Neuropsychopharmacological Induction of (Lucid) Dreams: A Narrative Review.

Lucid dreaming (LD) is a physiological state of consciousness that occurs when dreamers become aware that they are dreaming, and may also control the oneiric content. In the general population, LD is spontaneously rare; thus, there is great interest in its induction. Here, we aim to review the literature on neuropsychopharmacological induction of LD. First, we describe the circadian and homeostatic processes of sleep regulation and the mechanisms that control REM sleep with a focus on neurotransmission systems. We then discuss the neurophysiology and phenomenology of LD to understand the main cortical oscillations and brain areas involved in the emergence of lucidity during REM sleep. Finally, we review possible exogenous substances-including natural plants and artificial drugs-that increase metacognition, REM sleep, and/or dream recall, thus with the potential to induce LD. We found that the main candidates are substances that increase cholinergic and/or dopaminergic transmission, such as galantamine. However, the main limitation of this technique is the complexity of these neurotransmitter systems, which challenges interpreting results in a simple way. We conclude that, despite these promising substances, more research is necessary to find a reliable way to pharmacologically induce LD.

Journey through artistic eras depicting dreams, sleep, and its disorders / Viagem por eras artísticas retratando sonhos, sono e seus transtornos

This narrative review presents a comprehensive examination of artistic periods since the Renaissance, paralleling the evolution of neurology and pictorial artistic expression about sleep, ending with the importance of the contemporary digital era. Over the centuries, artists have been drawn to the enigmatic themes of dreams, sleep, and their disorders, using them to explore the complexities of the human condition, emotions, and the interaction between reality and imagination. Thus, drawing references from diverse artistic eras, including their pictorial representations of sleep, alongside milestones in the history of neurology, this study reveals a rich interconnectivity between art, neurological advances, and social change.

Esta revisão narrativa apresenta um exame abrangente dos períodos artísticos desde o Renascimento, em paralelo com a evolução da neurologia e a expressão artística pictórica sobre o sono, terminando com a importância da era digital contemporânea. Ao longo dos séculos, os artistas foram atraídos pelos temas enigmáticos dos sonhos, do sono e dos seus distúrbios, aproveitando-os para explorar as complexidades da condição humana, das emoções e da interação entre a realidade e a imaginação. Assim, extraindo referências de diversas épocas artísticas, incluindo suas representações pictóricas do sono, paralelamente a marcos na história da neurologia, este estudo revela uma rica interconectividade entre arte, avanços neurológicos e mudanças sociais.

Awake or Sleeping? Maybe Both A Review of Sleep-Related Dissociative States.

Recent studies have begun to understand sleep not only as a whole-brain process but also as a complex local phenomenon controlled by specific neurotransmitters that act in different neural networks, which is called "local sleep". Moreover, the basic states of human consciousness-wakefulness, sleep onset (N1), light sleep (N2), deep sleep (N3), and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep-can concurrently appear, which may result in different sleep-related dissociative states. In this article, we classify these sleep-related dissociative states into physiological, pathological, and altered states of consciousness. Physiological states are daydreaming, lucid dreaming, and false awakenings. Pathological states include sleep paralysis, sleepwalking, and REM sleep behavior disorder. Altered states are hypnosis, anesthesia, and psychedelics. We review the neurophysiology and phenomenology of these sleep-related dissociative states of consciousness and update them with recent studies. We conclude that these sleep-related dissociative states have a significant basic and clinical impact since their study contributes to the understanding of consciousness and the proper treatment of neuropsychiatric diseases.

Sonhos possíveis e a relação transferencial / Possible dreams and the transferential relationship / Les rêves possibles et la relation transférentielle

Ogden (2010a) apresenta-nos uma teoria da clínica em que o sonhar é tomado como função de elaboração inconsciente, sendo a incapacidade do sujeito de "sonhar sua experiência emocional" um indicador de sofrimento psíquico. Tendo essa ideia como referência, assim como a teorização de Bion sobre a função alfa e o pensamento-sonho, falaremos no presente trabalho sobre o comprometimento da capacidade de sonhar e seus ecos para o psiquismo do sujeito. Com a apresentação de um caso clínico traremos ainda uma discussão sobre o mecanismo da identificação projetiva e seu valor de comunicação em análise.

Ogden (2010a) presents us with a theory of the clinic in which dreaming is taken as a function of unconscious elaboration, being the subject's inability to "dream his emotional experience" an indicator of psychological suffering. Taking this idea as a reference, as well as Bion's theorization about the alpha function and dream thoughts, in this work we will approach the compromise of the ability to dream and its echoes to the subject's psyche. We will present a clinical case and we will also discuss the mechanism of projective identification and its value of communication in analytical treatment.

Ogden (2010a) nous présente une théorie de la clinique dans laquelle le rêve est pris en fonction de l'élaboration inconsciente, et l'incapacité du sujet à «rêver son expérience émotionnelle¼ étant un indicateur de la souffrance psychique. Prenant cette idée comme référence, ainsi que la théorisation de Bion sur la fonction alpha et la pensée du rêve, nous parlerons dans le présent travail de l'incapacité de rêver et de ses échos à la psyché du sujet. Avec la présentation d'un cas clinique, nous aborderons également le mécanisme d'identification projective et sa valeur de communication en cours d'analyse.

Sonhar grupal: uma proposta para o trabalho com sonhos em grupo / Group dreaming: a proposal for working with dreams in groups / Soñar en grupo: una propuesta para trabajar con los sueños en grupo

RESUMO Este estudo apresenta o Sonhar Grupal, um dispositivo de trabalho com sonhos em grupos, criado por um grupo de pesquisa brasileiro e inspirado na Matriz do Sonhar Social, técnica desenvolvida por pesquisadores do Tavistok Institute, em Londres. O Sonhar Grupal apresenta, no entanto, diferenças e especificidades: uma concepção psicanalítica intersubjetiva do sonhar, a consideração do grupo e seus processos específicos, o relato do sonho como objeto mediador e a perspectiva de um grupo centrado em uma tarefa que pode ser adaptada para diferentes contextos. São trazidas ilustrações e discussões sobre suas aplicações, manejo e possíveis efeitos, com a expectativa de que seu uso possa ser ampliado como estratégia de promoção de saúde mental para um número expressivo de pessoas.

ABSTRACT This paper presents the Group Dreaming, a method for working with dreams in groups, created by a Brazilian research group and inspired by the Social Dreaming Matrix, a technique developed by researchers at the Tavistok Institute in London. The Group Dreaming presents, however, differences and specificities: an intersubjective psychoanalytic conception of dreaming, the consideration of the group and its specific processes, the dream report as a mediating object and the perspective of a task centered group that can be adapted to different contexts. It will provide examples and discussions about its uses, conduction and possible effects, with the expectation that it can be expanded as a strategy to promote mental health for a significant number of people.

RESUMEN Este artículo presenta el Soñar Grupal, un método de trabajo con los sueños en grupos, creado por un grupo de investigación brasileño e inspirado en la Matriz del Sueño Social, técnica desarrollada por investigadores del Instituto Tavistok de Londres. El Soñar Grupal presenta, sin embargo, diferencias y especificidades: una concepción psicoanalítica intersubjetiva del sueño, la consideración del grupo y sus procesos específicos, el informe del sueño como objeto mediador y la perspectiva de un grupo centrado en una tarea que puede adaptarse a diferentes contextos. Se ofrecerán ejemplos y discusiones sobre sus usos, conducción y posibles efectos, con la expectativa de que pueda ampliarse como estrategia para promover la salud mental de un número importante de personas.

Do we dream as a team? / Sonha-se em equipe?

RESUMO: Apoiado na metapsicologia dos espaços interferentes (Kaës), no sonhar (Bion; Winnicott), nos processos de subjetivação (Roussillon) e na clínica psicanalítica de grupos e instituições (Gaillard; Pinel), o artigo discute o que sofre nas equipes das instituições de cuidado, qual o trabalho necessário para simbolizá-lo e as condições de sustentação e efeitos desse trabalho. Sustenta que a subjetivação da experiência da equipe por um aparelho psíquico grupal opera também sobre o usuário. Engrenagem mister desse processo, o sonhar compartilhado da equipe - sustentado em um espaço onírico comum e compartilhado - é proposto como via fundamental para a realização da tarefa da clínica em instituição.

Abstract: Based on the metapsychology of shared psychic spaces (Kaës), on dreaming (Bion, Winnicott), on the subjectivation process (Roussillon) and on the psychoanalytic clinic of groups and institutions (Gaillard; Pinel), this article discusses what suffers in professional teams at care institutions, which work is necessary to symbolize it and the conditions to sustain it as well as the outcomes of such work. It affirms that the subjectivation of the team's experience by a psychic apparatus of the group also operates on the user. Part of this process, the team's shared dreaming - sustained in a common and shared onyric space - is proposed as a fundamental way to accomplish the clinical task in institutions.

Is REM sleep a paradoxical state?: Different neurons are activated in the cingulate cortices and the claustrum during wakefulness and paradoxical sleep hypersomnia.

Michel Jouvet proposed in 1959 that REM sleep is a paradoxical state since it was characterized by the association of a cortical activation similar to wakefulness (W) with muscle atonia. Recently, we showed using cFos as a marker of activity that cortical activation during paradoxical sleep (PS) was limited to a few limbic cortical structures in contrast to W during which all cortices were strongly activated. However, we were not able to demonstrate whether the same neurons are activated during PS and W and to rule out that the activation observed was not linked with stress induced by the flowerpot method of PS deprivation. In the present study, we answered to these two questions by combining tdTomato and cFos immunostaining in the innovative TRAP2 transgenic mice exposed one week apart to two periods of W (W-W mice), PS rebound (PSR-PSR) or a period of W followed by a period of PSR (W-PSR mice). Using such method, we showed that different neurons are activated during W and PSR in the anterior cingulate (ACA) and rostral and caudal retrosplenial (rRSP and cRSP) cortices as well as the claustrum (CLA) previously shown to contain a large number of activated neurons after PSR. Further, the distribution of the neurons during PSR in the rRSP and cRSP was limited to the superficial layers while it was widespread across all layers during W. Our results clearly show at the cellular level that PS and W are two completely different states in term of neocortical activation.

My Dream, My Rules: Can Lucid Dreaming Treat Nightmares?

Nightmares are defined as repeated occurrences of extremely dysphoric and well-remembered dreams that usually involve subjective threats to survival, security, or physical integrity. Generally, they occur during rapid eye movement sleep (REMS) and lead to awakenings with distress and insufficient overnight sleep. Nightmares may occur spontaneously (idiopathic) or as recurrent nightmares. Recurrent nightmares cause significant distress and impairment in occupational and social functioning, as have been commonly observed in post-traumatic stress disorder, depression and anxiety. By contrast, during lucid dreaming (LD), subjects get insight they are dreaming and may even control the content of their dreams. These features may open a way to help those who suffer from nightmare disorder through re-significations of the dream scene, i.e., knowing that they are dreaming and having control over their dream content. Thus, lucid dreamers might be able to render nightmares normal dreams, thereby assuring a restoring sleep. The aim of the present study is to review the existing literature of the use of LD as an auxiliary tool for treatment of nightmares. We conducted a careful literature search for eligible studies on the use of LD treatment for nightmares. We observed that whereas LD may be a feasible aid in the treatment of patients with nightmares through minimizing their frequency, intensity and psychological distress, the available literature is still scarce and does not provide consistent results. We conclude therefore that more research is clearly warranted for a better estimation of the effective conductance and therapeutic outcome of LD treatment in clinical practice.

Sonhar e brincar: o espaço psíquico a ser construído / Dream and play: the psychical space to be built / Soñar y jugar: el espacio psíquico a construir / Rêver et jouer: l'espace psychique à construire

Este trabalho examina o significado e a função do sonhar, como forma essencial de funcionamento psíquico. O objetivo do processo analítico é gerar condições para que a pessoa sonhe seus sonhos não sonhados e sonhos interrompidos. É apresentado um caso clínico que se caracterizava por extremo retraimento e pela sensação de pouca vivacidade. A paciente tinha pouco contato consigo mesma e parecia incapaz de dar vazão a seus sonhos. Ao lado da posição de inacessibilidade da paciente na análise, havia um pedido silencioso de ajuda. Foi ressaltada a necessidade da analista de levar em conta as condições possíveis da paciente para estabelecer com ela um canal de comunicação. Isso se deu por meio da série Friends, que trouxe um espaço transicional no qual a proximidade pôde ocorrer. O sonhar e o brincar foram considerados processos correspondentes, e foi discutido o trabalho clínico possível com pacientes que apresentam uma capacidade simbólica muito prejudicada.

This work examines the meaning and function of dreaming as an essential form of psychic functioning. The purpose of the analytical process is to create conditions for the person to dream of his/her undreamed dreams and interrupted dreams. We present a clinical case that was characterized by extreme withdrawal and by the sensation of poor alertness. The patient had little contact with herself and seemed unable to vent her dreams. Beside the position of patient inaccessibility in the analysis, there was a silent request for help. It was emphasized the need of the analyst to take into account the possible conditions of the patient to establish a communication channel with her. This was done through the Friends series, which established a transitional space in which proximity could occur. Dreaming and playing were considered as corresponding processes and the possible clinical work with patients with a very impaired symbolic capacity was discussed.

Este trabajo examina el significado y función del soñar, como forma esencial de funcionamiento psíquico. El objetivo del proceso analítico es generar condiciones para que la persona sueñe sus sueños no soñados y sueños interrumpidos. Se presenta un caso clínico que se caracterizaba por extremo retraimiento y por la sensación de poca vivacidad. La paciente tenía poco contacto consigo misma y parecía incapaz de dar flujo a sus sueños. Al lado de la posición de inaccesibilidad de la paciente en el análisis, había una petición silenciosa de ayuda. Se resalta la necesidad de la analista de tener en cuenta las condiciones posibles de la paciente para establecer con ella un canal de comunicación. Esto se dio a través de la serie Friends, que estableció un espacio transicional en el que la proximidad pudo ocurrir. El soñar y el juego fueron considerados procesos correspondientes y se discutió el trabajo clínico posible con pacientes que presentan una capacidad simbólica muy perjudicada.

Cet article examine le sens et la fonction du rêve en tant que forme essentielle du fonctionnement psychique. Le processus analytique a pour but de créer des conditions permettant à la personne de rêver ses rêves non atteints et ses rêves interrompus. Nous présentons un cas clinique caractérisé par un retrait extrême et un sentiment de faible vivacité. La patiente avait peu de contact avec elle-même et semblait incapable de donner libre cours à ses rêves. Cependant, à côté de la position inaccessible du patient dans l'analyse se trouvait une demande d'aide silencieuse. La nécessité pour l'analyste de prendre en compte les conditions possibles de la patiente pour établir un canal de communication avec elle a été soulignée. Cela s'est fait à travers la série Friends, qui a créé un espace transitionel dans lequel la proximité pouvait exister. Rêver et jouer ont été considérés comme des processus correspondants et le travail clinique possible avec des patients ayant une capacité symbolique très altérée a été discuté.

From Ogden to Ferenczi. The constitution of a contemporary clinical thought.

This paper, in its first part, offers historical and clinical research that aims to establish, in a new frame, forms of organizing psychoanalytic theories on psychopathology and its accompanying healing strategies. This new frame is based in two matrices ("Freudo-Kleinian" and "Ferenczian") and it organizes the wide knowledge established by different authors of the psychoanalytic field. Therefore, it recognizes the innovative proposals of the last three decades as transmatricial ones, in which the Freudo-Kleinian lineage and Ferenczian lineage are recognized as supplementary dimensions. In the second part, the paper describes some possible origins of one of the most relevant transmatricial thoughts in contemporary psychoanalysis, namely, Thomas Ogden's work. To the question of what would be the path that leads back from Ogden's conception of "dreaming the analytic session" to Ferenczi's final clinical intersubjective proposals, the hypothesis offered is that it passes, retroactively, through the works of Robert Langs, Harold Searles, Willy and Madeleine Baranger and Wilfred Bion.

Sonhar e grupanálise / Dreaming and grupanalysis / Soñar y grupanalisis

Falar de sonhos, de sonhar, é algo que está intrinsecamente ligado à grupanálise e ao processo de maturação e de crescimento de cada um dos elementos do grupo. A finalidade da grupanálise é a de recriar essas pessoas através de um renovado crescimento que lhes permita que as relações harmoniosas venham a ser possíveis. Neste processo algo que poderá ser de grande ajuda para o exito da grupanálise são os momentos epifanicos (sonhos). A clarificação destes momentos pode mostrar, indicar o caminho, o rumo, o local em que estamos. O sonho manifesto como que ilumina o caminho, orienta o rumo sendo um indicador dos processos da transferência e da contratransferência integrados pela identificação projetiva, para além, de também parecer ser uma simples forma de comunicar - sonho objeto.

Speak of dreams, of dreaming, is something that is intrinsically linked to group analysis and to the process of maturation and growth of each one of the elements of the group. The purpose of group analysis is to recreate these people through a renewed growth that allows harmonious relationships to be possible. In this process something that can be of great help for the success of group analysis are the epiphanic moments (dreams). The clarification of these moments can show, indicate the way, the course, the place where we are. The manifest dream illuminates the path, guides the course being an indicator of the processes of transference and countertransference integrated by the projective identification, in addition, also seems to be a simple way to communicate - dream object.

Hablar de sueños, de soñar, es algo que está intrínsecamente ligado al grupanálisis y al proceso de maduración y de crecimiento de cada uno de los elementos del grupo. La finalidad del grupanálisis es la de recrear a esas personas a través de un renovado crecimiento que les permita que las relaciones armoniosas sean posibles. En este proceso algo que puede ser de gran ayuda para el éxito de la grupanálisis son los momentos epifanicos (sueños). La clarificación de estos momentos pueden mostrar, indicar el camino, el rumbo, el lugar en que estamos. El sueño manifiesto como que ilumina el camino, orienta el rumbo siendo un indicador de los procesos de la transferencia y de la contratransferencia integrados por la identificación proyectiva, además, de también parecer ser una simple forma de comunicar - sueño objeto.

História de uma análise interrompida / Story of an interrupted psychoanalysis / Historia de un análisis interrumpido / Histoire d'une psychothérapie interrompue

A brusca interrupção de um processo analítico remete o autor a uma reflexão, em que constata indícios de hostilidade surgidos no vínculo com o paciente, ressaltando-se a importância do binômio inveja-gratidão. O analista correlaciona aspectos de inveja e ressentimento, experimentados pelo analisando, com o comprometimento da capacidade de sonhar a dois e o prejuízo para a evolução do trabalho. Aborda ainda a teorização sobre a função desobjetalizante como elemento essencial para uma compreensão atual do conceito de pulsão de morte.

The sudden interruption of a psychoanalytic process leads the author to this written reflection. He notices evidences of hostility which has arisen from his relationship with the patient. The author highlights the importance of the envy- gratitude binomial. He relates the feelings of envy and resentment the patient experiences to the hindering of their abitlity to “dream together”, and therefore, the hindering of the analytic work and its progress. The author deals with the theory of the disobjectalizing function as a vital element to today's comprehension of the concept of death drive.

La interrupción brusca de un análisis remite al autor a una reflexión en la que constata indicios de hostilidad surgidos en el vínculo, señalando la importancia del binomio envidia-gratitud. El analista correlaciona aspectos de envidia y resentimiento, experimentados por el paciente, que compromete la capacidad de “soñar a dos” y el perjuicio para la evolución del trabajo. Aborda también la teorización sobre la función desobjetalizante como elemento esencial para una comprensión actual del concepto de pulsión de muerte.

La brusque interruption d'un processus analytique mène l'auteur à une réflexion où il constate des indices d'hostilité surgis dans le lien établi avec le patient, en soulignant l'importance du binôme envie-gratitude. L'analyste met en corrélation des aspects d'envie et de ressentiment éprouvés par l'analysant avec l'endommagement de la capacité de « rêver à deux ¼ et la détérioration du travail. Il aborde encore la théorisation concernant la fonction désobjectalisante en tant qu'un élément essentiel pour une compréhension actuel du concept de la pulsion de mort.

"Me alugo para sonhar": algumas ideias sobre sonhos e sonhar em psicanálise / "I rent myself to dream": some ideas of both dreams and dreaming in psychoanalysis / "Me alquilo para soñar": algunas ideas sobre los sueños y el soñar en psicanálisis / "Je m'amène à rêver": quelques idées sur le rêve et le rêver en psychanalyse

O autor reflete sobre o sonho e o sonhar fora e dentro da sessão analítica. Destaca a presença forte do sonho na psicanálise, desde Freud. Através de exemplos clínicos, apresenta o sonho, o sonhar, o sonho-a-dois, o sonho noturno e o sonho diurno como importantes fatores de comunicação entre analista e analisando.

The author writes a reflection on the concepts of dream and dreaming both outside and within the psychoanalytic session. Dreams have had a strong presence in Psychoanalysis since Freud, the author emphasizes. In this paper, the author demonstrates, by using clinical examples, that dreaming, dream, dream for two, nightdream, and daydream are important factors of communication between analyst and analysand.

El autor hace una reflexión sobre los sueños y el soñar, fuera y dentro de la sesión analítica. Destaca la fuerte presencia del sueño en el psicoanálisis, desde Freud. A través de ejemplos clínicos, presenta el sueño, el soñar, el sueño entre-los-dos (analista- paciente), el sueño nocturno y el sueño diurno como importantes factores de comunicación, entre analista y analizado.

L'auteur réfléchit sur le rêve et le rêver en dehors et en dedans de la séance analytique. Il souligne la forte présence du rêve en psychanalyse, depuis Freud. Grâce à des exemples cliniques, il présente le rêve, le rêver, le rêve à deux, les rêves de nuit et ceux du jour comme des facteurs importants de communication entre l'analyste et l'analysant.

Em busca de uma experiência estética em psicanálise: sonho, trabalho de sonho-alfa e sonhar-a-dois / En busca de una experiencia estética en psicoanálisis: sueño, trabajo del sueño-alfa y sueño-de-a-dos / Searching for an aesthetic experience in psychoanalysis: dream, dream-work-alpha, and dreaming as a couple

O autor propõe delimitar um campo de experiência estética, em psicanálise, discriminando áreas de sonho, de trabalho de sonho-alfa e de sonhar-a-dois. Com Likierman, situa experiências singulares e primitivas da vida mental que conservam a natureza de uma infinidade sublime e que funcionam, quando acionadas, como fonte de vivências estéticas sentidas como genuinamente boas, belas e integradoras. Propõe ser essa área da mente uma preconcepção para o estético que "se realiza", na medida em que se apreende o sonho diurno (um lampejo, um espanto, um poema, uma imagem, uma música, uma história) e se aciona o trabalho do sonho-alfa, que vai dar forma ao apreendido para ser comunicado e possibilitar o sonhar-a-dois. Enfatiza a existência do fenômeno estético dentro da vivência intersubjetiva, que facilita a presença de experiências emocionais sustentadoras do sonhar-a-dois pela dupla analítica.

El autor propone definir un campo de experiencia estética en el psicoanálisis, distinguiendo las zonas de sueño, de trabajo del sueño-alfa y de sueñode- a-dos. Con Likierman, encuentra experiencias singulares y primitivas de la vida mental que preservan la naturaleza de una infinidad sublime, y que sirven, cuando son accionadas, como una fuente de experiencias estéticas sentidas como realmente buenas, bellas e inclusivas. Propone que esta área de la mente es una preconcepción a lo estético que "se realiza", en tanto que agarra el ensueño (un flash, un espanto, un poema, una imagen, una canción, una historia) y acciona el trabajo del sueño-alfa, que dará forma a lo aprendido para que sea comunicado y permitirá el sueño-de-a-dos. Se enfatiza la existencia del fenómeno estético dentro de la experiencia intersubjetiva, que facilita la presencia de las experiencias emocionales que sostienen el sueñode- a-dos por la dupla analítica.

The author proposes defining a field of an aesthetic experience in psychoanalysis, by distinguishing between areas of dream, dream-work-alpha, and dreaming as a couple. The author uses Likierman to place natural and primitive experiences of mental life. These experiences preserve the essence of a sublime infinity and, when activated, they work as a source of aesthetic experiences, which are felt as being genuinely good, beautiful, and integrative. The author proposes that this area of the mind is a preconception to the aesthetic ­ the aesthetic that is "performed" as the daydream (i.e. a flash, a shock, a poem, a picture, a song, a story) is understood, and the dream-work-alpha is activated. At this point, he continues, the dream-work-alpha gives a shape to what was understood so that it will be communicated. It will, therefore, enable the pair to dream as a couple. This study emphasizes the existence of the aesthetics phenomenon within the intersubjective experience, which facilitates the presence of emotional experiences. As such, these experiences will allow the psychoanalytic pair to "dream together".

Psychosis and the Control of Lucid Dreaming.

Dreaming and psychosis share important features, such as intrinsic sense perceptions independent of external stimulation, and a general lack of criticism that is associated with reduced frontal cerebral activity. Awareness of dreaming while a dream is happening defines lucid dreaming (LD), a state in which the prefrontal cortex is more active than during regular dreaming. For this reason, LD has been proposed to be potentially therapeutic for psychotic patients. According to this view, psychotic patients would be expected to report LD less frequently, and with lower control ability, than healthy subjects. Furthermore, psychotic patients able to experience LD should present milder psychiatric symptoms, in comparison with psychotic patients unable to experience LD. To test these hypotheses, we investigated LD features (occurrence, control abilities, frequency, and affective valence) and psychiatric symptoms (measure by PANSS, BPRS, and automated speech analysis) in 45 subjects with psychotic symptoms [25 with Schizophrenia (S) and 20 with Bipolar Disorder (B) diagnosis] versus 28 non-psychotic control (C) subjects. Psychotic lucid dreamers reported control of their dreams more frequently (67% of S and 73% of B) than non-psychotic lucid dreamers (only 23% of C; S > C with p = 0.0283, B > C with p = 0.0150). Importantly, there was no clinical advantage for lucid dreamers among psychotic patients, even for the diagnostic question specifically related to lack of judgment and insight. Despite some limitations (e.g., transversal design, large variation of medications), these preliminary results support the notion that LD is associated with psychosis, but falsify the hypotheses that we set out to test. A possible explanation is that psychosis enhances the experience of internal reality in detriment of external reality, and therefore lucid dreamers with psychotic symptoms would be more able to control their internal reality than non-psychotic lucid dreamers. Training dream lucidity is likely to produce safe psychological strengthening in a non-psychotic population, but in a psychotic population LD practice may further empower deliria and hallucinations, giving internal reality the appearance of external reality.

Da interpretação dos sonhos ao desenvolvimento das funções sonhantes em análise / From interpretation of dreams to the development of dreaming functions in the analysis

Neste artigo a autora procura dialogar com as ideias desenvolvidas por Freud na sua obra A interpretação dos sonhos (1900) ­ que validou o sonho como ato psíquico e inaugurou outra forma de interpretá-lo, incluindo o próprio sonhador na sua compreensão ­ e posteriores desenvolvimentos psicanalíticos que colocam o processo de sonhar em destaque. Duas vinhetas clínicas são apresentadas para considerações sobre a (im)possibilidade de sonhar(AU)

In this paper the author seeks dialogue with the ideas developed by Freud in his work The interpretation of dreams (1900), which validated the dream as a psychic act and showed another way to interpret it, implying the dreamer himself in its understanding. Later psychoanalytic developments that place the emphasis on the dreaming process. Two clinical vignettes are presented in order to reflect upon the (im)possibility of dreaming(AU)

En este artículo la autora busca el diálogo con las ideas desarrolladas por Freud en su obra La interpretación de los sueños (1900) ­ que validó el sueño como acto psíquico y inauguró otra manera de interpretarlo, incluyendo el propio soñador en su comprensión ­ y desarrollos psicoanalíticos posteriores que ponen el énfasis en el proceso del soñar. Se presentan dos viñetas clínicas para consideraciones sobre la (im)posibilidad de soñar(AU)

A constituição do espaço psíquico e a mente primitiva / The constitution of the psychical space and the primitive mind

Em seu texto, a autora parte do princípio de que o espaço psíquico não é algo dado, mas que necessita ser construído. Nesse processo de construção, entram em jogo vários fatores, entre os quais a capacidade materna de rêverie. Utilizando conceitos como os de simetria absoluta, assimetria, os estudos de E. Bick e D. Meltzer sobre dimensionalidade, a autora vai apresentando suas ideias e ilustrando-as com vinhetas clinicas. A constituição de uma terceira dimensão, quando, então, o espaço psíquico passa a existir, é um dos temas tratados no artigo, pois se liga à possibilidade de representar e simbolizar(AU)

In this text, the author starts from the principle that the psychical space is not something given, but rather something that needs to be built. In this process of constitution, several factors come into play such as the maternal ability of rêverie. Using concepts as those of absolute symmetry and asymmetry, and the studies conducted by E. Bick and D. Meltzer on dimensionality, the author presents her ideas and illustrates them by means of clinical vignettes. The constitution of a third dimension, the moment when the psychical space starts to exist, is one of the topics referred to in this work, since it is connected to the possibility of representing and symbolizing(AU)

En su texto, la autora parte del principio de que el espacio psíquico no es algo dado, sino que necesita construirse. En ese proceso de construcción, entran en juego varios factores, entre los cuales la capacidad materna de rêverie. Utilizando conceptos como los de simetría absoluta, asimetría, los estudios de E. Bick y D. Meltzer sobre dimensionalidad, la autora va presentando sus ideas e ilustrándolas con viñetas clínicas. La constitución de una tercera dimensión, cuando, entonces, el espacio psíquico pasa a existir, es uno de los temas tratados en el artículo, pues se conecta a la posibilidad de representar y simbolizar(AU)

Matriz do Sonhar Social: uma proposta brasileira / The social dreaming matrix: a Brazilian proposal / Matriz del Soñar Social: una propuesta brasileña

A Matriz do Sonhar Social (Dreaming Matrix) é um método criado por W. Gordon Lawrence no Instituto Tavistock de Londres, em 1982, no qual os participantes contam espontaneamente seus sonhos uns para os outros, em um processo de livre associação, que produz uma Matriz coinconsciente. Este artigo relata como ele foi associado, por psicodramatistas brasileiros, ao Sociodrama de J. L. Moreno, usado como prática transicional entre o mundo onírico dos participantes e as cenas coconstruídas no Sociodrama, que permitem um entendimento mais amplo da realidade social do grupo. Apresenta também um exemplo de intervenção pública no Centro Cultural São Paulo (CCSP), em 2013.

The Social Dreaming Matrix (SDM) is a method created by W. Gordon Lawrence in 1982 at the Tavistock Institute (London), in which participants spontaneously share their dreams with each other in a process of free association that produces a counconscious Matrix. This article describes how this method was linked by Brazilian Psychodramatists to J.L. Moreno's Sociodrama, and used as a transitional practice between the dream-world of the participants and the sociodramatric scenes jointly constructed by them, which enable us to better understand the social reality of the group. As an example of this intervention, we describe a public event, which took place in 2013 at the São Paulo Cultural Centre (CCSP).

La Matriz del Soñador Social (Social Matrix Dreaming) es un método creado por Gordon Lawrence en el Instituto Tavistok de Londres en 1982, en el que los participantes cuentan espontáneamente sus sueños entre sí en un proceso de libre asociación que produce una Matrix coinconsciente. En este artículo se relata cómo el método fue asociado por psicodramatistas brasileñas al Sociodrama de J.L. Moreno, utilizado como práctica transcional entre el mundo onírico de los participantes y las escenas coconstruídas en el Sociodrama, que permiten una comprensión más amplia de la realidad social del grupo. También se presenta un ejemplo de una intervención pública en el Centro Cultural São Paulo (CCSP) en 2013.