Incarceration of a part of the gastric wall into the abdominal cavity in a patient with hiatal hernia and complete dislocation of the stomach (upside-down stomach).

An upside-down stomach is a rare type of hiatal hernia. An 83-year-old woman presented to the emergency room with abdominal pain and vomiting. Computed tomography revealed an upside-down stomach and the incarceration of a part of the gastric body into the abdominal cavity. Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy revealed a circular ulcer caused by gastric ischemia. Although she was discharged after 1 week of conservative therapy, she was readmitted to the hospital 1 day after discharge because of a recurrence of hiatal hernia incarceration. She underwent laparoscopic surgery 4 days after readmission and recovered successfully.

Family Members Grieving the Loss of a Person to Incarceration: A Scoping Review.

This scoping review examined grief related to the incarceration of a family member in order to establish a theoretical framework. A comprehensive search of PubMed, Social Sciences Citation Index, Embase, PsycInfo, Psychology & Behavioral Sciences, CINAHL, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials & Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, PILOTS, and Psychiatry Online was conducted. We extracted data on sample characteristics, study design, purpose of the study, grief measure used, grief term and definition used, and key qualitative and quantitative findings. Twenty-five studies met inclusion criteria. Most studies used the terms 'ambiguous loss' (n = 15) and 'disenfranchised grief' (n = 12); however, grief terms and their definitions varied. The review identified 14 unique terms and more than 20 definitions. In several cases, the same term was defined and conceptualized differently between studies. This review also revealed shortcomings in existing theoretical frameworks for grief related to incarceration. Grief related to losing a family member to incarceration involves two distinct constructs: non-traditional losses and cascading losses. Non-traditional losses (measured on a continuum) capture elements of a loss to incarceration that are unique (compared to a loss via death) or may not be socially accepted, whereas cascading losses refers to the ongoing losses that one may experience related to the incarceration (e.g., loss of financial stability). This framework provides the field with consistent constructs and definitions that can be used to further advance research in incarceration-related grief and facilitates an improved ability to replicate findings between laboratories.

Prior incarceration length and edentulism among formerly incarcerated older adults in the United States.

BACKGROUND: This study investigated the association between prior incarceration length and edentulism among US adults 55 years and older. Analyses explored indirect factors such as wealth, smoking status, mental health, and chronic health conditions that may explain this relationship. In addition, the study analyzed how associations between incarceration and edentulism vary by race and ethnicity. METHODS: The authors used data from the 2012-2014 Health and Retirement Study (unweighted N = 11,630; weighted N = 72,872,877) to assess the relationship between incarceration duration and edentulism through multivariable logistic regression. The Karlson-Holm-Breen method evaluated indirect effects, and multiplicative interaction terms examined variations by race and ethnicity. RESULTS: Net of control variables analyses showed a positive association between having been incarcerated for more than 1 month and higher odds of edentulism. However, this association was rendered statistically nonsignificant after accounting for wealth, current smoking status, mental health, and chronic disease. Collectively, wealth and smoking explained approximately 60% of the association between prior incarceration length and edentulism. Racial moderation models indicated that longer incarceration times increased edentulism likelihood in non-Hispanic Whites specifically. CONCLUSIONS: To the authors' knowledge, this is the first study on the association between prior incarceration length and edentulism among older adults. Study findings indicated the relationship between incarceration and edentulism was explained by higher wealth and current smoking status. PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS: These findings highlight the need for adequate access to oral health care services for formerly incarcerated older adults to improve oral health and enhance their overall health and quality of life.

Self-identified Race and Ethnicity and How this is Perceived: Associations with the Physical and Mental Health of Incarcerated Individuals.

OBJECTIVES: The singular focus on self-identified race and ethnicity in health disparities research may not fully convey the individual and structural components of experiencing race in society, or in a racialized context such as prison. Processes of racialization create boundaries between incarcerated individuals and regulate their daily interactions and access to resources, with possible effects on well-being. However, the relationship between perceived race and health has not been examined within the imprisoned population. DESIGN: We used data from the 2016 Survey of Prison Inmates (n = 23,010) to assess how self-identified race, perceived race, and the discordance between racial self-identification and perception were associated with the physical (number of chronic conditions) and mental health (psychological distress) of American Indian and Alaska Native, Asian, Black, Latino, White, and multiracial incarcerated individuals. RESULTS: Reported perception as Latino was associated with better mental and physical health relative to perception as White. Perceived Latino identity was more strongly associated with physical and mental health than a Latino self-identity. Reported perception as Black was associated with less psychological distress than perception as White, but this relationship dissipated after accounting for self-identified race. In contrast, perceived and self-identified multiracial incarcerated individuals reported worse health than their White counterparts. Having a discordant (vs. concordant) racial identity was associated with worse physical and mental health among imprisoned persons regardless of race. CONCLUSION: The use of a single, unidimensional measure of race and ethnicity in health disparities research does not fully reveal racialization's influence on health, specifically for those experiencing incarceration.

A delayed presentation of traumatic diaphragmatic hernia in a young male: a unusual case report and comprehensive review of literature.

Acquired diaphragmatic hernia is typically caused by blunt trauma to the abdomen. It can be challenging to diagnose in acute cases due to a wide range of symptoms. Delayed presentation of traumatic diaphragmatic hernia is uncommon and can lead to respiratory issues or bowel complications like incarceration, perforation, or strangulation. Computed tomography is the preferred diagnostic tool. For acute case, laparotomy is indicated traditionally; however, the choice of surgery is dependent upon the surgeon's expertise and availability of resources.

Paternal Incarceration and Adolescent Delinquency: Role of Father Engagement and Early Child Behavior Problems.

Paternal incarceration is an important predictor of teen delinquency, but the factors that may explain this relationship-such as early child problem behaviors and level of father engagement-have not been adequately explored. The current longitudinal study examined paternal history of incarceration as a predictor of teen self-reported delinquency over a 15-year gap, considering early child problem behaviors and father engagement as mediators. Sex differences in these relationships were also evaluated. This four-wave longitudinal study included an analytic sample of 4897 teens who participated in the birth-cohort Future of Families and Child Well-Being Study. Mothers and fathers were interviewed shortly after the focal child's birth and were then reassessed in follow-up interviews at child ages 1, 3, 5, 9, and 15. The focal children were interviewed at ages 9 and 15. Results showed that paternal prior incarceration at year 1 was associated with greater child behavior problems and father engagement at year 5; however, those relationships disappeared by age 9. Paternal history of incarceration was not related to teen delinquency, but child behavior problems at age 9 were directly related to subsequent engagement in delinquent behaviors. Paternal current incarceration was related to subsequent father engagement but was not associated with later child behaviors. No significant indirect pathways emerged, indicating a lack of support for mediation. No sex differences in these relationships were observed. Overall, the findings underscore the complexity of the relationships between paternal incarceration, child behavior, and father engagement in the emergence of delinquent behaviors.

Incarceration Postpartum: Is There a Right to Prison Nurseries?

Rising rates of female incarceration within the United States are incompatible with the lack of federal standards outlining the rights of incarcerated mothers and their children. A robust body of evidence demonstrates that prison nurseries, programmes designed for mothers to keep their infants under their care during detainment or incarceration, provide essential and beneficial care that could not otherwise be achieved within the current carceral infrastructure. These benefits include facilitation of breastfeeding, bonding during a critical period of child development, and decreased recidivism rates for participants. Legal precedent exists to support the rights of the mother to continue to parent their child but remains in stark opposition to current prison infrastructure that could allow them to do so. Existing state policies also have inconsistent mechanisms for determining child eligibility and should move to centre decision-making on a case-by-case basis. This work will demonstrate that a just society, supported by law and ensuring maternal-child welfare supports the establishment of prison nursery programmes as a part of the existing right to healthcare for incarcerated individuals.

Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial of a Yoga-Based Intervention Targeting Anger Management for People Who Are Incarcerated.

Introduction: Incarceration represents an opportune moment to improve self-management of anger and aggression. A hatha yoga-based intervention (YBI) could serve as a useful adjunctive intervention for anger within prisons. Methods: We enrolled 40 people with elevated levels of anger who were incarcerated (20 in a women's facility, and 20 in a men's facility) in a 10-week pilot randomized controlled trial of a YBI versus. a health education (HE) control group. Participants attended their respective groups once per week. We examined indices of feasibility and acceptability, including intervention credibility, expectancy the intervention would be helpful, intervention satisfaction, class attendance, engagement in personal practice, instructor fidelity, intervention safety, and study recruitment and retention rates. We also examined changes in clinical outcomes including anger, depression, anxiety, and behavioral infractions over time. Results: We met targets for several outcomes: credibility of the YBI and HE interventions, expectancy that they would be helpful, and satisfaction with the programs. Instructors demonstrated fidelity to both manuals. There were no serious adverse events related to study participation. Class attendance did not meet our target outcome in either facility and rates of personal practice met our target outcome in the men's but not the women's facility. For people enrolled in the YBI, anger, depression, and anxiety tended to decrease over time. Qualitative interviews with participants pointed to overall high satisfaction with the YBI and provided information on facility-related barriers to class attendance. Conclusion: Although we did not meet all our feasibility targets in this study, we note high participant enthusiasm. Thus, we believe this line of research is worth pursuing, with further attention to ways to decrease facility-related barriers to class attendance and personal practice. Clinical trials registration: NCT05336123.

The Impact of Relationship Quality on Couples With an Incarcerated Partner With Co-Occurring Mental Health and Substance Use Issues.

Objective: In 2020, approximately 1.7 million people were incarcerated in the United States, with nearly half of the general population being related to, or romantically involved with, an incarcerated individual. Over 70% of these incarcerated individuals met the criteria for a co-occurring mental health and substance use diagnoses. Individuals with co-occurring disorders often experience high rates of recidivism, which negatively impacts their non-incarcerated partners. This study aimed to examine the impact of incarcerated individuals with co-occurring ADHD and depression on their relationship quality, focusing on the roles of substance use, substance use treatment, and self-efficacy. Methods: The study analyzed the effects of substance use, substance use treatment, and self-efficacy on the relationship quality of couples where one partner was incarcerated and diagnosed with co-occurring ADHD and depression. The direct and indirect influences of these factors on relationship quality were assessed. Results: The findings indicated that higher levels of substance use and depressive symptoms, along with lower levels of self-efficacy and substance use treatment, were associated with lower relationship quality. ADHD indirectly affected relationship quality via substance use (ß = -.015, 95% CI [-0.023, -0.008]) and self-efficacy (ß = -.027, 95% CI [-0.039, -0.016]). Depression had both direct effects on relationship quality (ß = -.180, 95% CI [-0.224, -0.138]) and indirect effects via substance use (ß = -.023, 95% CI [-0.033, -0.015]), self-efficacy (ß = -.040, 95% CI [-0.056, -0.025]), and through substance use and substance treatment (ß = -.002, 95% CI [0.001, 0.005]). Conclusion: These findings highlight the need for further research to explore combined substance use and mental health treatment programs. Such interventions could potentially reduce recidivism rates, and promote the quality and maintenance of relationships among incarcerated individuals and their partners.

Association between lifetime criminal legal involvement and acute healthcare utilization in middle-aged and older US adults, 2015-2019.

BACKGROUND: Five decades into the era of mass incarceration, a growing number of older adults have experienced criminal legal involvement (CLI) in their lifetime. Studies have shown that prior incarceration is associated with substantial disease burden, but little is known about the distinct needs and utilization patterns of middle-aged and older adults with lifetime CLI compared to those without. Using a nationally representative data set, we tested the association between lifetime CLI exposure and use of acute care services among middle-aged and older adults. METHODS: Our sample included 44,007 US adults (25,074 middle-aged-50-64 years; 18,709 older- ≥65 years) who participated in the National Survey of Drug Use and Health (2015-2019). The data is publicly available. Our independent variable was lifetime CLI. Using separate negative binomial regression models for middle-aged and older adults, we tested the association between lifetime CLI and acute healthcare utilization (ED visits and nights spent inpatient) controlling for relevant sociodemographic covariates. RESULTS: For middle-aged respondents, 19.1% reported lifetime CLI; for older adults, the rate of exposure was 9.6%. In multivariate models, CLI was associated with increased ED visits in middle-aged adults (IRR 1.18, 95% CI 1.06-1.31) but not older adults (IRR 0.99, 95% CI 0.85-1.16). CLI was associated with increased nights hospitalized in both groups (middle-aged: IRR 1.33, 95% CI 1.08-1.62; older adults: IRR 1.26, 95% CI 1.01, 1.57). CONCLUSION: Middle-aged and older adults with lifetime CLI experience higher rates of acute care utilization than their peers with no lifetime CLI, even after adjustment for confounders. As the cohort of adults from the era of mass incarceration ages, understanding the mechanisms by which lifetime CLI impacts health outcomes is crucial in designing interventions to improve outcomes and reduce unnecessary acute healthcare utilization.

Aberrant oviduct pathway following vacuum aspiration: A case report and literature review.

We report the case of a patient addressed for abnormal uterine bleeding in the context of secondary infertility. Operative hysteroscopy under sedation showed multiple uterine adhesions (Asherman syndrome) and communication with the pelvic cavity suspecting uterine perforation. Combined laparoscopy showed that the right fallopian tube was incarcerated into the uterine wall. We conducted bilateral salpingectomy followed by uterine wall suture whose integrity was controlled by hysteroscopy. We highlight a rare, underdiagnosed complication of uterine perforation: oviduct incarceration into the uterine cavity.

Infectious Disease Education in a Carceral Setting: Insights from a Jail-Based Medical Student-Led Health Literacy Initiative.

Incarceration is associated with adverse health outcomes, including higher rates of infectious diseases. Poor health literacy in this population is a likely contributing factor, making health education a potential tool to help address these health disparities. This article aims to describe the implementation of a novel medical student-led educational initiative in the jail setting as a tool to promote health literacy and decrease the infectious disease burden in the correctional setting. A four-part infectious disease health education curriculum was developed and tailored to a carceral context. The course was offered on a voluntary basis to members of a reentry program at a local county jail. Pre- and postcourse surveys were used to evaluate the course effectiveness. The results demonstrated a statistically significant increase in the participants' reported confidence for recognizing the symptoms of and seeking appropriate treatment for common infections, including sexually transmitted, respiratory, and blood-borne infections. To the authors' knowledge, this is one of the first medical student-led programs of its kind to be described in existing literature. This program hopes to continue refining its curricular offerings and serve as a model for medical schools across the country to increase trainee engagement.

A Scoping Review of Organ Transplantation in Populations Experiencing Incarceration.

Despite an aging confined population, the current state of organ transplantation in carceral systems is largely unknown. This scoping review aimed to assess the literature on organ transplantation in populations experiencing incarceration. The review used the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for a scoping review. Included references were published between January 2000 and January 2022 in PubMed, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature via EBSCO, EMBASE.com, PsycInfo via EBSCO, Sociological Abstracts via ProQuest, and Scopus. Two reviewers conducted title and abstract screening, full-text review, and data extraction in order to generate common themes. The initial search yielded 3,225 studies, and 2,129 references underwent screening. Seventy studies underwent full-text review, and 10 met inclusion criteria. These studies revealed heterogeneous perspectives and policies by providers and transplant centers regarding transplant consideration of individuals with incarceration history or current involvement. Two studies on a kidney transplant program for patients experiencing incarceration showed transplant as a sustainable and potentially superior option for people who are incarcerated, as compared with chronic hemodialysis. Literature on transplantation for populations experiencing incarceration is sparse. More research is required to understand the demand for transplants and the ethical implications of the heterogeneous perspectives and policies on practice patterns.

Incarceration of the gravid uterus: Ultrasound diagnosis and pregnancy outcomes.

BACKGROUND: This research aims to summarize the ultrasound features and pregnancy outcomes of incarceration of the gravid uterus (IGU), providing a basis for clinical management. METHODS: A retrospective cohort study was conducted on pregnant patients with IGU at Hunan Provincial Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital in China, spanning from September 30, 2016, to May 31, 2024. Data on maternal age, parity, medical history, risk factors, gestational age, clinical manifestations, ultrasound examination, treatment methods, time, and method for terminating pregnancy, and pregnancy outcomes were collected. We compared cases diagnosed before and after 20 gestational weeks. RESULTS: During the study period, 13 pregnant women were diagnosed with IGU, and 140 162 deliveries were recorded at our hospital. Two cases were referred from other hospitals and did not deliver in our hospital. Accordingly, the incidence of IGU was 0.08‰ (11/140, 162). The most prevalent risk factor for IGU was previous abdominal or pelvic surgery (61.54%, 8/13). Dysuria or even urinary retention was the primary symptom (38.46%, 5/13). Spontaneous resolution occurred in only one case (7.69%). All cases were detected using prenatal ultrasound examination with typical characteristics, including a retroverted uterus and the fundus located behind the cervix. No statistically significant differences between the two comparison groups were found in successful uterine reduction (p > 0.05). CONCLUSION: The definition of IGU should include symptomatic cases of any gestational age. Despite a low prevalence of this pregnancy complication, the overall prognosis of IGU is good. In the absence of severe symptoms, regular monitoring may be an option. Typical ultrasound imaging features enable a definitive diagnosis of IGU.

The Distribution of Carceral Harm: County-Level Jail Incarceration and Mortality by Race, Sex, and Age.

Jail incarceration remains an overlooked yet crucial component of the U.S. carceral system. Although a growing literature has examined the mortality costs associated with residing in areas with high levels of incarceration, far less is known about how local jails shape this burden at the intersection of race, sex, and age. In this study, I examine the relationship between county-level jail incarceration and age-specific mortality for non-Hispanic Black and White men and women, uniquely leveraging race-specific jail rates to account for the unequal racial distribution of jail exposures. This study finds evidence of positive associations between mortality and jail incarceration: this association peaks in late adulthood (ages 50-64), when increases in jail rates are associated with roughly 3% increases in mortality across all race-sex groups. However, patterns vary at the intersection of race, sex, and age. In particular, I find more marked and consistent penalties among women than among men. Additionally, a distinctly divergent age pattern emerges among Black men, who face insignificant but negative associations at younger ages but steep penalties at older ages-significantly larger among those aged 65 or older relative to their White male and Black female counterparts. Evidence further suggests that the use of race-neutral incarceration measures in prior work may mask the degree of harm associated with carceral contexts, because the jail rate for the total population underestimates the association between jail rates and mortality across nearly all race-age-sex combinations. These findings highlight the need for future ecological research to differentiate between jail and prison incarceration, consider the demographic distribution of incarceration's harms, and incorporate racialized measures of exposure so that we may better capture the magnitude of harm associated with America's carceral state.

Reduction en masse of incarcerated inguinal hernia: A case report.

INTRODUCTION: Reduction en masse is a rare diagnosis in which an inguinal hernia is reduced; however, the bowel remains entrapped inside the hernia sac within the preperitoneal space. Although this occurs infrequently, missed diagnosis can significantly affect patient outcomes. PRESENTATION OF CASE: A 73-year-old male presented with obstructive symptoms in the setting of no prior abdominal operations and recently self-reduced inguinal hernia. Diagnosis of reduction en masse of an inguinal hernia was made with history and cross-sectional imaging. The patient remained obstructed following reduction and underwent urgent laparoscopic exploration. The small bowel was reduced from a preperitoneal hernia sac and appeared viable, negating the need for resection. The patient subsequently underwent inguinal hernia repair and was discharged home. DISCUSSION: Although rare, clinicians should be aware of the possibility of reduction en masse of herniae as the cause of intestinal obstruction. This case presentation emphasizes the need for thorough history-taking and imaging to assist in diagnosis. When reduction en masse is diagnosed, proceeding urgently to the operating room is critical. When feasible, it is acceptable to start with laparoscopic exploration to free the bowel and assess for viability. Laparoscopic repair is even an option. Timely diagnosis and operative intervention can preserve the bowel. CONCLUSION: Reduction en masse of an inguinal hernia is a rare but potentially morbid cause of intestinal obstruction as the incarcerated inguinal hernia is essentially converted to an internal hernia with ongoing risk of bowel strangulation. Knowledge of this rare diagnosis and its associated imaging findings is essential for appropriate and timely intervention.

Incarcerated gravid uterus liberated by vaginal gauze packing under general anesthesia: a case report.

Incarceration of the gravid uterus is a rare and serious obstetric complication that can lead to severe complications. We present the case of a 32-year-old woman (gravida 5, para 2022) at 12 weeks and 5 days of gestation who presented with urinary retention and lower abdominal pain. Despite attempts at positional changes and manipulative repositioning under epidural anesthesia, the incarceration of the gravid uterus persisted. Subsequent intervention under general anesthesia involved partially reducing the uterine fundus into the abdominal cavity and using gauze strips in the posterior vaginal fornix to maintain traction. In addition, the bilateral round ligaments of the uterus were sutured to release the incarcerated uterus via laparoscopy. Vaginal gauze packing under general anesthesia may be a beneficial intervention for addressing cases of an incarcerated uterus, particularly in patients in whom passive maneuvers and manual pressure fail to resolve the condition.

Role of ultrasound in diagnosing gravid uterine incarceration.

OBJECTIVE: To summarize the ultrasound characteristics, diagnostic experiences, and pregnancy outcomes of gravid uterine incarceration. METHODS: A retrospective analysis was conducted on the data of pregnant women diagnosed with gravid uterine incarceration by prenatal ultrasound at the Ultrasound Department of the Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University from January 2020 to December 2023. Clinical data, ultrasound features, and pregnancy outcomes were analyzed. RESULTS: In this study, a total of 23 pregnant women were included. Of these, eight were diagnosed in early pregnancy, and 15 were diagnosed in mid-pregnancy. Seven participants had concurrent uterine fibroids, 10 had a history of abdominal or pelvic surgery, and two had ovarian cysts. A total of 13 cases presented with symptoms of urethral obstruction, three with rectal pressure symptoms, five cases with tight and stiff lower abdomen and two cases without special discomfort. Seventeen cases exhibited cervical compression with thinning and elongation, measuring approximately 39 to 73 mm. All 23 cases underwent manual or knee-chest positioning repositioning, with one case requiring surgical intervention. Ultimately, 22 cases resulted in full-term live births, one case experienced fetal demise at 24 weeks and one case experienced gravid uterine incarceration again in the third week after successful manual reduction, and manual reduction was performed again. CONCLUSION: Early diagnosis is critical for obstetric management and clinical prognosis, facilitating the successful release of the incarcerated uterus. The earlier the diagnosis, the higher the likelihood of successfully releasing the incarcerated uterus.

Small Bowel Obstruction Due to Transperitoneal Incarceration After Anterior Lumbar Interbody Fusion: A Case Report.

We present the case of a 76-year-old woman who experienced severe abdominal pain and vomiting 14 days after undergoing anterior lumbar interbody fusion. CT revealed a mechanical small bowel obstruction with a transition point in the proximal ileum. During surgery, an incarcerated bowel loop was discovered, having herniated into the preperitoneal space. The obstruction was corrected surgically. This article discusses the perioperative findings, reviews the existing literature, and examines surgical correction techniques. We emphasize the importance of meticulous peritoneal closure and the need for vigilance against intra-abdominal complications in retroperitoneal surgical procedures.

Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factor Control Following Release From Carceral Facilities: A Cross-Sectional Study.

BACKGROUND: Incarceration is a social determinant of cardiovascular health but is rarely addressed in clinical settings or public health prevention efforts. People who have been incarcerated are more likely to develop cardiovascular disease (CVD) at younger ages and have worse cardiovascular outcomes compared with the general population, even after controlling for traditional risk factors. This study aims to identify incarceration-specific factors that are associated with uncontrolled CVD risk factors to identify potential targets for prevention. METHODS AND RESULTS: Using data from JUSTICE (Justice-Involved Individuals Cardiovascular Disease Epidemiology), a prospective cohort study of individuals released from incarceration with CVD risk factors, we examine the unique association between incarceration-specific factors and CVD risk factor control. Participants (N=471), with a mean age of 45.0±10.8 (SD) years, were disproportionately from racially minoritized groups (79%), and poor (91%). Over half (54%) had at least 1 uncontrolled CVD risk factor at baseline. People released from jail, compared with prison, had lower Life's Essential 8 scores for blood pressure and smoking. Release from jail, as compared with prison, was associated with an increased odds of having an uncontrolled CVD risk factor, even after adjusting for age, race and ethnicity, gender, perceived stress, and life adversity score (adjusted odds ratio 1.62 [95% CI, 1.02-2.57]). DISCUSSION: Release from jail is associated with poor CVD risk factor control and requires tailored intervention, which is informative as states design and implement the Centers of Medicare & Medicaid Services Reentry 1115 waiver, which allows Medicaid to cover services before release from correctional facilities.