Promotion effect of Ce and Ta co-doping on the NH3-SCR performance over V2O5/TiO2 catalyst.

NH3-SCR (SCR: Selective catalytic reduction) is an effective technology for the de-NOx process from both mobile and stationary pollution sources, and the most commonly used catalysts are the vanadia-based catalysts. An innovative V2O5-CeO2/TaTiOx catalyst for NOx removal was prepared in this study. The influences of Ce and Ta in the V2O5-CeO2/TaTiOx catalyst on the SCR performance and physicochemical properties were investigated. The V2O5-CeO2/TaTiOx catalyst not only exhibited excellent SCR activity in a wide temperature window, but also presented strong resistance to H2O and SO2 at 275 ℃. A series of characterization methods was used to study the catalysts, including H2-temperature programmed reduction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, NH3-temperature programmed desorption, etc. It was discovered that a synergistic effect existed between Ce and Ta species. The introduction of Ce and Ta enlarged the specific surface area, increased the amount of acid sites and the ratio of Ce3+, (V3++V4+) and Oα, and strengthened the redox capability which were related to synergistic effect between Ce and Ta species, significantly improving the NH3-SCR activity.

Highly active nitrogen-phosphorus co-doped carbon fiber@graphite felt electrode for high-performance vanadium redox flow battery.

Heteroatom-doped electrodes offer promising applications for enhancing the longevity and efficiency of vanadium redox flow battery (VRFB). Herein, we controllably synthesized N, P co-doped graphite fiber electrodes with conductive network structure by introducing protonic acid and combining electrodeposition and high temperature carbonization. H2SO4 and H3PO4 act as auxiliary and dopant, respectively. The synergistic effect between N and P introduces additional defect structures and active sites on the electrodes, thereby enhancing the reaction rate, as confirmed by density functional theory calculations. Furthermore, the conductive network structure of carbon fibers improves electrode-to-electrode connectivity and reduces internal battery resistance. The optimized integration of these strategies enhances VRFB performance significantly. Consequently, the N, P co-doped carbon fiber modified graphite felt electrodes demonstrate remarkably high energy efficiency at 200 mA cm-2, surpassing that of the blank battery by 7.9 %. This integrated approach to in-situ controllable synthesis provides innovative insights for developing high-performance, stable electrodes, thereby contributing to advancements in the field of energy storage.

Co-doped bismuth vanadate/zinc tungstate heterojunction with dual internal electric fields for efficient photocatalytic reduction of carbon dioxide.

Enhanced carriers separation on photocatalysts is crucial for improving photocatalytic activity. In this paper, the Co-doped BiVO4/ZnWO4 S-scheme heterojunctions were constructed to induce double internal electric fields (IEFs) for enhancing charges separation and transfer for efficient photocatalytic reduction of CO2. The photocatalytic CO2 reduction efficiencies of the heterojunctions were significantly enhanced as compared with the counterparts. The optimized Co-doped BiVO4/ZnWO4 exhibited the highest CO yield of 138.4 µmol·g-1·h-1, which were 86.5 and 1.4 folds of the BiVO4 and Co-doped BiVO4. Results of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), electron spin resonance (ESR), and work function demonstrated that charge transfer path of Co-doped BiVO4/ZnWO4 conformed to S-scheme heterojunction mechanism. The kelvin probe force microscopy (KPFM) and density functional theory (DFT) calculations of the differential charge distributions confirmed the existence of double IEFs, which accelerated carrier separation and improved CO2 adsorption and activation. In addition, in-situ Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ISFT-IR) revealed that HCOO- was the major intermediate during the CO2 reaction. This study provides a feasible means to develop composite photocatalysts with dual IEFs for effective photocatalytic CO2 reduction.

Defect-rich N, S Co-doped porous carbon with hierarchical channel network for ultrafast capacitive deionization.

Developing an eco-friendly and effective approach for preparing N, S co-doped hierarchical porous carbons (NSHPC) for capacitive deionization (CDI) is a huge task for desalination. Herein, NSHPCSKK with interconnected hierarchical pore structures, manufactured via self-activation/co-activation of sodium lignosulfonate (SLS) encapsulation using KNO3-KHCO3 activators, inducing N, S co-doping. Different from NSHPCS and NSHPCSK, NSHPCSKK exhibits the highest specific surface area (SBET, 2264.67 m2/g) and a unique hierarchical pore structure (mesoporous volume/pore volume (Vmeso/ Vpore), 0.65). Small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) both reveal the complex interconnected pore structure of NSHPCSKK. Regional Raman imaging conjugated with XPS reveals the presence of extensively distributed N, S co-doped defect structures, providing NSHPCSKK with excellent wettability and electrochemical performance. DFT calculations indicate that the N, S co-doping at the defect sites depicts excellent adsorption capability. Eventually, NSHPCSKK acquired an impressive salt adsorption capacity (SAC) of 20.5 mg/g and the highest average salt adsorption rate (ASAR) of 12.1 mg/g/min, indicating its superior desalting performance. In-situ Raman spectroscopy confirms NSHPCSKK's rapid ion regeneration mechanism. The research introduces a span-new NSHPC synthesis strategy for fabricating advanced NSHPC with rapid desalination response for upgrading CDI desalination.

Smart paper-based materials incorporating nitrogen and boron co-doped MXene quantum dots for rapid adsorption and sensitive detection of Cr2O72.

Dichromate ion (Cr2O72-) is a highly toxic chromium-containing compound that poses significant hazards to the digestive, respiratory systems, skin, and mucous membranes. Currently, the detection and adsorption of Cr2O72- face significant challenges, including the time-consuming and low sensitivity nature of traditional analytical methods. The limited efficiency and capacity of existing adsorbents hinder their practical application in real-time water quality monitoring and environmental remediation. Herein, using polyethyleneimine-functionalized (PEI) pulp fiber paper as the substrate, we developed smart paper-based materials (designated as NB-MQDs@PP) incorporated with nitrogen and boron co-doped MXene quantum dots (NB-MQDs) for rapid adsorption and sensitive detection of Cr2O72-. Compared to undoped MQDs, NB-MQDs exhibited longer excitation wavelength and enhanced oxidation stability. As anticipated, NB-MQDs achieved rapid (response time of 10 s) and sensitive (detection limit of 1.2 µM) recognition of Cr2O72- within a wide pH range with a quenching efficiency of 99.9%. Simultaneously, two on-site detection methods, immersion and cyclic filtration, were constructed based on NB-MQDs@PP. The detection limit of the immersion method was 17.0 nM, while the cyclic filtration method had a detection limit as low as 3.8 nM, surpassing the majority of those reported literatures. Remarkably, NB-MQDs@PP exhibited outstanding enrichment capacity towards Cr2O72-, with an adsorption capacity of up to 162.4 mg/g. This work provides a novel strategy for creating unique paper-based materials with excellent capture and monitoring dual-function, which can be customized according to the requirements of various application scenarios.

Formation of Alloyed Cu2CoxZn1-xSn(S,Se)4 Absorption Layer and Its Application in Solar Cells.

Partial substitution of cations is crucial for suppressing harmful defects in Cu2ZnSn(S,Se)4 thin-film solar cells. In this study, based on the mixed n-butylammonium and butyrate solution system, the alloyed Cu2CoxZn1-xSn(S,Se)4 phase can be prepared by substituting Zn2+ with Co2+, which can suppress harmful defects and optimize the crystallinity of the Cu2ZnSn(S,Se)4 absorption layer, and improve the photoelectric conversion efficiency (PCE) of devices. By systematic investigation of the impact of Co content on the performance of devices, the optimal substitution amount of Zn2+ with Co2+ is 0.05. At this time, PCE, the open-circuit voltage (VOC), current density (JSC), and fill factor (FF) of the devices can reach 9.0%, 416 mV, 33.87 mA/cm2, and 64%, respectively. It is the first time that the replacement of Zn2+ with Co2+ is applied to optimize PCE of CZTSSe solar cells. The excellent results also demonstrate that the substitution of Zn2+ with Co2+ can become a new approach for further performance optimization of Cu2ZnSn(S,Se)4 solar cells.

Regulating the Surface State of Carbon Dots as Ultrahigh-Capacity Adsorbents for Water Treatment.

Adsorption is one of the most widely researched and highly effective methods for mitigating the environmental threat posed by recalcitrant dyes in aqueous solutions. This paper presents a solvent-free synthesis method for the rapid and large-scale production of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) co-doped carbon dots (N, P-CDs) which possess specific surface states and outstanding dye adsorption properties. Compared to the undoped CDs, the N, P-CDs not only exhibit a higher yield of solid-state luminescence but also endow them with the efficient adsorption and removal of Congo red (CR) from water. Due to the synergistic effects of π-π stacking, hydrogen bonding and electrostatic attraction, the N, P-CDs exhibit an ultra-high adsorption capacity (3118.87 mg g-1) and a removal efficiency (97.4%, at 500 mg L-1) for CR, and also display excellent selective adsorption in both single-dye and dual-dye systems. This method offers a rational strategy for synthesizing novel CDs-based adsorbents for CR, which provides a demonstration for future dye adsorption studies and practical wastewater treatment applications of CDs.

Fe-N Co-Doped BiVO4 Photoanode with Record Photocurrent for Water Oxidation.

Bismuth vanadate ranks among the most promising photoanodes for photoelectrochemical water splitting. Nonetheless, slow charge separation and transport are key barriers to its photoefficiency. Here, we present a co-doping strategy that significantly improves the charge separation performance of BVO. Under standard one sun illumination, the Fe-N co-doped BVO photoanode (Fe-N-BVO) by N-coordinated Fe precursor reaches a record photocurrent density of 7.01 mA cm-2 at 1.23 V vs RHE after modified a surface co-catalyst. By contrast, much lower photocurrent density is obtained for the N-doped and Fe-doped BVO with separated N and Fe precursors. The detailed characterizations show that the high activity of the Fe-N-BVO is attributed to the enhanced photo-induced bulk charge separation and the accelerated surface water oxidation kinetics. XPS, EXAFS and DFT calculations clearly show that, instead of formation of deep trapping state in the individually doped BVO, the co-doping of Fe-N into BVO generates Fe-based electronic states just below the bottom of conduction band and N-derived states just above the top of valence band. Such modulations in electronic structure enable the efficient trap of the electrons and holes to enhance the separation of photo-induced carriers, but hinder the charge recombination originated from the deep trapping sites.

A Self-Constructed Mg2+/K+ Co-Doped Prussian Blue with Superior Cycling Stability Enabled by Enhanced Coulombic Attraction.

Prussian blue (PB) is regarded as a promising cathode for sodium-ion batteries because of its sustainable precursor elements (e.g., Mn, Fe), easy preparation, and unique framework structure. However, the unstable structure and inherent crystal H2O restrain its practical application. For this purpose, a self-constructed trace Mg2+/K+ co-doped PB prepared via a sea-water-mediated method is proposed to address this problem. The Mg2+/K+ co-doping in the Na sites of PB is permitted by both thermodynamics and kinetics factors when synthesized in sea water. The results reveal that the introduced Mg2+ and K+ are immovable in the PB lattices and can form stronger K‒N and Mg‒N Coulombic attraction to relieve phase transition and element dissolution. Besides, the Mg2+/K+ co-doping can reduce defect and H2O contents. As a result, the PB prepared in sea water exhibits an extremely long cycle life (80.1% retention after 2400 cycles) and superior rate capability (90.4% capacity retention at 20 C relative to that at 0.1 C). To address its practical applications, a sodium salts recycling strategy is proposed to greatly reduce the PB production cost. This work provides a self-constructed Mg2+/K+ co-doped high-performance PB at a low preparation cost for sustainable, large-scale energy storage.

Properties of phosphorus-boron co-doped c-Si quantum dots/SiNx:H thin film prepared by PECVD in-situ deposition.

Co-doping of phosphorus and boron elements into crystalline silicon quantum dot (c-Si QD) is an effective approach for enhancing the photoluminescence (PL) performance. In this paper, we report on the preparation of hydrogenated silicon nitride (SiNx:H) thin films embedded with phosphorus-boron co-doped c-Si QDs via plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition route. Mixed dilution including hydrogen (H2) and argon (Ar) is applied in the in-situ deposition process for optimizing the deposition process. The P-B co-doped c-Si QD/SiNx:H thin films exhibit a wide range of PL spectra. The emission is greatly improved especially for the short-wavelength light when compared to the SiOx:H thin film containing P-B co-doped c-Si QDs. The effects of H2/Ar flow ratio on the structural and optical characteristics of thin films are systematically investigated through a series of characterizations. Experimental results show that various properties, such as crystallinity, QD size, optical band gap and doping concentrations, are effectively controlled by tuning H2/Ar flow ratio. Based on the red-shift of QCE-related PL peak, the successful P-B co-doping into Si QDs are verified. Finally, a comprehensive discussion has been made to analyze the influence of H2-Ar mixed dilution on the film growth and impurity doping in detail in this paper.

Synthesis of N/O Atoms Co-doped Biochar with 3D Porous Structure for Effective Electromagnetic Wave Absorption.

Developing biochar with large specific surface area (SSA), heteroatom doping, and porous structure is attracting substantial attention to absorb electromagnetic wave (EMW) in recent. Herein, a novel method of ethanol and KOH co-treatment is used to produce the biomass carbon deriving from pitaya peels. The obtained carbon possesses the high SSA of 1580 m2/g, successful N/O atoms co-doping, and massive pores with different size. The results of EMW absorption measurement show that the prepared biochar could achieve over 99% absorpition to EMW, which the highest reflection loss is of ca. -45.25 dB at 7.54 GHz with an effective absorption bandwidth (EAB) of ca. 4.87 GHz. The execellent microwave absorption property is caused by the surface defects, dipole and interface polarizations of the synthesized biochar owning unique microstructure and N/O atoms co-doping. Hence, this avenue provides a new reference for fabricating low-cost and eco-friendly biochar as a microwave absorber.

N, F Co-Doped Carbon Material Self-Supporting Cathode for High-Performance Lithium-Oxygen Batteries.

The Li-O2 battery has emerged as a promising energy storage system due to its exceptionally high theoretical energy density of 3500 Wh kg-1. However, the sluggish kinetics associated with the formation and decomposition of discharge product Li2O2 poses several challenges in Li-O2 batteries, including excessive overpotential, limited rate performance, and reduced actual specific energy. Consequently, the development of cost-effective cathode catalysts with enhanced catalytic activity and long-term stability represents a viable approach to address these challenges. In this study, commercial melamine foam is utilized as a precursor material which was subjected to pyrolysis at elevated temperatures with PVDF to synthesize N,F co-doped self-supporting carbon cathode (NF-NSC). Remarkably, thanks to the synergistic effects of N, F heteroatomic in conjunction with the inherent three-dimensional reticular porous structure, NF-NSC exhibited enhanced electrochemical performance when utilized in Li-O2 batteries. Specifically, the NF-NSC cathode demonstrated an impressive discharge specific capacity of up to 35204 mAh g-1 alongside a low over-potential (0.86 V) and excellent cycling stability (146 cycles).

Cu/Gd co-doped hydroxyapatite/poly lactic-co-glycolic acid composites enhance MRI imaging and bone defect regeneration.

Background: The hydroxyapatite (HA)/poly(lactide-co-glycolide) acid (PLGA) composite material is a widely used orthopedic implant due to its excellent biocompatibility and plasticity. Recent advancements in cation doping have expanded its potential biological applications. However, conventional HA/PLGA composites are not visible under X-rays post-implantation and have limited osteogenic induction capabilities. Copper (Cu) is known to regulate osteoblast proliferation and differentiation, while gadolinium (Gd) can significantly enhance the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) capabilities of materials. Methods: This study aimed to investigate whether incorporating Cu and Gd into an HA/PLGA composite could enhance the osteogenic properties, in vivo bone defect repair, and MRI characteristics. We prepared a Cu/Gd@HA/PLGA composite and assessed its performance. Results: Material characterization confirmed that Cu/Gd@HA retained the morphology and crystal structure of HA. The Cu/Gd@HA/PLGA composite exhibited excellent nuclear magnetic imaging capabilities, porosity, and hydrophilicity, which are conducive to cell adhesion and implant detection. In vitro experiments demonstrated that the Cu/Gd@HA/PLGA composite enhanced the proliferation, differentiation, and adhesion of MC3T3-E1 cells, and upregulated COL-1 and BMP-2 expression at both gene and protein levels. In vivo studies showed that the Cu/Gd@HA/PLGA composite maintained strong T1-weighted MRI signals and significantly improved the bone defect healing rate in rats. Conclusion: These findings indicate that the Cu/Gd@HA/PLGA composites significantly enhance T1-weighted MRI capabilities, promote osteoblast proliferation and differentiation in vitro, and accelerate bone defect healing in vivo.

An Investigation of the Photonic Application of TeO2-K2TeO3-Nb2O5-BaF2 Glass Co-Doped with Er2O3/Ho2O3 and Er2O3/Yb2O3 at 1.54 µm Based on Its Thermal and Luminescence Properties.

A glass composition using TeO2-K2TeO3-Nb2O5-BaF2 co-doped with Er2O3/Ho2O3 and Er2O3/Yb2O3 was successfully fabricated. Its thermal stability and physical parameters were studied, and luminescence spectroscopy of the fabricated glasses was conducted. The optical band gap, Eopt, decreased from 2.689 to 2.663 eV following the substitution of Ho2O3 with Yb2O3. The values of the refractive index, third-order nonlinear optical susceptibility (χ(3)), and nonlinear refractive index (n2) of the fabricated glasses were estimated. Furthermore, the Judd-Ofelt intensity parameters Ωt (t=2,4,6), radiative properties such as transition probabilities (Aed), magnetic dipole-type transition probabilities (Amd), branching ratios (ß), and radiative lifetime (τ) of the fabricated glasses were evaluated. The emission cross-section and FWHM of the 4I13/2→4I15/2 transition around 1.54 µm of the glass were reported, and the emission intensity of the visible signal was studied under 980 nm laser excitation. The material might be a useful candidate for solid lasers and nonlinear amplifier devices, especially in the communications bands.

Designing Electronic Structures of Multiscale Helical Converters for Tailored Ultrabroad Electromagnetic Absorption.

Atomic-scale doping strategies and structure design play pivotal roles in tailoring the electronic structure and physicochemical property of electromagnetic wave absorption (EMWA) materials. However, the relationship between configuration and electromagnetic (EM) loss mechanism has remained elusive. Herein, drawing inspiration from the DNA transcription process, we report the successful synthesis of novel in situ Mn/N co-doped helical carbon nanotubes with ultrabroad EMWA capability. Theoretical calculation and EM simulation confirm that the orbital coupling and spin polarization of the Mn-N4-C configuration, along with cross polarization generated by the helical structure, endow the helical converters with enhanced EM loss. As a result, HMC-8 demonstrates outstanding EMWA performance, achieving a minimum reflection loss of -63.13 dB at an ultralow thickness of 1.29 mm. Through precise tuning of the graphite domain size, HMC-7 achieves an effective absorption bandwidth (EAB) of 6.08 GHz at 2.02 mm thickness. Furthermore, constructing macroscale gradient metamaterials enables an ultrabroadband EAB of 12.16 GHz at a thickness of only 5.00 mm, with the maximum radar cross section reduction value reaching 36.4 dB m2. This innovative approach not only advances the understanding of metal-nonmetal co-doping but also realizes broadband EMWA, thus contributing to the development of EMWA mechanisms and applications.

Co-doped MOF-5 and carbon nanotube nanoparticles enhancing stability and high output performance in core-shell nanofibers for piezoelectric nanogenerators.

The interfacial interaction of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) significantly enhances the output capability of piezoelectric nanogenerators (PENGs). However, overcoming the limitation of low specific surface area in one-dimensional materials remains a significant challenge. This paper introduces a hydrothermal method for composite MOF (C-M) using CNTs and MOF-5, demonstrating localized co-doping between them. Coaxial electrospun piezoelectric fiber membranes (C-MNF) were then prepared using PVDF/PAN as the matrix. Benefiting from C-M's excellent crystallinity and its synergistic interaction with the polymer matrix, the C-MNF-based PENG showed a 125 % increase in output voltage, reaching âˆ¼25 V, compared to coaxial membranes simply mixing MOF-5 and CNTs. As a result, its short-circuit current was âˆ¼1.8 µA, with a piezoelectric coefficient d33 of âˆ¼400 pC N-1. Consequently, this material exhibits superior piezoelectric output capabilities, paving the way for future functional material fabrication.

S/N Co-Doped Ultrathin TiO2 Nanoplates as an Anode Material for Advanced Sodium-Ion Hybrid Capacitors.

Anatase titanium dioxide (TiO2) has emerged as a potential anode material for sodium-ion hybrid capacitors (SICs) in terms of its nontoxicity, high structure stability and cost-effectiveness. However, its inherent poor electrical conductivity and limited reversible capacity greatly hinder its practical application. Here, ultrathin TiO2 nanoplates were synthesized utilizing a hydrothermal technique. The electrochemical kinetics and reversible capacity were significantly improved through sulfur and nitrogen co-doping combined with carbon coating (SN-TiO2/C). Sulfur and nitrogen co-doping generated oxygen vacancies and introduced additional active sites within TiO2, facilitating accelerated Na-ion diffusion and enhancing its reversible capacity. Furthermore, carbon coating provided stable support for electron transfer in SN-TiO2/C during repeated cycling. This synergistic strategy of sulfur and nitrogen co-doping with carbon coating for TiO2 led to a remarkable capacity of 335.3 mAh g-1 at 0.1 A g-1, exceptional rate property of 148.3 mAh g-1 at 15 A g-1 and a robust cycling capacity. Thus, the SN-TiO2/C//AC SIC delivered an impressive energy density of 177.9 W h kg-1. This work proposes an idea for the enhancement of reaction kinetics for energy storage materials through a synergistic strategy.

Perovskite-Doped Modulated Color-Selective Photosynaptic Transistors for Target Object Recognition.

The processing of multicolor noisy images in visual neuromorphic devices requires selective absorption at specific wavelengths; however, it is difficult to achieve this because the spectral absorption range of the device is affected by the type of material. Surprisingly, the absorption range of perovskite materials can be adjusted by doping. Herein, a CdCl2 co-doped CsPbBr3 nanocrystal-based photosensitive synaptic transistor (PST) is reported. By decreasing the doping concentration, the response of the PST to short-wavelength light is gradually enhanced, and even weak light of 40 µW·cm-2 can be detected. Benefiting from the excellent color selectivity of the PST device, the device array is applied to feature extraction of target blue items and removal of red and green noise, which results in the recognition accuracy of 95% for the noisy MNIST data set. This work provides new ideas for the application of novel transistors integrating sensors and storage computing.

Unveiling the activity origin of electrochemical oxygen evolution on heteroatom-decorated carbon matrix.

Chemical modification via functional dopants in carbon materials holds great promise for elevating catalytic activity and stability. To gain comprehensive insights into the pivotal mechanisms and establish structure-performance relationships, especially concerning the roles of dopants, remains a pressing need. Herein, we employ computational simulations to unravel the catalytic function of heteroatoms in the acidic oxygen evolution reaction (OER), focusing on a physical model of high-electronegative F and N co-doped carbon matrix. Theoretical and experimental findings elucidate that the enhanced activity originates from the F and pyridinic-N (Py-N) species that achieve carbon activation. This activated carbon significantly lowers the conversion energy barrier from O* to OOH*, shifts the potential-limiting step from OOH* formation to O* generation, and ultimately optimizes the energy barrier of the potential-limiting step. This wok elucidates that the critical role of heteroatoms in catalyzing the reaction and unlocks the potential of carbon materials for acidic OER.

Enhanced photocatalytic performance of CuS/O,N-CNT composite for solar-driven organic contaminant degradation.

Herein, a hydrothermal etching approach was used to generate an innovative CuS/O,N-CNT composite. The hydrothermal etching of g-C3N4 led to the creation of O,N-CNT, with ethanol as the oxygen source. The SEM and TEM characterizations confirmed the formation of CNT, whereas the XPS analysis proved the doping of oxygen and nitrogen in the CNT matrix along with the incorporation of CuS. Under sun irradiation, the produced CuS/O,N-CNT showed outstanding photocatalytic efficiency, eliminating methyl orange and methylene blue dyes with 97.21% and 98.11% efficacy, respectively. Adding hydrothermally etched O,N-CNT increased light absorption and charge migration kinetics, as can be studied from the UV-DRS and PL analysis; hence, the observed improvements in light absorption and charge transfer pathways contributed to the CuS/O,N-CNT composite's enhanced photocatalytic activity, indicating its potential for efficient elimination of organic contaminants under solar irradiation. The catalyst demonstrated high reusability performance up to six cycles and significantly degraded other dyes. Scavenger analysis, along with VB-XPS and UV-DRS analysis, aid in developing a photocatalytic mechanism that confirms the participation of hydroxyl and superoxide radicals in the degradation process.