Effects of High-Mobility Group Box-1 on Mucosal Immunity and Epithelial Differentiation in Colitic Carcinoma.

Abnormalities in mucosal immunity are involved in the onset and progression of ulcerative colitis (UC), resulting in a high incidence of colorectal cancer (CRC). While high-mobility group box-1 (HMGB1) is overexpressed during colorectal carcinogenesis, its role in UC-related carcinogenesis remains unclear. In the present study, we investigated the role of HMGB1 in UC-related carcinogenesis and sporadic CRC. Both the azoxymethane colon carcinogenesis and dextran sulfate sodium colitis carcinogenesis models demonstrated temporal increases in mucosal HMGB1 levels. Activated CD8+ cells initially increased and then decreased, whereas exhausted CD8+ cells increased. Additionally, we observed increased regulatory CD8+ cells, decreased naïve CD8+ cells, and decreased mucosal epithelial differentiation. In the in vitro study, HMGB1 induced energy reprogramming from oxidative phosphorylation to glycolysis in CD8+ cells and intestinal epithelial cells. Furthermore, in UC dysplasia, UC-related CRC, and hyperplastic mucosa surrounding human sporadic CRC, we found increased mucosal HMGB1, decreased activated CD8+ cells, and suppressed mucosal epithelial differentiation. However, we observed increased activated CD8+ cells in active UC mucosa. These findings indicate that HMGB1 plays an important role in modulating mucosal immunity and epithelial dedifferentiation in both UC-related carcinogenesis and sporadic CRC.

Differences of clinical phenotype between familial and sporadic Crohn's disease in East China.

PURPOSE: Family history is one of the strongest risk factors for inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) while studies about the clinical phenotype of familial IBD are limited. This study aimed to compare the phenotypic features of familial Crohn's disease (CD) with sporadic CD. METHODS: Familial CD was defined as CD patients having one or more first, second, third, fourth degree, or above relatives with CD. Sporadic CD patients hospitalized during the same period were matched 1:3 by age and gender. Differences in clinical characteristics, phenotype distribution, extraintestinal manifestations, and complications at diagnosis, as well as treatment regimen and surgery, were compared between familial and sporadic CD. RESULTS: The familial CD was associated with a higher rate of past appendectomy history (P = 0.009), more intestinal perforation at onset (P = 0.012), more MRI results of anal lesion (P = 0.023), and gastrointestinal perforation (P = 0.040) at diagnosis, higher rate of past intestinal surgery history (P = 0.007), more number of intestinal surgeries (P = 0.037), longer duration of follow-up (P = 0.017), lower rate of taking biologicals for current maintenance (P = 0.043), lower tendency to upgrade to biologicals during follow-up (P = 0.013), higher possibility to experience gastrointestinal obstruction (P = 0.047), and abdominal abscess during follow-up (P = 0.045). CONCLUSION: Familial CD is associated with a more aggressive clinical phenotype.

Characterization of spinal hemangioblastomas in patients with and without von Hippel-Lindau, and YAP expression.

INTRODUCTION: Hemangioblastoma (HB) is a benign tumor of the central nervous system, associated with von Hippel-Lindau disease (VHL), or sporadic. The aim of this study was to compare and examine the clinical-pathological profile of patients with spinal hemangioblastoma and YAP expression. METHODS: A retrospective, descriptive, comparative study. All patients who underwent surgery for spinal HB between 2016 and 2023 were included. Clinical and radiological data were collected and analyzed. An immunohistochemistry panel including NeuN, neurofilaments (NF), and YAP-1, was performed. RESULTS: Nine patients were studied, six women and three men. Four patients had previously diagnosed VHL. The tumor location included: four cervical (44.44%), two thoracic (22.22%), two pontine with cervical extension (22.22%) and one patient with two lesions, one cervical and one thoracic (11.11%). Non-significant clinical differences were identified between VHL and sporadic patients. Imaging evidenced seven extramedullary and three intramedullary tumors. Histologically, intra-tumoral and perivascular axonal tracts were observed in all cases. One third of the tumors (two with VHL and one sporadic) presented extramedullary hematopoiesis. Seven cases (77.8%) expressed nuclear YAP (three with VHL and four sporadic HBs). The surgical outcome was good and only one patient with VHL undergoing subtotal resection had recurrence. CONCLUSIONS: Spinal HBs can be associated with VHL or be sporadic. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to describe YAP expression in HB. It is important to investigate the involvement of the Hippo pathway in HBs as a possible therapeutic target.

Oncological features of sporadic vs. hereditary pediatric medullary thyroid cancer.

PURPOSE: No genomic data have been put forth that prove beyond a shadow of doubt that sporadic medullary thyroid cancer (MTC) occurs in infancy, childhood, and/or adolescence. METHODS: This was a retrospective comparative study of consecutive patients with MTC who had neck surgery at a tertiary center over a 30-year period. RESULTS: Included were 1252 patients with MTC (337 hereditary and 915 sporadic), of whom 107 (8.5%) were operated before the age of 18 yrs. Only 4 (3.7%) of the 107 pediatric patients, aged 14, 16, 17 and 17 years, had sporadic MTC. These 4 patients, 3 of whom had been referred for completion surgery, revealed much larger thyroid tumors (medians of 20 mm vs. 1.5-5 mm) than the 103 pediatric patients with hereditary MTC. As for extrathyroid extension and nodal metastases, the 4 patients with sporadic MTC were more comparable to the 37 carriers of highest-risk mutations, 31 (84%) of whom were index patients with de novo disease, than to the 66 carriers of high-risk, intermediate-risk, or low-risk RET mutations (25-38% vs. 0-8%, and medians of 9-9.5 vs. 0 node metastases after dissection of more (medians of 72-91.5 vs. 4.5-9) nodes). CONCLUSION: Sporadic MTC, arising rarely, if ever, below the age of 14 years, is exceptional in infancy and childhood, and infrequent in adolescence. At diagnosis, it is almost as widely metastatic as hereditary MTC of the highest-risk category which almost always, like sporadic MTC, presents as de novo disease.

Resolution of Sporadic Hemiplegic Migraine by Correcting a Cervical Spine Kyphosis Utilizing the Chiropractic BioPhysics® (CBP®) Technique: A Case Report With Long-Term Follow-Up.

A 19-year-old male suffered from sporadic hemiplegic migraine (SHM) for several years and experienced significant pain and disability with sensory and motor disturbances during the migraine headaches. Weakness, abnormal vision, abnormal sensation, one-sided disabling motor weakness, and other signs of SHM were diagnosed. The patient had received previous physical therapy, chiropractic and over-the-counter medications, as well as migraine-specific prescriptions without lasting improvements. Chiropractic BioPhysics® (CBP®) spinal structural rehabilitation protocols were used to increase cervical lordosis and improve cervical muscular strength, mobility, and posture. These protocols include spine-specific prescriptions for Mirror Image® postural exercises, traction, and spinal manipulative therapy. After 24 treatments over eight weeks, all subjective and objective outcomes improved dramatically with a near resolution of all initial symptoms of SHM. There were a significant increase in cervical lordosis and a reduction in forward head posture. The neck disability index improved from 26% to 6%, and all pain scores for all regions improved following treatment. A 10-month follow-up exam showed the outcomes were maintained. SHM is rare and debilitating, is part of the global burden of disease, and is a major cause of disability in the world. Reports of successful conservative and non-conservative long-term treatments for SHM are rare, and there are no clinical trials showing successful treatments for SHM. This successful case demonstrates preliminary evidence that CBP spinal structural rehabilitation may serve as a treatment option for SHM. Future studies are needed to replicate the findings from this case.

Quantitative muscle MRI in sporadic inclusion body myositis (sIBM): A prospective cohort study.

Background: Sporadic inclusion body myositis (sIBM) is the predominant idiopathic inflammatory myopathy (IIM) in older people. Limitations of classical clinical assessments have been discussed as possible explanations for failed clinical trials, underlining the need for more sensitive outcome measures. Quantitative muscle MRI (qMRI) is a promising candidate for evaluating and monitoring sIBM. Objective: Longitudinal assessment of qMRI in sIBM patients. Methods: We evaluated fifteen lower extremity muscles of 12 sIBM patients (5 females, mean age 69.6, BMI 27.8) and 12 healthy age- and gender-matched controls. Seven patients and matched controls underwent a follow-up evaluation after one year. Clinical assessment included testing for muscle strength with Quick Motor Function Measure (QMFM), IBM functional rating scale (IBM-FRS), and gait analysis (6-minute walking distance). 3T-MRI scans of the lower extremities were performed, including a Dixon-based sequence, T2 mapping and Diffusion Tensor Imaging. The qMRI-values fat-fraction (FF), water T2 relaxation time (wT2), fractional anisotropy (FA), mean diffusivity (MD), axial diffusivity (λ1), and radial diffusivity (RD) were analysed. Results: Compared to healthy controls, significant differences for all qMRI parameters averaged over all muscles were found in sIBM using a MANOVA (p < 0.001). In low-fat muscles (FF < 10% ), a significant increase of wT2 and FA with an accompanying decrease of MD, λ1, and RD was observed (p≤0.020). The highest correlation with clinical assessments was found for wT2 values in thigh muscles (r≤-0.634). Significant changes of FF (+3.0% ), wT2 (+0.6 ms), MD (-0.04 10 - 3mm2/s), λ1 (-0.05 10 - 3mm2/s), and RD (-0.03 10 - 3mm2/s) were observed in the longitudinal evaluation of sIBM patients (p≤0.001). FA showed no significant change (p = 0.242). Conclusion: qMRI metrics correlate with clinical findings and can reflect different ongoing pathophysiological mechanisms. While wT2 is an emerging marker of disease activity, the role of diffusion metrics, possibly reflecting changes in fibre size and intracellular deposits, remains subject to further investigations.

A 20-year-old woman with chronic cough and dyspnea.

Lymphangioleiomyomatosis is a rare progressive disease characterized by abnormal smooth muscle cell proliferation leading to a diffuse cystic lung disease and extrapulmonary manifestations. Most cases are caused by mutations in the TSC1 and/or TSC2 genes, which are also associated with tuberous sclerosis complex. We describe a case of sporadic lymphangioleiomyomatosis with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease and renal angiolipomas in a patient who tested negative for gene mutations on the TSC1 and TSC2 gene panel.

Human Genetics of Atrial Septal Defect.

Although atrial septal defects (ASD) can be subdivided based on their anatomical location, an essential aspect of human genetics and genetic counseling is distinguishing between isolated and familiar cases without extracardiac features and syndromic cases with the co-occurrence of extracardiac abnormalities, such as developmental delay. Isolated or familial cases tend to show genetic alterations in genes related to important cardiac transcription factors and genes encoding for sarcomeric proteins. By contrast, the spectrum of genes with genetic alterations observed in syndromic cases is diverse. Currently, it points to different pathways and gene networks relevant to the dysregulation of cardiomyogenesis and ASD pathogenesis. Therefore, this chapter reflects the current knowledge and highlights stable associations observed in human genetics studies. It gives an overview of the different types of genetic alterations in these subtypes, including common associations based on genome-wide association studies (GWAS), and it highlights the most frequently observed syndromes associated with ASD pathogenesis.

Differences between Patients with Sporadic and Familial Pheochromocytoma-Is It Possible to Avoid Genetic Testing in Certain Patients?

BACKGROUND: Pheochromocytoma (PHEO) is a rare neuroendocrine tumour with a strong genetic link, which therefore may modify its clinical behaviour and prognosis. The aim of the study is to evaluate the epidemiological and clinical differences between patients with sporadic and familial PHEO, as well as the specific differences in the index cases. METHODS: A retrospective analysis of 136 patients in a tertiary hospital (1984-2021). Epidemiological, clinical, and histological variables were analysed. STATISTICS: SPSS 28.0 software was used. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed. p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS: 64.71% of the cases (n = 88) presented a genetic mutation (familial cases). Additionally, 32.39% (n = 23) corresponded to index cases and the rest to screening cases. The main differences between patients with familial and sporadic PHEO were age (OR = 0.93 (0.89-0.97)), blood pressure-related symptoms (OR = 0.22 (0.06-0.89)), bilaterality (OR = 15.49 (3.76-63.84)), and size (OR = 0.70 (0.54-0.92)). Among patients with sporadic PHEO and index cases, only bilaterality was significant (OR = 13.53 (1.24-144.34)). CONCLUSIONS: Patients with familial PHEO diagnosed by screening differ from sporadic cases in terms of age, clinical features, and size. However, patients with sporadic PHEO only differ from index cases by a lower presence of bilaterality, which reaffirms the importance of genetic screening of patients with PHEO and their relatives.

Seeding activity of human superoxide dismutase 1 aggregates in familial and sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis postmortem neural tissues by real-time quaking-induced conversion.

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a rapidly progressive neurodegenerative disease with average lifespan of 2-5 years after diagnosis. The identification of novel prognostic and pharmacodynamic biomarkers are needed to facilitate therapeutic development. Metalloprotein human superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) is known to accumulate and form aggregates in patient neural tissue with familial ALS linked to mutations in their SOD1 gene. Aggregates of SOD1 have also been detected in other forms of ALS, including the sporadic form and the most common familial form linked to abnormal hexanucleotide repeat expansions in the Chromosome 9 open reading frame 72 (C9ORF72) gene. Here, we report the development of a real-time quaking-induced conversion (RT-QuIC) seed amplification assay using a recombinant human SOD1 substrate to measure SOD1 seeding activity in postmortem spinal cord and motor cortex tissue from persons with different ALS etiologies. Our SOD1 RT-QuIC assay detected SOD1 seeds in motor cortex and spinal cord dilutions down to 10-5. Importantly, we detected SOD1 seeding activity in specimens from both sporadic and familial ALS cases, with the latter having mutations in either their SOD1 or C9ORF72 genes. Analyses of RT-QuIC parameters indicated similar lag phases in spinal cords of sporadic and familial ALS patients, but higher ThT fluorescence maxima by SOD1 familial ALS specimens and sporadic ALS thoracic cord specimens. For a subset of sporadic ALS patients, motor cortex and spinal cords were examined, with seeding activity in both anatomical regions. Our results suggest SOD1 seeds are in ALS patient neural tissues not linked to SOD1 mutation, suggesting that SOD1 seeding activity may be a promising biomarker, particularly in sporadic ALS cases for whom genetic testing is uninformative.

Clinico-Metabolic Profile and Follow-Up of Familial Cases Compared to Sporadic Cases in a Lyon Series of Type 1 Diabetic Children.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to describe the clinical, biochemical, therapeutic, and progressive characteristics of children with familial type 1 diabetes (T1D) compared to those with non-familial T1D. Compare within the first group, the phenotype of type 1 diabetics inherited from the father with those inherited from the mother. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We conducted a retrospective study lasting 10 years at the L'hôpital Femme Mère Enfant (Woman-Mother-Child Hospital) in Lyon, France. Cases were any child diagnosed with T1D for at least 12 months who had a parent with T1D. Each case was matched with a T1D control without a family history of T1D, of the same age, same sex and same year of discovery. Cases group was divided into two subgroups according to the sex of the parent with T1D. RESULTS: A total of 43 children had a TD1 parent (family group) of whom 27 cases were the father. Forty four T1D children without any T1D parent were matched (sporadic group). The family group had consulted earlier (p < 0.001), were less in initial diabetic ketoacidosis (p = 0.016), and had a lower HbA1C level lower (p < 0.001) and lower initial insulin requirements (p < 0.001). During follow-up, it was noted that the evolution of Hb1AC, insulin requirements, and chronic complications were similar in familial and non-familial cases (p = 0.943, p = 0.450, p = 0.664, respectively). The patients in the T1D mother group seemed better balanced than those of the T1D father with an average HbA1C at 10 years of follow-up of 7.82% in the maternal group compared to 9.10% in the paternal group (p = 0.021). CONCLUSION: This study shows that familial T1D is a protective factor against the initial severity of T1D in offspring. Paternal T1D presents a more severe initial and progressive clinico-biological character than T1D inherited from the mother. However, during follow-up, other psycho-environmental factors could modify this observation.

Rotating magnetic field improved cognitive and memory impairments in a sporadic ad model of mice by regulating microglial polarization.

Neuroinflammation, triggered by aberrantly activated microglia, is widely recognized as a key contributor to the initiation and progression of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Microglial activation in the central nervous system (CNS) can be classified into two distinct phenotypes: the pro-inflammatory M1 phenotype and the anti-inflammatory M2 phenotype. In this study, we investigated the effects of a non-invasive rotating magnetic field (RMF) (0.2T, 4Hz) on cognitive and memory impairments in a sporadic AD model of female Kunming mice induced by AlCl3 and D-gal. Our findings revealed significant improvements in cognitive and memory impairments following RMF treatment. Furthermore, RMF treatment led to reduced amyloid-beta (Aß) deposition, mitigated damage to hippocampal morphology, prevented synaptic and neuronal loss, and alleviated cell apoptosis in the hippocampus and cortex of AD mice. Notably, RMF treatment ameliorated neuroinflammation, facilitated the transition of microglial polarization from M1 to M2, and inhibited the NF-кB/MAPK pathway. Additionally, RMF treatment resulted in reduced aluminum deposition in the brains of AD mice. In cellular experiments, RMF promoted the M1-M2 polarization transition and enhanced amyloid phagocytosis in cultured BV2 cells while inhibiting the TLR4/NF-кB/MAPK pathway. Collectively, these results demonstrate that RMF improves memory and cognitive impairments in a sporadic AD model, potentially by promoting the M1 to M2 transition of microglial polarization through inhibition of the NF-кB/MAPK signaling pathway. These findings suggest the promising therapeutic applications of RMF in the clinical treatment of AD.

Ellagic Acid Reverses Alterations in the Expression of AMPA Receptor and Its Scaffolding Proteins in the Cerebral Cortex and Memory Decline in STZ-sporadic Alzheimer' s Disease Mouse Model.

RATIONALE: Alzheimer's disease (AD), an age-dependent devastating neuropsychiatric disorder, is a leading cause of learning, memory and intellectual disabilities. Current therapeutic approaches for the amelioration of the anomalies of AD are not effective. OBJECTIVE: In the present study, the molecular mechanisms underlying sporadic AD (sAD), the memory related behavioral analysis and neuroprotective effects of Ellagic acid (EA) were investigated. METHOD: sAD mouse model was developed by intracerebroventricular (ICV) injection of Streptozotocin (STZ). The efficacy of EA, a naturally occurring polyphenol, in amelioration of anomalies associated with sAD was assessed. EA was administered once daily for 28 days at a dose of 75 mg/kg body weight followed by neurobehavioral, biochemical, molecular and neuronal count analysis to delineate the mode of action of EA. RESULT: The ICV injection of STZ in mice significantly increased the expression of AD biomarkers in addition to enhanced oxidative stress. A decline in the discrimination index in Novel Object Recognition Test was observed indicating the compromise of recognition memory in AD. Studies on the expression of genes involved in synaptic plasticity reveal the dysregulation of the α-Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptor (AMPAR) of the glutamate and its scaffolding proteins in the postsynaptic density and thereby synaptic plasticity in AD. ICV-STZ led to significant upregulation of apoptotic markers which led to decrease in neuronal density of the cerebral cortex. EA significantly reversed the above and improved anomalies of sAD. CONCLUSION: EA was observed to profoundly modulate the genes involved in AD pathophysiology, restored antioxidant enzymes activity, reduced lipid peroxidation and neuronal loss in the sAD brain. Further, EA was observed to effectively modulate the genes involved in apoptosis and synaptic plasticity. Therefore, EA possesses promising anti-AD properties, which may improve AD-associated anomalies by modulating synaptic plasticity via AMPAR signaling.

Helicobacter pylori infection is associated with the development of sporadic colorectal carcinoma and colorectal adenomatous polyps.

Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection is a well-established carcinogen that has been extensively studied in the context of gastric diseases. Recent studies suggested a potential association between H. pylori and the risk of colorectal carcinoma (CRC). However, available data remains insufficient to definitively establish a causal relationship between H. pylori infection and the development of CRC and its precursor lesions. In our study, we reviewed all patients diagnosed with CRC in 2020 at our institution. H. pylori assessment was performed in all 92 CRC specimens by immunohistochemistry. Notably, two of the three patients detected with H. pylori infection are under the age of 50. Subsequently, we reviewed a total of 52 patients under the age of 50 diagnosed with CRC at our institution from 2015 to 2022. Among these patients, H. pylori infection was detected in 7 CRC specimens (13.46 %). All seven patients had adenocarcinoma on the left side of the colon. In exploring the link between H. pylori infection and the risk of developing CRC precursor lesions, we analyzed 242 patients who underwent colonoscopy guided polypectomy and also had stomach biopsies from 2015 to 2022. Of these patients, 21 were proved to be positive for H. pylori infection in the stomach, while the remaining 221 were negative. Among the H. pylori-positive group, 76.19 % (16 patients) exhibited adenomatous polyps, compared to 33.48 % (74 patients) in the H. pylori-negative patients (p=0.0001). However, no H. pylori was detected in any colonic adenomatous polyps. Our findings contribute additional evidence supporting the association between H. pylori infection and the development of sporadic CRC, probably a particular association with early-onset ones. Furthermore, gastric H. pylori infection appears to be linked to the higher prevalence of colonic adenomatous polyps, suggesting that individuals with gastric H. pylori infection may benefit from closer and earlier monitoring through colonoscopy.

KMT2A and chronic inflammation as potential drivers of sporadic parathyroid adenoma.

BACKGROUND: Sporadic parathyroid adenoma (PA) is the most common cause of hyperparathyroidism, yet the mechanisms involved in its pathogenesis remain incompletely understood. METHODS: Surgically removed PA samples, along with normal parathyroid gland (PG) tissues that were incidentally dissected during total thyroidectomy, were analysed using single-cell RNA-sequencing with the 10× Genomics Chromium Droplet platform and Cell Ranger software. Gene set variation analysis was conducted to characterise hallmark pathway gene signatures, and single-cell regulatory network inference and clustering were utilised to analyse transcription factor regulons. Immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence were performed to validate cellular components of PA tissues. siRNA knockdown and gene overexpression, alongside quantitative polymerase chain reaction, Western blotting and cell proliferation assays, were conducted for functional investigations. RESULTS: There was a pervasive increase in gene transcription in PA cells (PACs) compared with PG cells. This is associated with high expression of histone-lysine N-methyltransferase 2A (KMT2A). High KMT2A levels potentially contribute to promoting PAC proliferation through upregulation of the proto-oncogene CCND2, which is mediated by the transcription factors signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) and GATA binding protein 3 (GATA3). PA tissues are heavily infiltrated with myeloid cells, while fibroblasts, endothelial cells and macrophages in PA tissues are commonly enriched with proinflammatory gene signatures relative to their counterparts in PG tissues. CONCLUSIONS: We revealed the previously underappreciated involvement of the KMT2A‒STAT3/GATA3‒CCND2 axis and chronic inflammation in the pathogenesis of PA. These findings underscore the therapeutic promise of KMT2A inhibition and anti-inflammatory strategies, highlighting the need for future investigations to translate these molecular insights into practical applications. HIGHLIGHTS: Single-cell RNA-sequencing reveals a transcriptome catalogue comparing sporadic parathyroid adenomas (PAs) with normal parathyroid glands. PA cells show a pervasive increase in gene expression linked to KMT2A upregulation. KMT2A-mediated STAT3 and GATA3 upregulation is key to promoting PA cell proliferation via cyclin D2. PAs exhibit a proinflammatory microenvironment, suggesting a potential role of chronic inflammation in PA pathogenesis.

Malignant Ileocolocolic Intussusception in a 19-Year-Old Male.

Adult intussusception is an infrequent occurrence typically resulting from an identifiable lead point of a benign or malignant etiology. Here, we present a case of a 19-year-old male who presented to the emergency department with complaints of abdominal pain, intractable nausea, and fluctuations between bloody diarrhea and constipation. These symptoms had begun two months prior and had increased in severity, resulting in significant appetite changes. An abdominal and pelvic computed tomography scan without contrast was obtained, which showed evidence of intussusception of the ileocecum into the transverse colon with resultant small bowel obstruction. The patient underwent an exploratory laparotomy, which resulted in a partial ileocolectomy due to the presence of a 6.8 cm cecal mass with palpable mesenteric lymphadenopathy. The pathologic specimen was identified as Burkitt lymphoma based on a combination of histologic, immunohistochemical, and fluorescence in situ hybridization findings. Currently, the patient is undergoing three cycles of rituximab, cyclophosphamide, vincristine, doxorubicin, high-dose methotrexate, ifosfamide, etoposide, and high-dose cytarabine (R-CODOX-M/IVAC) per Magrath protocol for low-risk Burkitt lymphoma.

Ganoderma lucidum spore extract improves sleep disturbances in a rat model of sporadic Alzheimer's disease.

Introduction: Ganoderma lucidum (G. lucidum, Lingzhi) has long been listed as a premium tonic that can be used to improve restlessness, insomnia, and forgetfulness. We previously reported that a rat model of sporadic Alzheimer's disease (sAD) that was induced by an intracerebroventricular injection of streptozotocin (ICV-STZ) showed significant learning and cognitive deficits and sleep disturbances. Treatment with a G. lucidum spore extract with the sporoderm removed (RGLS) prevented learning and memory impairments in sAD model rats. Method: The present study was conducted to further elucidate the preventive action of RGLS on sleep disturbances in sAD rats by EEG analysis, immunofluorescence staining, HPLC-MS/MS and Western blot. Results: Treatment with 720 mg/kg RGLS for 14 days significantly improved the reduction of total sleep time, rapid eye movement (REM) sleep time, and non-REM sleep time in sAD rats. The novelty recognition experiment further confirmed that RGLS prevented cognitive impairments in sAD rats. We also found that RGLS inhibited the nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB)/Nod-like receptor family pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammatory pathway in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) in sAD rats and ameliorated the lower activity of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-ergic neurons in the parabrachial nucleus (PBN). Discussion: These results suggest that inhibiting the neuroinflammatory response in the mPFC may be a mechanism by which RGLS improves cognitive impairment. Additionally, improvements in PBN-GABAergic activity and the suppression of neuroinflammation in the mPFC in sAD rats might be a critical pathway to explain the preventive effects of RGLS on sleep disturbances in sAD.

Sporoderm-removed Ganoderma lucidum spores ameliorated early depression-like behavior in a rat model of sporadic Alzheimer's disease.

Introduction: Ganoderma lucidum: (G. lucidum, Lingzhi) is a medicinal and edible homologous traditional Chinese medicine that is used to treat various diseases, including Alzheimer's disease and mood disorders. We previously reported that the sporoderm-removed G. lucidum spore extract (RGLS) prevented learning and memory impairments in a rat model of sporadic Alzheimer's disease (sAD), but the effect of RGLS on depression-like behaviors in this model and its underlying molecular mechanisms of action remain unclear. Method: The present study investigated protective effects of RGLS against intracerebroventricular streptozotocin (ICV-STZ)-induced depression in a rat model of sAD and its underlying mechanism. Effects of RGLS on depression- and anxiety-like behaviors in ICV-STZ rats were assessed in the forced swim test, sucrose preference test, novelty-suppressed feeding test, and open field test. Results: Behavioral tests demonstrated that RGLS (360 and 720 mg/kg) significantly ameliorated ICV-STZ-induced depression- and anxiety-like behaviors. Immunofluorescence, Western blot and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay results further demonstrated that ICV-STZ rats exhibited microglia activation and neuroinflammatory response in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), and RGLS treatment reversed these changes, reflected by the normalization of morphological changes in microglia and the expression of NF-κB, NLRP3, ASC, caspase-1 and proinflammatory cytokines. Golgi staining revealed that treatment with RGLS increased the density of mushroom spines in neurons. This increase was associated with elevated expression of brain-derived neurotrophic protein in the mPFC. Discussion: In a rat model of ICV-STZ-induced sAD, RGLS exhibits antidepressant-like effects, the mechanism of which may be related to suppression of the inflammatory response modulated by the NF-κB/NLRP3 pathway and enhancement of synaptic plasticity in the mPFC.

A Rare Case of Sporadic Hemiplegic Migraine Mimicking Stroke: A Diagnostic Challenge Solved by Comprehensive History Taking.

Migraine, a common affliction, manifests as debilitating headaches often accompanied by auras. However, hemiplegic migraine presents an unusual symptomatology, inducing unilateral paralysis during attacks. This condition, occurring in two forms, familial and sporadic, merits attention due to its rarity. To raise awareness of this ailment, we recount the case of a 33-year-old woman. This instance serves as a poignant reminder of the potential severity and complexity of hemiplegic migraines. By shedding light on this less-understood variant, we aim to enhance recognition and understanding within medical communities and among the general public. Additionally, emphasizing the importance of thorough history taking in identifying characteristic features, such as the presence of auras or unilateral paralysis preceding headaches, is paramount. Understanding these nuances aids in accurate diagnosis and formulation of tailored management strategies. It's imperative to recognize the distinct characteristics of hemiplegic migraines to ensure timely and appropriate management for affected individuals, offering them relief and improving their quality of life.

Sporadic pediatric vestibular schwannoma: a case report in a 4-year-old boy.

Sporadic vestibular schwannomas (VSs) are rare in children. When occurred in the pediatric population, they usually appear bilaterally and are related to neurofibromatosis type 2 (NF2). The current study reports a 4-year-old boy without family history of VS or NF2 who presented with a large (5.7-cm) VS involving the right cerebellopontine angle and internal auditory canal. Through seven-staged surgical interventions and two stereotactic γ­knife radiosurgery, the disease was stabilized. At 2-year follow-up, the child had right ear hearing loss, grade IV facial palsy, and normal motor function and gait. No definite evidence of gene mutation regarding NF2 can be identified after sequence analysis and deletion/duplication testing. This case highlights the significance of considering the possibility of sporadic VSs, even in very young children. It emphasizes the importance of not overlooking initial symptoms, as they may indicate the presence of a large tumor and could potentially result in delayed diagnosis.