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1.
Emerg Infect Dis ; 30(9)2024 Aug 06.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39106453

ABSTRACT

We isolated highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N5 and H5N1 viruses from crows in Hokkaido, Japan, during winter 2023-24. They shared genetic similarity with HPAI H5N5 viruses from northern Europe but differed from those in Asia. Continuous monitoring and rapid information sharing between countries are needed to prevent HPAI virus transmission.

2.
Poult Sci ; 103(10): 104068, 2024 Jul 09.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39096825

ABSTRACT

Avian influenza virus (AIV) subtype H9N2 has significantly threatened the poultry business in recent years by having become the predominant subtype in flocks of chickens, ducks, and pigeons. In addition, the public health aspects of H9N2 AIV pose a significant threat to humans. Early and rapid diagnosis of H9N2 AIV is therefore of great importance. In this study, a new method for the detection of H9N2 AIV based on fluorescence intensity was successfully established using CRISPR/Cas13a technology. The Cas13a protein was first expressed in a prokaryotic system and purified using nickel ion affinity chromatography, resulting in a high-purity Cas13a protein. The best RPA (recombinase polymerase amplification) primer pairs and crRNA were designed and screened, successfully constructing the detection of H9N2 AIV based on CRISPR/Cas13a technology. Optimal concentration of Cas13a and crRNA was determined to optimize the constructed assay. The sensitivity of the optimized detection system is excellent, with a minimum detection limit of 10° copies/µL and didn't react with other avian susceptible viruses, with excellent specificity. The detection method provides the basis for the field detection of the H9N2 AIV.

4.
Virusdisease ; 35(2): 321-328, 2024 Jun.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39071868

ABSTRACT

H9N2 avian Influenza virus subtype is highly neglected but have the potential to emerge as a next pandemic influenza virus, by either itself evolution or through the donation of genes to other subtype. So to understand the extent of H9N2 virus prevalence and associated risk factors in poultry of retail shops and their surrounding environment a cross sectional study was carried out. A total of 500 poultry tissue and 700 environmental samples were collected from 20 district of Madhya Pradesh. Virus isolation was carried out in egg inoculation and harvested allantoic fluid was tested for HA and further molecular confirmation of subtypes by RT-PCR using H9 specific primers. Prevalence was calculated and positive samples were statistically associated with observed risk factors using univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis. A total of 9.4% and 9.7% prevalence in tissue samples and environmental samples has been reported respectively and out of 20 districts 10 (50%) were found positive for the virus. Out of 21 studied risk factors only two risk factors named as "keeping total number birds slaughtered per day" and "procuring birds from wholesaler" were found significantly associated with the H9N2 positivity in multivariate logistic regression analysis. This high level of H9N2 positivity in birds with no clinical manifestations providing a great opportunity for avian influenza virus for amplification, co-infection in other animals like dogs, cats, pigs and in human through genetic re-assortment that may lead to emergence of a novel influenza virus with high zoonotic potential. Supplementary Information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13337-024-00865-y.

5.
J Food Prot ; 87(8): 100325, 2024 Aug.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38964610

ABSTRACT

With the emergence of clade 2.3.4.4b H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (AIV) infection of dairy cattle and its subsequent detection in raw milk, coupled with recent AIV infections affecting dairy farm workers, experiments were conducted to affirm the safety of cooked ground beef related to AIV because such meat is often derived from cull dairy cows. Specifically, retail ground beef (percent lean:fat = ca. 80:20) was inoculated with a low pathogenic AIV (LPAIV) isolate to an initial level of 5.6 log10 50% egg infectious doses (EID50)  per 300 g patty. The inoculated meat was pressed into patties (ca. 2.54 cm thick, ca. 300 g each) and then held at 4 °C for up to 60 min. In each of the two trials, two patties for each of the following three treatments were cooked on a commercial open-flame gas grill to internal instantaneous temperatures of 48.9 °C (120°F), 62.8 °C (145°F), or 71.1 °C (160°F), but without any dwell time. Cooking inoculated ground beef patties to 48.9 °C (ave. cooking time of ca. 15 min) resulted in a mean reduction of ≥2.5 ± 0.9 log10 EID50 per 300 g of ground beef as assessed via quantification of virus in embryonating chicken eggs (ECEs). Likewise, cooking patties on a gas grill to 62.8 °C (ave. cooking time of ca. 21 min) or to the USDA FSIS recommended minimum internal temperature for ground beef of 71.1 °C (ave. cooking time of ca. 24 min) resulted in a reduction to nondetectable levels from initial levels of ≥5.6 log10 EID50 per 300 g. These data establish that levels of infectious AIV are substantially reduced within inoculated ground beef patties (20% fat) using recommended cooking procedures.


Subject(s)
Cooking , Animals , Cattle , Humans , Influenza in Birds , Red Meat , Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype , Meat , Birds
6.
Microorganisms ; 12(7)2024 Jun 25.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39065055

ABSTRACT

Domestic ducks (Anas platyrhynchos domesticus) are resistant to most of the highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) infections. In this study, we characterized the lung proteome and phosphoproteome of ducks infected with the HPAI H5N1 virus (A/duck/India/02CA10/2011/Agartala) at 12 h, 48 h, and 5 days post-infection. A total of 2082 proteins were differentially expressed and 320 phosphorylation sites mapping to 199 phosphopeptides, corresponding to 129 proteins were identified. The functional annotation of the proteome data analysis revealed the activation of the RIG-I-like receptor and Jak-STAT signaling pathways, which led to the induction of interferon-stimulated gene (ISG) expression. The pathway analysis of the phosphoproteome datasets also confirmed the activation of RIG-I, Jak-STAT signaling, NF-kappa B signaling, and MAPK signaling pathways in the lung tissues. The induction of ISG proteins (STAT1, STAT3, STAT5B, STAT6, IFIT5, and PKR) established a protective anti-viral immune response in duck lung tissue. Further, the protein-protein interaction network analysis identified proteins like AKT1, STAT3, JAK2, RAC1, STAT1, PTPN11, RPS27A, NFKB1, and MAPK1 as the main hub proteins that might play important roles in disease progression in ducks. Together, the functional annotation of the proteome and phosphoproteome datasets revealed the molecular basis of the disease progression and disease resistance mechanism in ducks infected with the HPAI H5N1 virus.

7.
Viruses ; 16(7)2024 Jul 09.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39066264

ABSTRACT

The avian influenza virus, particularly the H5N1 strain, poses a significant and ongoing threat to both human and animal health. Recent outbreaks have affected domestic and wild birds on a massive scale, raising concerns about the virus' spread to mammals. This review focuses on the critical role of microRNAs (miRNAs) in modulating pro-inflammatory signaling pathways during the pathogenesis of influenza A virus (IAV), with an emphasis on highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5 viral infections. Current research indicates that miRNAs play a significant role in HPAI H5 infections, influencing various aspects of the disease process. This review aims to synthesize recent findings on the impact of different miRNAs on immune function, viral cytopathogenicity, and respiratory viral replication. Understanding these mechanisms is essential for developing new therapeutic strategies to combat avian influenza and mitigate its effects on both human and animal populations.


Subject(s)
Chickens , Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype , Influenza in Birds , MicroRNAs , Virus Replication , Animals , MicroRNAs/genetics , MicroRNAs/metabolism , Influenza in Birds/virology , Influenza in Birds/immunology , Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype/genetics , Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype/pathogenicity , Chickens/virology , Humans , Disease Models, Animal , Influenza, Human/virology , Influenza, Human/immunology , Influenza, Human/genetics , Host-Pathogen Interactions/genetics , Host-Pathogen Interactions/immunology
8.
Viruses ; 16(7)2024 Jul 16.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39066308

ABSTRACT

In January 2020, increased mortality was reported in a small broiler breeder flock in County Fermanagh, Northern Ireland. Gross pathological findings included coelomitis, oophoritis, salpingitis, visceral gout, splenomegaly, and renomegaly. Clinical presentation included inappetence, pronounced diarrhoea, and increased egg deformation. These signs, in combination with increased mortality, triggered a notifiable avian disease investigation. High pathogenicity avian influenza virus (HPAIV) was not suspected, as mortality levels and clinical signs were not consistent with HPAIV. Laboratory investigation demonstrated the causative agent to be a low-pathogenicity avian influenza virus (LPAIV), subtype H6N1, resulting in an outbreak that affected 15 premises in Northern Ireland. The H6N1 virus was also associated with infection on 13 premises in the Republic of Ireland and six in Great Britain. The close genetic relationship between the viruses in Ireland and Northern Ireland suggested a direct causal link whereas those in Great Britain were associated with exposure to a common ancestral virus. Overall, this rapidly spreading outbreak required the culling of over 2 million birds across the United Kingdom and the Republic of Ireland to stamp out the incursion. This report demonstrates the importance of investigating LPAIV outbreaks promptly, given their substantial economic impacts.


Subject(s)
Chickens , Disease Outbreaks , Farms , Influenza A virus , Influenza in Birds , Poultry Diseases , Poultry , Animals , Influenza in Birds/epidemiology , Influenza in Birds/virology , Disease Outbreaks/veterinary , United Kingdom/epidemiology , Poultry Diseases/virology , Poultry Diseases/epidemiology , Ireland/epidemiology , Chickens/virology , Influenza A virus/pathogenicity , Influenza A virus/genetics , Influenza A virus/classification , Poultry/virology , Phylogeny
9.
Poult Sci ; 103(9): 103988, 2024 Jun 18.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38970848

ABSTRACT

Inactivated vaccines play an important role in preventing and controlling the epidemic caused by the H5 subtype avian influenza virus. The vaccine strains are updated in response to alterations in surface protein antigens, while an avian-derived vaccine internal backbone with a high replicative capacity in chicken embryonated eggs and MDCK cells is essential for vaccine development. In this study, we constructed recombinant viruses using the clade 2.3.4.4d A/chicken/Jiangsu/GY5/2017(H5N6, CkG) strain as the surface protein donor and the clade 2.3.4.4b A/duck/Jiangsu/84512/2017(H5N6, Dk8) strain with high replicative ability as an internal donor. After optimization, the integration of the M gene from the CkG into the internal genes from Dk8 (8GM) was selected as the high-yield vaccine internal backbone, as the combination improved the hemagglutinin1/nucleoprotein (HA1/NP) ratio in recombinant viruses. The r8GMΔG with attenuated hemagglutinin and neuraminidase from the CkG exhibited high-growth capacity in both chicken embryos and MDCK cell cultures. The inactivated r8GMΔG vaccine candidate also induced a higher hemagglutination inhibition antibody titer and microneutralization titer than the vaccine strain using PR8 as the internal backbone. Further, the inactivated r8GMΔG vaccine candidate provided complete protection against wild-type strain challenge. Therefore, our study provides a high-yield, easy-to-cultivate candidate donor as an internal gene backbone for vaccine development.

10.
Virus Genes ; 2024 Jul 15.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39008139

ABSTRACT

The recent expansion of HPAIV H5N1 infections in terrestrial mammals in the Americas, most recently including the outbreak in dairy cattle, emphasizes the critical need for better epidemiological monitoring of zoonotic diseases. In this work, we detected, isolated, and characterized the HPAIV H5N1 from environmental swab samples collected from a dairy farm in the state of Kansas, USA. Genomic sequencing of these samples uncovered two distinctive substitutions in the PB2 (E249G) and NS1 (R21Q) genes which are rare and absent in recent 2024 isolates of H5N1 circulating in the mammalian and avian species. Additionally, approximately 1.7% of the sequence reads indicated a PB2 (E627K) substitution, commonly associated with virus adaptation to mammalian hosts. Phylogenetic analyses of the PB2 and NS genes demonstrated more genetic identity between this environmental isolate and the 2024 human isolate (A/Texas/37/2024) of H5N1. Conversely, HA and NA gene analyses revealed a closer relationship between our isolate and those found in other dairy cattle with almost 100% identity, sharing a common phylogenetic subtree. These findings underscore the rapid evolutionary progression of HPAIV H5N1 among dairy cattle and reinforces the need for more epidemiological monitoring which can be done using environmental sampling.

11.
mBio ; 15(8): e0320323, 2024 Aug 14.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39012149

ABSTRACT

Following the detection of novel highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b in Newfoundland, Canada, in late 2021, avian influenza virus (AIV) surveillance in wild birds was scaled up across Canada. Herein, we present the results of Canada's Interagency Surveillance Program for Avian Influenza in Wild Birds during the first year (November 2021-November 2022) following the incursions of HPAIV from Eurasia. The key objectives of the surveillance program were to (i) identify the presence, distribution, and spread of HPAIV and other AIVs; (ii) identify wild bird morbidity and mortality associated with HPAIV; (iii) identify the range of wild bird species infected by HPAIV; and (iv) genetically characterize detected AIV. A total of 6,246 sick and dead wild birds were tested, of which 27.4% were HPAIV positive across 12 taxonomic orders and 80 species. Geographically, HPAIV detections occurred in all Canadian provinces and territories, with the highest numbers in the Atlantic and Central Flyways. Temporally, peak detections differed across flyways, though the national peak occurred in April 2022. In an additional 11,295 asymptomatic harvested or live-captured wild birds, 5.2% were HPAIV positive across 3 taxonomic orders and 19 species. Whole-genome sequencing identified HPAIV of Eurasian origin as most prevalent in the Atlantic Flyway, along with multiple reassortants of mixed Eurasian and North American origins distributed across Canada, with moderate structuring at the flyway scale. Wild birds were victims and reservoirs of HPAIV H5N1 2.3.4.4b, underscoring the importance of surveillance encompassing samples from sick and dead, as well as live and harvested birds, to provide insights into the dynamics and potential impacts of the HPAIV H5N1 outbreak. This dramatic shift in the presence and distribution of HPAIV in wild birds in Canada highlights a need for sustained investment in wild bird surveillance and collaboration across interagency partners. IMPORTANCE: We present the results of Canada's Interagency Surveillance Program for Avian Influenza in Wild Birds in the year following the first detection of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) H5N1 on the continent. The surveillance program tested over 17,000 wild birds, both sick and apparently healthy, which revealed spatiotemporal and taxonomic patterns in HPAIV prevalence and mortality across Canada. The significant shift in the presence and distribution of HPAIV in Canada's wild birds underscores the need for sustained investment in wild bird surveillance and collaboration across One Health partners.


Subject(s)
Animals, Wild , Birds , Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype , Influenza in Birds , Animals , Influenza in Birds/epidemiology , Influenza in Birds/virology , Canada/epidemiology , Birds/virology , Animals, Wild/virology , Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype/genetics , Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype/classification , Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype/isolation & purification , Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype/pathogenicity , Phylogeny , Europe/epidemiology , Epidemiological Monitoring , Asia/epidemiology
12.
Virulence ; 15(1): 2379371, 2024 Dec.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39014540

ABSTRACT

The economic losses caused by high pathogenicity (HP) avian influenza viruses (AIV) in the poultry industry worldwide are enormous. Although chickens and turkeys are closely related Galliformes, turkeys are thought to be a bridging host for the adaptation of AIV from wild birds to poultry because of their high susceptibility to AIV infections. HPAIV evolve from low pathogenicity (LP) AIV after circulation in poultry through mutations in different viral proteins, including the non-structural protein (NS1), a major interferon (IFN) antagonist of AIV. At present, it is largely unknown whether the virulence determinants of HPAIV are the same in turkeys and chickens. Previously, we showed that mutations in the NS1 of HPAIV H7N1 significantly reduced viral replication in chickens in vitro and in vivo. Here, we investigated the effect of NS1 on the replication and virulence of HPAIV H7N1 in turkeys after inoculation with recombinant H7N1 carrying a naturally truncated wild-type NS1 (with 224 amino-acid "aa" in length) or an extended NS1 with 230-aa similar to the LP H7N1 ancestor. There were no significant differences in multiple-cycle viral replication or in the efficiency of NS1 in blocking IFN induction in the cell culture. Similarly, all viruses were highly virulent in turkeys and replicated at similar levels in various organs and swabs collected from the inoculated turkeys. These results suggest that NS1 does not play a role in the virulence or replication of HPAIV H7N1 in turkeys and further indicate that the genetic determinants of HPAIV differ in these two closely related galliform species.


Subject(s)
Chickens , Influenza A Virus, H7N1 Subtype , Influenza in Birds , Turkeys , Viral Nonstructural Proteins , Viral Tropism , Virus Replication , Animals , Turkeys/virology , Viral Nonstructural Proteins/genetics , Viral Nonstructural Proteins/metabolism , Influenza in Birds/virology , Influenza A Virus, H7N1 Subtype/genetics , Influenza A Virus, H7N1 Subtype/pathogenicity , Chickens/virology , Virulence , Poultry Diseases/virology
13.
J Gen Virol ; 105(7)2024 Jul.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38980150

ABSTRACT

Between 2013 and 2017, the A/Anhui/1/13-lineage (H7N9) low-pathogenicity avian influenza virus (LPAIV) was epizootic in chickens in China, causing mild disease, with 616 fatal human cases. Despite poultry vaccination, H7N9 has not been eradicated. Previously, we demonstrated increased pathogenesis in turkeys infected with H7N9, correlating with the emergence of the L217Q (L226Q H3 numbering) polymorphism in the haemagglutinin (HA) protein. A Q217-containing virus also arose and is now dominant in China following vaccination. We compared infection and transmission of this Q217-containing 'turkey-adapted' (ty-ad) isolate alongside the H7N9 (L217) wild-type (wt) virus in different poultry species and investigated the zoonotic potential in the ferret model. Both wt and ty-ad viruses demonstrated similar shedding and transmission in turkeys and chickens. However, the ty-ad virus was significantly more pathogenic than the wt virus in turkeys but not in chickens, causing 100 and 33% mortality in turkeys respectively. Expanded tissue tropism was seen for the ty-ad virus in turkeys but not in chickens, yet the viral cell receptor distribution was broadly similar in the visceral organs of both species. The ty-ad virus required exogenous trypsin for in vitro replication yet had increased replication in primary avian cells. Replication was comparable in mammalian cells, and the ty-ad virus replicated successfully in ferrets. The L217Q polymorphism also affected antigenicity. Therefore, H7N9 infection in turkeys can generate novel variants with increased risk through altered pathogenicity and potential HA antigenic escape. These findings emphasize the requirement for enhanced surveillance and understanding of A/Anhui/1/13-lineage viruses and their risk to different species.


Subject(s)
Chickens , Ferrets , Influenza A Virus, H7N9 Subtype , Influenza in Birds , Turkeys , Animals , Turkeys/virology , Influenza in Birds/virology , Influenza in Birds/transmission , Influenza A Virus, H7N9 Subtype/genetics , Influenza A Virus, H7N9 Subtype/pathogenicity , Chickens/virology , Virulence , China/epidemiology , Poultry Diseases/virology , Poultry Diseases/transmission , Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/genetics , Humans , Virus Shedding , Virus Replication , Zoonoses/virology , Influenza, Human/virology , Influenza, Human/transmission
14.
Vet Microbiol ; 295: 110163, 2024 Aug.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38959807

ABSTRACT

Avian influenza virus (AIV) infection and vaccination against live attenuated infectious bronchitis virus (aIBV) are frequent in poultry worldwide. Here, we evaluated the clinical effect of H9N2 subtype AIV and QX genotype aIBV co-infection in specific-pathogen-free (SPF) white leghorn chickens and explored the potential mechanisms underlying the observed effects using by 4D-FastDIA-based proteomics. The results showed that co-infection of H9N2 AIV and QX aIBV increased mortality and suppressed the growth of SPF chickens. In particular, severe lesions in the kidneys and slight respiratory signs similar to the symptoms of virulent QX IBV infection were observed in some co-infected chickens, with no such clinical signs observed in single-infected chickens. The replication of H9N2 AIV was significantly enhanced in both the trachea and kidneys, whereas there was only a slight effect on the replication of the QX aIBV. Proteomics analysis showed that the IL-17 signaling pathway was one of the unique pathways enriched in co-infected chickens compared to single infected-chickens. A series of metabolism and immune response-related pathways linked with co-infection were also significantly enriched. Moreover, co-infection of the two pathogens resulted in the enrichment of the negative regulation of telomerase activity. Collectively, our study supports the synergistic effect of the two pathogens, and pointed out that aIBV vaccines might increased IBV-associated lesions due to pathogenic co-infections. Exacerbation of the pathogenicity and mortality in H9N2 AIV and QX aIBV co-infected chickens possibly occurred because of an increase in H9N2 AIV replication, the regulation of telomerase activity, and the disturbance of cell metabolism and the immune system.


Subject(s)
Chickens , Coinfection , Coronavirus Infections , Infectious bronchitis virus , Influenza A Virus, H9N2 Subtype , Influenza in Birds , Poultry Diseases , Animals , Chickens/virology , Influenza A Virus, H9N2 Subtype/pathogenicity , Influenza A Virus, H9N2 Subtype/genetics , Infectious bronchitis virus/pathogenicity , Infectious bronchitis virus/genetics , Coinfection/virology , Coinfection/veterinary , Influenza in Birds/virology , Poultry Diseases/virology , Coronavirus Infections/veterinary , Coronavirus Infections/virology , Specific Pathogen-Free Organisms , Virus Replication , Vaccines, Attenuated/immunology , Genotype , Virulence , Proteomics , Kidney/virology , Kidney/pathology
15.
Vet Microbiol ; 296: 110188, 2024 Sep.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39018942

ABSTRACT

H9N2 avian influenza virus (AIV), one of the predominant subtypes circulating in the poultry industry, inflicts substantial economic damage. Mutations in the hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) proteins of H9N2 frequently alter viral antigenicity and replication. In this paper, we analyzed the HA genetic sequences and antigenic properties of 26 H9N2 isolates obtained from chickens in China between 2012 and 2019. The results showed that these H9N2 viruses all belonged to h9.4.2.5, and were divided into two clades. We assessed the impact of amino acid substitutions at HA sites 145, 149, 153, 164, 167, 168, and 200 on antigenicity, and found that a mutation at site 164 significantly modified antigenic characteristics. Amino acid variations at sites 145, 153, 164 and 200 affected virus's hemagglutination and the growth kinetics in mammalian cells. These results underscore the critical need for ongoing surveillance of the H9N2 virus and provide valuable insights for vaccine development.


Subject(s)
Chickens , Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus , Influenza A Virus, H9N2 Subtype , Influenza in Birds , Influenza A Virus, H9N2 Subtype/genetics , Influenza A Virus, H9N2 Subtype/immunology , Animals , Chickens/virology , Influenza in Birds/virology , Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/genetics , Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/immunology , China , Amino Acid Substitution , Poultry Diseases/virology , Mutation , Antigens, Viral/immunology , Antigens, Viral/genetics , Virus Replication , Phylogeny , Neuraminidase/genetics , Neuraminidase/immunology , Amino Acids/genetics
16.
Open Forum Infect Dis ; 11(7): ofae355, 2024 Jul.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39015351

ABSTRACT

Background: In recent years, Vietnam has suffered multiple epizootics of influenza in poultry. Methods: From 10 January 2019 to 26 April 2021, we employed a One Health influenza surveillance approach at live bird markets (LBMs) and swine farms in Northern Vietnam. When the COVID-19 pandemic permitted, each month, field teams collected oral secretion samples from poultry and pigs, animal facility bioaerosol and fecal samples, and animal worker nasal washes at 4 LBMs and 5 swine farms across 5 sites. Initially samples were screened with molecular assays followed by culture in embryonated eggs (poultry swabs) or Madin-Darby canine kidney cells (human or swine swabs). Results: Many of the 3493 samples collected had either molecular or culture evidence for influenza A virus, including 314 (37.5%) of the 837 poultry oropharyngeal swabs, 144 (25.1%) of the 574 bioaerosol samples, 438 (34.9%) of the 1257 poultry fecal swab samples, and 16 (1.9%) of the 828 human nasal washes. Culturing poultry samples yielded 454 influenza A isolates, 83 of which were H5, and 70 (84.3%) of these were highly pathogenic. Additionally, a positive human sample had a H9N2 avian-like PB1 gene. In contrast, the prevalence of influenza A in the swine farms was much lower with only 6 (0.4%) of the 1700 total swine farm samples studied, having molecular evidence for influenza A virus. Conclusions: This study suggests that Vietnam's LBMs continue to harbor high prevalences of avian influenza A viruses, including many highly pathogenic H5N6 strains, which will continue to threaten poultry and humans.

17.
Poult Sci ; 103(8): 103885, 2024 Aug.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38851182

ABSTRACT

Avian influenza, particularly the H9N2 subtype, presents significant challenges to poultry health, underscoring the need for effective antiviral interventions. This study explores the antiviral capabilities of Belamcanda extract, a traditional Chinese medicinal herb, against H9N2 Avian influenza virus (AIV) in specific pathogen-free (SPF) chicks. Through a comprehensive approach, we evaluated the impact of the extract on cytokine modulation and crucial immunological signaling pathways, essential for understanding the host-virus interaction. Our findings demonstrate that Belamcanda extract significantly modulates the expression of key inflammatory cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-1 (IL-1), interleukin-2 (IL-2), and interleukin-6 (IL-6), which are pivotal to the host's response to H9N2 AIV infection. Western blot analysis further revealed that the extract markedly reduces the expression of critical immune signaling molecules such as toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3), TIR-domain-containing adapter-inducing interferon-ß (TRIF), and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB). These insights into the mechanisms by which Belamcanda extract influences host immune responses and hinders viral replication highlight its potential as an innovative antiviral agent for poultry health management. The study advances our comprehension of natural compounds' antiviral mechanisms and lays the groundwork for developing strategies to manage viral infections in poultry. The demonstrated ability of Belamcanda extract to modulate immune responses and inhibit viral replication establishes it as a promising candidate for future antiviral therapy development, especially in light of the need for effective treatments against evolving influenza virus strains and the critical demand for enhanced poultry health management strategies.


Subject(s)
Antiviral Agents , Chickens , Influenza A Virus, H9N2 Subtype , Influenza in Birds , Poultry Diseases , Animals , Influenza A Virus, H9N2 Subtype/physiology , Influenza A Virus, H9N2 Subtype/drug effects , Influenza in Birds/virology , Influenza in Birds/drug therapy , Antiviral Agents/pharmacology , Poultry Diseases/virology , Poultry Diseases/drug therapy , Poultry Diseases/immunology , Specific Pathogen-Free Organisms , Inflammation/drug therapy , Inflammation/veterinary , Inflammation/virology , Cytokines/metabolism , Cytokines/genetics , Plant Extracts/pharmacology
18.
Poult Sci ; 103(8): 103913, 2024 Aug.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38914042

ABSTRACT

The H4 subtype of avian influenza virus (AIV) exhibits a wide host range and is commonly found in migratory waterfowl. Recent studies have revealed that the H4N6 AIV can infect guinea pigs via aerosol transmission without prior adaptation. Additionally, the Q226L/G228S substitutions in the receptor-binding site have led to structural changes in globular head of H4 AIV, resulting in a configuration similar to that of pandemic H2N2 and H3N2 human influenza viruses. This article provides an updated review of the historical evolution, global distribution, adaptive mutations, receptor-binding preferences, and host range of H4 AIV. The insights presented herein will help in assessing the potential risk of future H4 AIV epidemics.


Subject(s)
Influenza A virus , Influenza in Birds , Mutation , Animals , Influenza in Birds/virology , Influenza in Birds/history , Influenza A virus/genetics , Poultry Diseases/virology , Poultry Diseases/history , Host Specificity , Birds , Evolution, Molecular , Receptors, Virus/metabolism , Receptors, Virus/genetics
19.
Virus Res ; 347: 199415, 2024 Sep.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38880334

ABSTRACT

Our study identified strains of the A/H5N1 virus in analyzed samples of subsistence poultry, wild birds, and mammals, belonging to clade 2.3.4.4b, genotype B3.2, with very high genetic similarity to strains from Chile, Uruguay, and Argentina. This suggests a migratory route for wild birds across the Pacific, explaining the phylogenetic relatedness. The Brazilian samples displayed similarity to strains that had already been previously detected in South America. Phylogeographic analysis suggests transmission of US viruses from Europe and Asia, co-circulating with other lineages in the American continent. As mutations can influence virulence and host specificity, genomic surveillance is essential to detect those changes, especially in critical regions, such as hot spots in the HA, NA, and PB2 sequences. Mutations in the PB2 gene (D701N and Q591K) associated with adaptation and transmission in mammals were detected suggesting a potential zoonotic risk. Nonetheless, resistance to neuraminidase inhibitors (NAIs) was not identified, however, continued surveillance is crucial to detect potential resistance. Our study also mapped the spread of the virus in the Southern hemisphere, identifying possible entry routes and highlighting the importance of surveillance to prevent outbreaks and protect both human and animal populations.


Subject(s)
Disease Outbreaks , Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype , Influenza in Birds , Phylogeny , Phylogeography , Animals , Brazil/epidemiology , Influenza in Birds/virology , Influenza in Birds/epidemiology , Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype/genetics , Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype/classification , Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype/isolation & purification , Birds/virology , Mammals/virology , Poultry/virology , Humans , Genotype , Neuraminidase/genetics , Viral Proteins/genetics , Mutation , Animals, Wild/virology
20.
Virus Res ; 347: 199425, 2024 Sep.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38906223

ABSTRACT

High pathogenicity avian influenza viruses (HPAIVs) of the H5N1 and H5N2 subtypes were responsible for 84 HPAI outbreaks on poultry premises in Japan during October 2022-April 2023. The number of outbreaks during the winter of 2022-2023 is the largest ever reported in Japan. In this study, we performed phylogenetic analyses using the full genetic sequences of HPAIVs isolated in Japan during 2022-2023 and those obtained from a public database to identify their genetic origin. Based on the hemagglutinin genes, these HPAIVs were classified into the G2 group of clade 2.3.4.4b, whose ancestors were H5 HPAIVs that circulated in Europe in late 2020, and were then further divided into three subgroups (G2b, G2d, and G2c). Approximately one-third of these viruses were classified into the G2b and G2d groups, which also included H5N1 HPAIVs detected in Japan during 2021-2022. In contrast, the remaining two-thirds were classified into the G2c group, which originated from H5N1 HPAIVs isolated in Asian countries and Russia during the winter of 2021-2022. Unlike the G2b and G2d viruses, the G2c viruses were first detected in Japan in the fall of 2022. Importantly, G2c viruses caused the largest number of outbreaks throughout Japan over the longest period during the season. Phylogenetic analyses using eight segment genes revealed that G2b, G2d, and G2c viruses were divided into 2, 4, and 11 genotypes, respectively, because they have various internal genes closely related to those of avian influenza viruses detected in wild birds in recent years in Asia, Russia, and North America, respectively. These results suggest that HPAIVs were disseminated among migratory birds, which may have generated numerous reassortant viruses with various gene constellations, resulting in a considerable number of outbreaks during the winter of 2022-2023.


Subject(s)
Disease Outbreaks , Genetic Variation , Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype , Influenza A Virus, H5N2 Subtype , Influenza in Birds , Phylogeny , Poultry , Animals , Japan/epidemiology , Influenza in Birds/virology , Influenza in Birds/epidemiology , Poultry/virology , Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype/genetics , Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype/pathogenicity , Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype/classification , Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype/isolation & purification , Influenza A Virus, H5N2 Subtype/genetics , Influenza A Virus, H5N2 Subtype/pathogenicity , Influenza A Virus, H5N2 Subtype/isolation & purification , Influenza A Virus, H5N2 Subtype/classification , Disease Outbreaks/veterinary , Poultry Diseases/virology , Poultry Diseases/epidemiology , Seasons , Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/genetics
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