly associated with the severity of the injury upon admission. Traumatic brain injury, septic shock and acute kidney injury have also been found among the strongest predictors of mortality. NISS can be considered as a statistically superior score in predicting mortality of severely injured patients.

Road traffic accidents of the elderly in Chile between the years 2008-2017: A register-based descriptive study. / Siniestros de tránsito de las personas mayores en Chile entre los años 2008 y 2017: estudio descriptivo.

Objective: To determine whether Chilean elderly persons have higher rates of traffic incidents, resulting in death or injury, compared to non-older adults between 2008 and 2017. Method: The databases of the National Traffic Safety Commission of the last ten years and the data of inhabitants according to the projections made by the National Statistics Institute were used. Effect measures and 95% confidence intervals were calculated. Results: Older adults in Chile had 0.5 times the rate of suffering a traffic accident, 0.6 times the rate of injury, and 1.3 times the rate of dying in a traffic accident when compared against non-elderly adults. Antofagasta and Arica were the regions with the lowest and highest occurrence of death for the elderly, respectively. The leading causes of traffic accidents were the imprudence of the driver and pedestrian, which presented 1.6 and 2.6 times the death rate when compared against non-elderly adults. Of the main types of traffic accidents, only when the pedestrian was hit by a vehicle, the elderly had a higher occurrence of death (rate ratio: 2.4). Conclusions: The elderly presented greater vulnerability to die in a traffic accident. Substantial differences are seen across different regions. Future research should address the characteristics of the users, the strategies that could help them to have better interaction, and promote health with a focus on road safety in the elderly.

Objetivo: Determinar si las personas mayores tienen mayor tasa de sufrir siniestros de tránsito, de fallecer o de lesionarse en estos, en comparación con personas adultas en Chile entre los años 2008 y 2017. Método: Se utilizaron las bases de datos de la Comisión Nacional de Seguridad de Tránsito de los últimos 10 años y los datos de habitantes según las proyecciones realizadas por el Instituto Nacional de Estadística. Se calcularon las medidas de efecto e intervalos de confianza del 95%. Resultados: Las personas mayores en Chile tuvieron 0,5 veces la tasa de sufrir un siniestro de tránsito; 0,6 veces la tasa de lesionar y 1,3 veces la tasa de fallecer en un siniestro de tránsito que presentan las personas adultas. Antofagasta y Arica fueron las regiones con menor y mayor ocurrencia de fallecimientos de personas mayores. Las principales causas de siniestro fueron la imprudencia del conductor y peatón, las que a su vez presentaron 1,6 y 2,6 veces la tasa de fallecimiento en personas adultas. De los principales tipos de siniestros, sólo en los atropellos las personas mayores tuvieron mayor ocurrencia de muerte (razón de tasas 2,4). Conclusiones: Confirma la mayor vulnerabilidad a fallecer en un siniestro de tránsito de las personas mayores. Se aprecian grandes diferencias a través de las diversas regiones del país. Las futuras investigaciones deben abordar las características de los usuarios, las estrategias que podrían ayudar a estos a tener una mejor interacción y promover la salud con foco en la seguridad vial en las personas mayores.

Características de la muerte de mujeres por violencia según las necropsias realizadas en la morgue del Callao / Characteristics of women's death by violence according to necropsies carried out in the Callao morgue

RESUMEN El objetivo fue describir las características de la muerte de mujeres por violencia según las necropsias realizadas en la morgue del Callao desde el 2016 al 2018. Se revisaron los registros forenses de 83 mujeres y se encontró que la muerte de mujeres por violencia ocurrió con mayor frecuencia en la etapa adulta, el suceso de tránsito fue el agente causante más implicado, la lesión mortal se ubicó mayormente en el segmento cabeza, se realizaron más levantamientos de cadáveres en la vía pública y el distrito con más casos fue el Callao. Es importante que las autoridades se comprometan a crear, instalar y seguir un plan de acción para prevenir la muerte de mujeres por violencia en el Callao.

ABSTRACT The objective was to describe the characteristics of women's deaths by violence according to autopsies performed at the Callao morgue from 2016 to 2018. The forensic records of 83 women were reviewed and it was found that women's deaths by violence occurred most often in adulthood. Traffic accidents were found to be the most common cause. The most frequent location of the fatal injury was in the head segment. Most of the corpse removal took place on the public road. The district with the most cases was Callao. It is important that the authorities commit to creating, installing and following an action plan to prevent women's deaths by violence in Callao.

Reporte de un caso: Fractura expuesta del mediopie por accidente de tránsito en paciente VIH/SIDA / Case Report: Exposed Midfoot Fracture Due To Traffic Accident In HIV/AIDS Patient

Actualmente hay una alta incidencia de accidentes de tránsito en el mundo, muchos de ellos provocan una discapacidad grave en las personas. Estas lesiones en las extremidades provocan alta morbilidad llegando incluso a una amputación. Esto se agrava en pacientes VIH/SIDA, sobre todo en el tratamiento y la evolución. Se presenta un caso clínico de un paciente con lesión severa del mediopie que termina en amputación y se hace una revisión del manejo quirúrgico del paciente traumatológico con VIH/SIDA

Currently there is a high incidence of traffic accidents in the world, many of them cause severe disability in people. These limb injuries cause high morbidity even reaching an amputation. This is aggravated in HIV/AIDS patients, especially in treatment and evolution. A clinical case of a patient with severe midfoot injury that ends in amputation is presented and a surgical management review of the trauma patient with HIV/AIDS is made.

Trajectory of the Victims of Overland Transport Accidents: From Prehospital to Hospital Care.

OBJECTIVE: The aim is to evaluate the trajectory of the victims of ground transportation accidents from the prehospital care to the hospital. METHODS: The sample consisted of 1,264 patients collected from the prehospital care, from June 2015 to June 2016. The trajectory was analyzed by the difference in the average time elapsed between the call and the hospital entrance. The Mann-Whitney and Kruskal-Wallis tests were used, adopting a significance level of 5% and 95% confidence. RESULTS: Patients had a mean age of 31.2 years, Glasgow Coma Scale of 14.8 points, and 24.8 days of hospitalization. It is characterized predominantly masculine, conductive of the vehicle, being the motorcycle prevalent; most of them wore a helmet/seat belt and no alcohol. The association between the average time of care and the characteristics related to the victim was significant: the use of the belt/helmet, alcoholism, and type of discharge and relative to the accident: area of occurrence, period of the week, shift of occurrence, type of prehospital care, and other party involved. CONCLUSION: The characteristics related to ground transportation accident interfere in the time of prehospital care to the hospital, which can influence the prognosis.

Siniestros de tránsito de las personas mayores en Chile entre los años 2008 y 2017: estudio descriptivo / Road traffic accidents of the elderly in Chile between the years 2008-2017: a register-based descriptive study

OBJETIVO: Determinar si las personas mayores tienen mayor tasa de sufrir siniestros de tránsito, de fallecer o de lesionarse en estos, en comparación con personas adultas en Chile entre los años 2008 y 2017. MÉTODO: Se utilizaron las bases de datos de la Comisión Nacional de Seguridad de Tránsito de los últimos 10 años y los datos de habitantes según las proyecciones realizadas por el Instituto Nacional de Estadística. Se calcularon las medidas de efecto e intervalos de confianza del 95%. RESULTADOS: Las personas mayores en Chile tuvieron 0,5 veces la tasa de sufrir un siniestro de tránsito; 0,6 veces la tasa de lesionar y 1,3 veces la tasa de fallecer en un siniestro de tránsito que presentan las personas adultas. Antofagasta y Arica fueron las regiones con menor y mayor ocurrencia de fallecimientos de personas mayores. Las principales causas de siniestro fueron la imprudencia del conductor y peatón, las que a su vez presentaron 1,6 y 2,6 veces la tasa de fallecimiento en personas adultas. De los principales tipos de siniestros, sólo en los atropellos las personas mayores tuvieron mayor ocurrencia de muerte (razón de tasas 2,4). CONCLUSIONES: Confirma la mayor vulnerabilidad a fallecer en un siniestro de tránsito de las personas mayores. Se aprecian grandes diferencias a través de las diversas regiones del país. Las futuras investigaciones deben abordar las características de los usuarios, las estrategias que podrían ayudar a estos a tener una mejor interacción y promover la salud con foco en la seguridad vial en las personas mayores.

OBJECTIVE: To determine if older adults in Chile have higher rates of traffic incidents, resulting in death or injury when compared to younger adults between 2008 and 2017. METHODS: The databases of the National Traffic Safety Commission of the last ten years and the data of inhabitants according to the projections made by the National Statistics Institute were used. Effect measures and 95% confidence intervals were calculated. RESULTS: The elderly in Chile had 0.5 times the rate of suffering a traffic accident, 0.6 times the rate of injury, and 1.3 times the rate of dying in a traffic accident when compared against non-elderly adults. Antofagasta and Arica were the regions with the lowest and highest occurrence of death for older adults, respectively. The leading causes of traffic accidents were the imprudence of the driver and pedestrian, which presented 1.6 and 2.6 times the death rate when compared against non-elderly adults. Of the main types of traffic accidents, only when the pedestrian was hit by a vehicle, the elderly had a higher occurrence of death (rate ratio 2.4). CONCLUSIONS: Older adults presented a greater vulnerability to death by traffic accidents. Substantial differences are seen across different regions. Future research should address the characteristics of the users, the strategies that could help them to have better interaction, and promote health with a focus on road safety for older people.

[Temporal trend of premature mortality for external causes in Chile between 1997-2014]. / Evolución temporal de la mortalidad prematura por causas externas en Chile entre 1997-2014.

OBJECTIVE: Currently, there is a change in the causes of mortality towards noncommunicable diseases and external causes. However, there are no updated studies on the trend of premature mortality due to external causes (PMEC) in Chile and the underlying sociodemographic variables. The objective of this study was to evaluate the trend of PMEC in Chile between 1997-2014 and analyze its distribution according to sociodemographic variables. METHODS: Ecological mixed study. The cause of death and demographic data of mortality databases and official population estimates of the government of Chile were used. The PMEC and main subcauses (traffic accidents, self-inflicted injuries and aggressions) were considered in the population between 15-64 years. Annual crudes and adjusted rates (direct method) were estimated between 1997-2014. The trend of adjusted rates was evaluated using Prais-Winsten regression. RESULTS: There were 102.559 deaths from external causes during the period studied (22.1% of total mortality). The cases were concentrated in men (85.3%), in the group of 25-44 years (44.8%) and at the basic instruction level-without instruction (48,4%). The PMEC trend decreased significantly in general population (ß=-1.18x100,000 inhab., 95%CI: -1.58,-0.78) and men (ß=-2.25x100,000 inhab. 95%CI: -2.79;-1.7). In women, there were no significant changes in PMEC, however an increase in PM due to aggressions was observed (ß=0.03x100,000 inhab. 95%CI: 0.002,0.05). CONCLUSIONS: During the study period, a decrease in MPCE could be observed, especially that caused by traffic accidents. However, it has not been possible to reduce in women, alerting the increase in MP due to aggressions.

OBJETIVO: Actualmente existe un desplazamiento de las causas de mortalidad hacia las enfermedades no transmisibles y causas externas. Sin embargo, no hay estudios actualizados sobre la tendencia de la mortalidad prematura por causas externas (MPCE) en Chile y sus variables sociodemográficas. El objetivo del estudio fue evaluar la tendencia de la MPCE en Chile entre 1997-2014 y analizar su distribución según variables sociodemográficas. METODOS: Estudio ecológico mixto. Se utilizó la causa de muerte y los datos demográficos de las bases de mortalidad y estimaciones de población oficiales del gobierno de Chile. Se consideró la MPCE y las causas específicas principales (accidentes de tránsito, lesiones autoinflingidas y agresiones) en la población entre 15-64 años. Se estimaron tasas anuales crudas y ajustadas (método directo) entre 1997-2014. Se evaluó la tendencia de las tasas ajustadas utilizando regresión de Prais-Winsten. RESULTADOS: Hubo 102.559 muertes por causas externas durante el período estudiado (22,1% de la mortalidad total). Los casos se concentraron en hombres (85,3%), en el grupo de 25-44 años (44,8%) y en el nivel de instrucción básico-sin instrucción (48,4%). La tendencia de la MPCE disminuyó significativamente en la población general (ß =-1,18x100.000 habs. IC95%:-1,58;-0,78) y en hombres (ß=-2,25x100.000 habs. IC95%:-2,79;-1,7). En mujeres no hubo cambios significativos en la MPCE, no obstante, se observó un aumento en la MP por agresiones (ß=0,03x100.000 habs. IC95%:0,002;0,05). CONCLUSIONES: Durante el período de estudio se pudo observar una disminución de la MPCE, especialmente la causada por accidentes de tránsito. Sin embargo, no se ha logrado reducir en mujeres, alertando el aumento en la MP por agresiones en este grupo.

Looking for the reason of hemodynamic instability: a case report of the role of intraoperative ultrasound / Buscando o motivo da instabilidade hemodinâmica: relato de caso sobre o papel do ultrassom intraoperatório

Abstract Background and objectives: A prompt and effective management of trauma patient is necessary. The aim of this case report is to highlight the importance of intraoperative echocardiography as a useful tool in patients suffering from refractory hemodynamic instability no otherwise explained. Case report: A 41 year-old woman suffered a car accident. At the emergency department, no abnormalities were found in ECG or chest X-ray. Abdominal ultrasound revealed the presence of abdominal free liquid and the patient was submitted to urgent exploratory laparotomy. Nevertheless, she persisted suffering arterial hypotension and metabolic acidosis. Looking for the reason of her hemodynamic instability, intraoperative transthoracic echocardiography was performed, finding out the presence of pericardial effusion. Once the cardiac surgeon extracted pericardial clots, patient's situation improved clinically and analytically. Conclusion: Every anesthesiologist should be able to use the intraoperative echocardiography as an effective tool in order to establish the appropriate measures to promote the survival of patients suffering severe trauma.

Resumo Justificativa e objetivos: O atendimento rápido e eficaz do paciente de trauma é necessário. O objetivo deste relato de caso foi destacar a importância do ecocardiograma intraoperatório como uma ferramenta útil em pacientes que sofrem de instabilidade hemodinâmica refratária sem explicação aparente. Relato de caso: Uma mulher de 41 anos sofreu um acidente de automóvel. No departamento de emergência, nenhuma anormalidade foi encontrada no ECG ou na radiografia de tórax. Uma ultrassonografia abdominal revelou a presença de líquido livre no abdome, e a paciente foi submetida à laparotomia exploradora de urgência. No entanto, a paciente continuou apresentando hipotensão arterial e acidose metabólica. Na busca pelo motivo de sua instabilidade hemodinâmica, um ecocardiograma transtorácico foi realizado no período intraoperatório e constatou a presenc¸a de derrame pericárdico. Após a remoção dos coágulos pericárdicos pelo cirurgião cardíaco, a condição da paciente melhorou clínica e analiticamente. Conclusão: Todo anestesiologista deve saber utilizar o ecocardiograma intraoperatório como ferramenta eficaz para estabelecer as medidas adequadas para promover a sobrevida de pacientes com traumatismos graves.

[Looking for the reason of hemodynamic instability: a case report of the role of intraoperative ultrasound]. / Buscando o motivo da instabilidade hemodinâmica: relato de caso sobre o papel do ultrassom intraoperatório.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: A prompt and effective management of trauma patient is necessary. The aim of this case report is to highlight the importance of intraoperative echocardiography as a useful tool in patients suffering from refractory hemodynamic instability no otherwise explained. CASE REPORT: A 41 year-old woman suffered a car accident. At the emergency department, no abnormalities were found in ECG or chest X-ray. Abdominal ultrasound revealed the presence of abdominal free liquid and the patient was submitted to urgent exploratory laparotomy. Nevertheless, she persisted suffering arterial hypotension and metabolic acidosis. Looking for the reason of her hemodynamic instability, intraoperative transthoracic echocardiography was performed, finding out the presence of pericardial effusion. Once the cardiac surgeon extracted pericardial clots, patient's situation improved clinically and analytically. CONCLUSION: Every anesthesiologist should be able to use the intraoperative echocardiography as an effective tool in order to establish the appropriate measures to promote the survival of patients suffering severe trauma.

Determinación social de la mortalidad por accidentes de tránsito en el distrito metropolitano de Quito, año 2013 / Social Determination of Road Traffic Mortality in the Metropolitan District of Quito, 2013 / Determinação social da mortalidade por acidentes de tráfego no distrito metropolitano de Quito, ano de 2013

Resumen Introducción: Los marcos conceptuales clásicos han logrado una explicación y acción parcialmente efectivas sobre la mortalidad por accidentes de tránsito (at). Se requieren nuevos marcos para su comprensión como fenómeno social y de su distribución socioespacial, que efectivicen el derecho a una movilidad equitativa, segura y sustentable. Objetivo: Establecer la distribución socioespacial de los fallecimientos por at en el distrito metropolitano de Quito (dmq) en el año 2013 y sus procesos determinantes. Metodología: Mediante un estudio exploratorio multietápico: revisión documental, análisis de bases de datos, enlace de archivos y encuesta a un familiar del fallecido, se analizó la mortalidad por at en el dmq con base en las categorías de la epidemiología crítica: "segregación socioespacial", "clase social" y "perfil epidemiológico". Resultados: Se encontraron importantes diferencias en la mortalidad por zona homogénea, tasas de 7,84 y 18,82 por cien mil habitantes para las zonas residencial suntuaria y popular deteriorada, respectivamente; por clase social, el 58 % de fallecimientos se dio en el grupo proletario; por género, murieron 81,5 % hombres, y por grupos de edad, la tasa de mortalidad fue de 19,08 por cien mil habitantes, en mayores de 65 años. Conclusiones: Los fallecimientos por at presentan una distribución relacionada con la segregación del espacio en Quito, con los modos de vida de los grupos sociales, sus formas de trabajo y de consumo (movilidad). Merecen atención formas de trabajo con uso de motocicleta; también la construcción social de género y la mediación de los patrones de consumo de alcohol. Se requieren acciones de prevención construidas participativamente, en función de zonas homogéneas, de grupos sociales y procesos culturales.

Abstract Introduction: The classic conceptual frameworks have achie ved a partially effective explanation and action on mortality due to traffic accidents (ta). New frameworks are needed for its understanding as a social phenomenon and its socio-spa tial distribution, and would make effective the right to equi table, safe and sustainable transport. Objective: To establish the socio-spatial distribution of ta deaths in the Metropolitan District of Quito (mdq) in 2013 and its determining processes. Methodology: Through a multi-stage exploratory study: do cumentary review, database analysis, file link and survey of a relative of the deceased, ta mortality was analyzed for the mdq based on the categories of critical epidemiology: "socio-spatial segregation", "social class" and "epidemiological profile". Re sults: Important differences were found in mortality by homo geneous zone, rates of 7.84 and 18.82 per hundred thousand inhabitants for the wealthy and deteriorated popular residential zones, respectively; by social class, 58% of deaths occurred in the poorer group; by gender, 81.5% of men died, and by age groups, the mortality rate was 19.08 per hundred thousand in habitants, over 65 years of age. Conclusions: The distribution of ta deaths is related to the segregation of space in Quito, the livelihoods of social groups, their forms of work and con sumption (mobility). It is worth paying attention to types of work that use motorcycles, as well as the social construction of gender and the mediation of alcohol consumption patterns. There is a need for participative construction of preventative measures based on homogeneous zones, social groups and cul tural processes.

Resumo Introdução: Os marcos conceptuais clássicos tem logrado uma explicação e ação parcialmente efetivas sobre a morta lidade por acidentes de tráfego (AT). Se requerem novos mar cos para a sua compreensão como fenómeno social e da sua distribuição sócio espacial, que efetivem o direito para uma mobilidade enxuta, segura e sustentável. Objetivo: Estabele cer a distribuição sócio espacial dos falecimentos por AT no distrito metropolitano de Quito (dmq) no ano 2013 e os sus processos determinantes. Metodologia: Mediante um estudo exploratório poli processo: revisão documentaria, análise de bases de dados, enlace de arquivos e enquete ao familiar do falecido, se analisou a mortalidade por at no dmq com base nas categorias da epidemiologia crítica: "segregação sócio espa cial", "classe social" e "perfil epidemiológico". Resultados: Se encontraram importantes diferencias na mortalidade por zona homogénea, taxas de 7,84 e 18,82 por cem mil habitantes para as zonas residencial suntuária e popular deteriorada, res pectivamente; por classe social, o 58 % de falecimentos se deu no grupo proletário; por género, morreram 81,5 % homens, y por grupos de idade, a taxa de mortalidade foi de 19,08 por cada cem mil habitantes, em mais velhos de 65 anos. Con clusões: Os falecimentos por at apresentam uma distribuição alusiva com a segregação do espaço em Quito, com os modos de vida dos grupos sociais, os seus jeitos de trabalho e de con sumo (mobilidade). Merecem atenção jeitos de trabalho com uso de motocicleta; também a construção social de género e a mediação dos padrões do consumo de álcool. Se requerem ações de prevenção construídas participativamente, na função de zonas homogéneas, de grupos sociais e processos culturais.

Perfil de sono, variáveis clínicas e jornada de trabalho de caminhoneiros idosos e de meia-idade em rodovias / Sleep profile, clinical variables, and working hours in elderly and middle-aged long-haul truck drivers

Este trabalho objetivou investigar a associação de variáveis representativas do perfil sociodemográfico, da jornada de trabalho e das condições gerais de saúde de profissionais do transporte de cargas em rodovias com o regime de sono relatado. Tratou-se de um estudo transversal com análise de questionários cedidos pelo Serviço Social do Transporte e pelo Serviço Nacional de Aprendizagem do Transporte, em que foram averiguados dados relativos aos profissionais com idade ≥ 45 anos. Os resultados encontrados permitem inferir que o perfil de sono exibido pelos profissionais de transporte de cargas parece correlacionar-se negativamente com a condição geral de saúde (ocorrência de hipertensão arterial sistêmica e consumo de medicamentos) e a extensão da jornada de trabalho.

This cross-sectional study aimed to investigate the association of variables representative of the sociodemographic profile, working hours, and general health status of long-haul truck drivers with their reported sleep regimen. Questionnaires provided by the Transportation Social Service and the National Transportation Learning Service, in which data were collected from professional truckers aged ≥ 45 years, were analyzed. The results found allow us to infer that the sleep profile of these ground freight transportation workers seems to correlate negatively with general health (prevalence of arterial hypertension and drug use) and the number of working hours per day.

Morbimortalidad en trauma ortopédico de alta energía: estudio descriptivo retrospectivo / Morbimortality of High-energy Orthopedic Trauma: a Descriptive Retrospective Study / Morbimortalidade em trauma ortopédico de alta energia: estudo descritivo retrospective

Resumen Objetivo: Describir la mortalidad y las principales complicaciones secundarias en los pacientes con trauma ortopédico de alta energía, admitidos en el servicio de urgencias del Hospital Universitario San Vicente Fundación. Metodología: Se llevó a cabo un estudio descriptivo retrospectivo de los pacientes, en un período de 18 meses, que cumplieron los criterios de inclusión luego de realizar la búsqueda en la base de datos del Hospital. Se revisaron 10 259 historias clínicas, de las cuales 161 cumplían los criterios de inclusión. Las variables cuantitativas se analizaron mediante medias y desviaciones estándar, y las cualitativas, a través de frecuencias y proporciones. El análisis estadístico se efectuó con el SPSS® 21. Resultados: La mayoría de pacientes afectados correspondía al sexo masculino (80,7 %), con edad promedio de 37,5 años; el principal hueso afectado fue la tibia (68,3 %). El principal mecanismo de trauma fue accidente de tránsito (82 %), siendo la motocicleta el vehículo involucrado con mayor frecuencia (65,8 %). La mortalidad fue baja, fallecieron tres pacientes. Las principales complicaciones fueron osteomielitis crónica y tromboembolismo pulmonar (7,4 y 6,8 %, respectivamente). Dieciséis pacientes requirieron ingreso a la unidad de cuidados intensivos (9,9 %), con un promedio de estancia de 6,9 días. Conclusiones: El trauma ortopédico de alta energía no es un factor de mortalidad independiente; sin embargo, impacta sobre la salud pública, debido a la discapacidad que esta lesión genera en individuos laboralmente activos, lo que lleva a ausentismo laboral y pérdida de la productividad.

Abstract Objective: to describe the mortality and the main secondary complications in patients with high-energy orthopedic trauma treated at the emergency service of the Hospital Universitario San Vicente Fundación. Methodology: descriptive retrospective study carried out in an 18-month period with patients following the inclusion criteria and after a search conducted in the hospital's database. 10,259 patient medical records were reviewed, out of which 161 followed the inclusion criteria. The quantitative variables were analyzed by standard means and deviations. The qualitative variables were analyzed by frequency and proportions. Results: most of the affected patients were males (80.7%), with a mean age of 37.5 years, the most affected bone was the tibia (68.3). Transit accident was the main mechanism of trauma (82%), and the most frequently involved vehicle was the motorcycle (65.8%). There was a low mortality of three patients. The main complications were chronic osteomyelitis and pulmonary thromboembolism (7.4% and 6.8%, respectively). Sixteen patients needed attention in the Intensive Care Unit (9.9%), remaining there for an average of 6.9 days. Conclusions: high-energy orthopedic trauma is not an independent mortality factor. However, it affects public health by generating medical leaves of active workers, which causes work absences and diminishes productivity.

Resumo Objetivo: Descrever a mortalidade e as principais complicações secundárias nos pacientes com trauma ortopédico de alta energia, tratados no serviço de urgências do Hospital Universitario San Vicente Fundación. Metodologia: foi feito um estudo descritivo retrospectivo dos pacientes, em 18 meses, respeitando critérios de inclusão após realizar a pesquisa na base de dados do Hospital. Revisaram-se 10 259 histórias clínicas, das quais 161 acatavam os critérios de inclusão. As variáveis quantitativas analisaram-se por meio de medições e desvios standards. As variáveis qualitativas analisaram-se através de frequências e proporções. Resultados: a maioria dos pacientes afetados eram de sexo masculino (80,7 %), com idade média de 37,5 anos, o principal osso afetado foi a tíbia (68,3 %). O principal mecanismo de trauma foi acidente de trânsito (82%), sendo a motocicleta o veículo envolvido com mais frequência (65,8 %). A mortalidade foi baixa, morreram três pacientes. As principais complicações foram a ostomielite crônica e o tromboembolismo pulmonar (7,4 e 6,8 %, respetivamente). Dezesseis pacientes precisaram atenção na Unidade de Terapia Intensiva (9,9%), com média de tempo na uti de 6,9 dias. Conclusões: o trauma ortopédico de alta energia não é um fator de mortalidade independente. Porém, afeta a saúde pública pelo impedimento gerado em pessoas que trabalham, porque elas devem se ausentar dos seus labores e a produtividade diminui.

Grouping of body areas affected in traffic accidents. A cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Traffic accidents are considered a public health problem and, according to the World Health Organization, currently is the eighth cause of death in the world. Specifically, pedestrians, cyclists and motorcyclists contribute half of the fatalities. Adequate clinical management in accordance with aggregation patterns of the body areas involved, as well as the characteristics of the accident, will help to reduce mortality and disability in this population. METHODS: Secondary data analysis of a cohort of patients involved in traffic accidents and admitted to the emergency room (ER) of a high complexity hospital in Medellín, Colombia. They were over 15 years of age, had two or more injuries in different areas of the body and had a hospital stay of more than 24 h after admission. A cluster analysis was performed, using Ward's method and the linfinity similarity measure, to obtain clusters of body areas most commonly affected depending on the type of vehicle and the type of victim. RESULTS: Among 2445 patients with traffic accidents, 34% (n = 836) were admitted into the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) and the overall hospital mortality rate was 8% (n = 201). More than 50% of the patients were motorcycle riders but mortality was higher in pedestrian-car accidents (16%, n = 34). The clusters show efficient performance to separate the population depending on the severity of their injuries. Pedestrians had the highest mortality after having accidents with cars and they also had the highest number of body parts clustered, mainly on head and abdomen areas. CONCLUSIONS: Exploring the cluster patterns of injuries and body areas affected in traffic accidents allow to establish anatomical groups defined by the type of accident and the type of vehicle. This classification system will accelerate and prioritize ER-care for these population groups, helping to provide better health care services and to rationalize available resources.