ABSTRACT
The research aimed to explore the antioxidant potential of extracts from different parts of Clinacanthus nutans growing in Vietnam, a member of the Acanthaceae family. The plant's roots, stem and leaves were extracted using 96% ethanol. The antioxidant actions of these extracts were evaluated by DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl-hydrate) assay on thin-layer plates and 96 well plates. The extract with the most potent activity was applied for distribution extraction with solvents with different polarities, including dichloromethane, ethyl acetate and water. Dry column vacuum chromatography was utilized to obtain the most antioxidant-potent extract fractions. The stem extract had the lowest IC50 value of 6.85µg/mL, showing the most potent antioxidant activity. The ethyl acetate fraction from the stem extract expressed the lowest IC50 value of 9.67µg/mL. Meanwhile, fraction 5, separated from the ethyl acetate fraction of the stem extract, had the lowest IC50 value of 9.89µg/mL. In conclusion, the extracts from different parts of Clinacanthus nutans all expressed antioxidant action at different levels, in which the stem extract, the ethyl acetate fraction and fraction 5 from the ethyl acetate fraction displayed the most effective actions. These findings highlight the promising potential of Clinacanthus nutans in treating oxidative stress-associated diseases, inspiring further research and exploration in this area.
Subject(s)
Acanthaceae , Antioxidants , Plant Extracts , Acanthaceae/chemistry , Plant Extracts/pharmacology , Plant Extracts/chemistry , Antioxidants/pharmacology , Antioxidants/isolation & purification , Plant Leaves/chemistry , Plant Stems/chemistry , Solvents/chemistry , Biphenyl Compounds/chemistry , Plant Roots/chemistry , Picrates/chemistryABSTRACT
In the printing and textile industries, methylene blue (a cationic azo dye) is commonly used. MB is a well-known carcinogen, and another major issue is its high content in industrial discharge. There are numerous removal methodologies that have been employed to remove it from industrial discharge; however, these current modalities have one or more limitations. In this research, a novel magnetized biochar (γ-Fe2O3-LSB) was synthesized using Lagenaria siceraria peels which were further magnetized via the co-precipitation method. The synthesized γ-Fe2O3-LSB was characterized using FTIR, X-ray diffraction, Raman, SEM-EDX, BET, and vibrating sample magnetometry (VSM) for the analysis of magnetic properties. γ-Fe2O3-LSB showed a reversible type IV isotherm, which is a primary characteristic of mesoporous materials. γ-Fe2O3-LSB had a specific surface area (SBET = 135.30 m2/g) which is greater than that of LSB (SBET = 11.54 m2/g). γ-Fe2O3-LSB exhibits a saturation magnetization value (Ms) of 3.72 emu/g which shows its superparamagnetic nature. The batch adsorption process was performed to analyze the adsorptive removal of MB dye using γ-Fe2O3-LSB. The adsorption efficiency of γ-Fe2O3-LSB for MB was analyzed by varying parameters like the initial concentration of adsorbate (MB), γ-Fe2O3-LSB dose, pH effect, contact time, and temperature. Adsorption isotherm, kinetic, and thermodynamics were also studied after optimizing the protocol. The non-linear Langmuir model fitted the best to explain the adsorption isotherm mechanism and resulting adsorption capacity ( q e =54.55 mg/g). The thermodynamics study showed the spontaneous and endothermic nature, and pseudo-second-order rate kinetics was followed during the adsorption process. Regeneration study showed that γ-Fe2O3-LSB can be used up to four cycles. In laboratory setup, the cost of γ-Fe2O3-LSB synthesis comes out to be 162.75 INR/kg which is low as compared to commercially available adsorbents. The results obtained suggest that magnetic Lagenaria siceraria biochar, which is economical and efficient, can be used as a potential biochar material for industrial applications in the treatment of wastewater.
Subject(s)
Charcoal , Methylene Blue , Water Pollutants, Chemical , Charcoal/chemistry , Methylene Blue/chemistry , Adsorption , Water Pollutants, Chemical/chemistry , Ferric Compounds/chemistry , Acanthaceae/chemistryABSTRACT
Acanthopanacis Cortex (A.-C) with a long history of more than1000 years, has been used to treat rheumatism effectively. Nineteen diterpenoids have been isolated from A.-C, including six new compounds (1-6). Among them, compounds 7, 9-11, 13, and 17 were discovered from A.-C for the first time. The structures of 1-6 were determined by analyzing their NMR data and comparing their experimental and calculated electronic circular dichroism spectra. Moreover, the single-crystal X-ray diffraction data of 1, 2, 8, and 14 were provided. The anti-inflammatory activity of 1-5 and 7-18 on neutrophil elastase, cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1), and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) has been studied in vitro, and the results showed that 15 had almost no inhibitory effects on COX-1 at 200 µM but a significant activity against COX-2 with an IC50 of 0.73 ± 0.006 µΜ. It indicated that compound 15 can provide valuable information for the design of selective COX-2 inhibitors.
Subject(s)
Anti-Inflammatory Agents , Cyclooxygenase 2 , Diterpenes , Leukocyte Elastase , Diterpenes/pharmacology , Diterpenes/isolation & purification , Diterpenes/chemistry , Molecular Structure , Anti-Inflammatory Agents/pharmacology , Anti-Inflammatory Agents/isolation & purification , Anti-Inflammatory Agents/chemistry , Cyclooxygenase 2/metabolism , Leukocyte Elastase/antagonists & inhibitors , Phytochemicals/pharmacology , Phytochemicals/isolation & purification , Cyclooxygenase 1/metabolism , Acanthaceae/chemistry , Humans , Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors/pharmacology , Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors/isolation & purification , ChinaABSTRACT
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Ruellia tuberosa L. (Acanthaceae) is a weed plant traditionally used in folklore medicine as a diuretic, anti-hypertensive, anti-pyretic, anti-cancerous, anti-diabetic, analgesic, and gastroprotective agent. It has been previously reported that R. tuberosa L. is enriched with various flavonoids, exhibiting significant cytotoxic potential in various cancer models but a detailed study concerning its molecular mechanism is yet to be explored. AIM OF THE STUDY: Exploring and validating R. tuberosa L. flower methanolic extract (RTME) as an anti-cancerous agent as per traditional usage with special emphasis on multi-drug resistant human triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) and investigating the possible signaling networks and regulatory pathways involved in it. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this study, RTME was prepared using methanol, and phytochemical analysis was performed through GC-MS. Then, the extract was tested for its anti-cancer potential through in-vitro cytotoxicity assay, clonogenic assay, wound healing assay, ROS generation assay, cell cycle arrest, apoptotic nuclear morphology study, cellular apoptosis study, mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) alteration study, protein, and gene expressions alteration study. In addition, toxicological status was evaluated in female Balb/C mice, and to check the receptor-ligand interactions, in-silico molecular docking was also conducted. RESULTS: Several phytochemicals were found within RTME through GC-MS, which have been already reported to act as ROS inductive, DNA damaging, cell cycle arresting, and apoptotic agents against cancer cells. Moreover, RTME was found to exhibit significant in-vitro cytotoxicity along with a reduction in colony formation, and inhibition of cell migratory potential. It also induced intracellular ROS, promoted G0/G1 cell cycle arrest, caused mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) alteration, and promoted cell death. The Western blot and qRT-PCR data revealed that RTME promoted the intrinsic pathway of apoptosis. Furthermore, blood parameters and organ histology on female Balb/C mice disclosed the non-toxic nature of RTME. Finally, an in-silico molecular docking study displayed that the three identified lead phytochemicals in RTME show strong receptor-ligand interactions with the anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 and give a clue to the possible molecular mechanism of the RTME extract. CONCLUSIONS: RTME is a potential source of several phytochemicals that have promising therapeutic potential against TNBC cells, and thus could further be utilized for anti-cancer drug development.
Subject(s)
Acanthaceae , Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic , Apoptosis , DNA Damage , Flowers , Plant Extracts , Reactive Oxygen Species , Triple Negative Breast Neoplasms , Apoptosis/drug effects , Plant Extracts/pharmacology , Plant Extracts/chemistry , Reactive Oxygen Species/metabolism , Triple Negative Breast Neoplasms/drug therapy , Triple Negative Breast Neoplasms/pathology , Humans , DNA Damage/drug effects , Cell Line, Tumor , Animals , Female , Flowers/chemistry , Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic/pharmacology , Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic/isolation & purification , Acanthaceae/chemistry , Membrane Potential, Mitochondrial/drug effects , Mice , Molecular Docking Simulation , Mice, Inbred BALB CABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION: Justicia pectoralis Jacq. is traditionally applied in folk medicine in Brazil and in several Latin American countries. The leaves are used in tea form, especially in the treatment of respiratory disorders, acting as an expectorant. It also has activity in gastrointestinal disorders, and it is anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, sedative, and estrogenic, among others. AIMS: To investigate the gastroprotective activity of the methanol extract of the leaves of Justicia pectoralis Jacq. (MEJP) in different experimental models of gastric ulcers. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The adult leaves of Justicia pectoralis Jacq. were collected and cultivated in beds, with an approximate spacing of 40 × 40 cm, organic fertilization, irrigation with potable water and without shelter from light. The MEJP was prepared from the dried and pulverized leaves and concentrated under reduced pressure in a rotary evaporator. For the experimental model of gastric ulcer, Swiss male albino mice were used. The inputs used in the experiment were MEJP at three different concentrations (250, 500 and 1000 mg/kg p.o.), cimetidine (50 mg/kg p.o.), indomethacin (50 mg/kg s.c.) and vehicle (10 mL/kg p.o.). RESULTS: MEJP (250, 500 and 1000 mg/kg p.o.) demonstrated gastroprotective activity, with levels of protection of 45.65%, 44.80% and 40.22%, respectively, compared to the control (vehicle). Compared with cimetidine (48.29%), MEJP showed similar gastroprotective activity. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrated the gastroprotective activity of MEJP and contributes to validate the traditional use the species for gastric disorders and provides a pharmacological basis for its clinical potential.
Subject(s)
Plant Extracts , Plant Leaves , Stomach Ulcer , Animals , Plant Extracts/pharmacology , Mice , Stomach Ulcer/drug therapy , Stomach Ulcer/prevention & control , Plant Leaves/chemistry , Male , Anti-Ulcer Agents/pharmacology , Methanol/chemistry , Justicia/chemistry , Disease Models, Animal , Cimetidine/pharmacology , Acanthaceae/chemistry , Indomethacin , Brazil , Gastric Mucosa/drug effects , Gastric Mucosa/pathologyABSTRACT
The manufacturing of indigo naturalis requires prolonged leaf soaking and lime stirring; the resulting indigo purity is less than 3.00% and the yield of indigo (measured in stems and leaves weight) is less than 0.50%, making it unsuitable for use in industrial procedures like printing and dyeing. An enzymatic method of creating indigo without the requirement for lime was investigated in order to generate high purity indigo. Single factor tests were performed to optimize the enzymatic preparation conditions. The findings showed that 60 °C, pH 5.5, 200â¯mL of leaves extract containing 0.45â¯mg/mL indican, and a 4:1 ratio of the acidic cellulose (activity: 9000â¯U/mL, liquid) to indican were the ideal parameters for enzymatic preparation. The yield of indigo was 40.32%, and the contents of indigo and indirubin were 37.37% and 2.30%, respectively. MALDI-TOF-MS in positive ion mode and UPLC-Q-TOF-MS in both positive and negative ion modes were used to analyze indigo extracts from Baphicacanthus cusia(Nees) Bremek by enzymatic preparation. It has been discovered that 13 alkaloids, 5 organic acids, 3 terpenoids, 3 steroids, 2 flavones, and 7 other compounds are present in indigo extracts. The presence of the indigo, indirubin, isorhamnetin, tryptanthrin, indigodole B, and indigodole C determined by UPLC-Q-TOF-MS was verified by MALDI-TOF-MS analysis. The enzymatic preparation of indigo extracts kept the same chemical makeup as conventional indigo naturalis. Thermal analysis and SEM morphology were used to confirm that there was no lime in the indigo extract. During the enzymatic process, Baphicacanthus cusia (Nees) Bremek was employed more effectively, increasing the yield and purity of indigo.
Subject(s)
Acanthaceae , Indigo Carmine , Plant Leaves , Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization , Indigo Carmine/chemistry , Plant Leaves/chemistry , Acanthaceae/chemistry , Plant Extracts/chemistry , Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid , Indoles/chemistry , Indoles/analysis , IndicanABSTRACT
In our quest to discover advanced glycation end products (AGEs) inhibitors from Clinacanthus nutans (Burm.f.) Lindau leaves, we conducted a bioactivity-based molecular networking. This approach integrates LC-MS2 profiling and in vitro antiglycation data to predict bioactive compounds. We began by screening three extracts: 100% ethanol, 70% ethanol and 100% water alongside the in vitro antioxidant activity, total phenolics content (TPC) and schaftoside content. Among these extracts, 100% ethanol extract exhibited the highest total AGEs inhibition effects (IC50 = 80.18 ± 11.6 µg/mL), DPPH scavenging activity (IC50 = 747.40 ± 10.30 µg/mL) and TPC (26.54 ± 2.09 µg GAE /mg extract). Intriguingly, 100% ethanol extract contained the lowest amount of schaftoside, suggesting the involvement of other phytochemicals in the antiglycation effects. The molecular networking and in silico structural annotations of 401 LC-MS features detected in the fractions from 100% ethanol extract predicted 21 bioactive compounds (p < 0.05, r > 0.90), including several C40 carotenoids, alkaloids containing tetrapyrrole structures and fatty acids. On the contrary, all phenolics showed weak correlations with antiglycation effects. These predictions were further validated in vitro, where carotenoid lutein showed half maximal inhibitory concentration, IC50 = 96 ± 8 µM and selected flavonoid-C-glycosides exhibited weaker inhibitions (IC50 between 568 and 1922 µM). Notably, lutein content was higher in freeze-dried leaves (12.42 ± 0.82 mg/100 g) than oven-dried, although the former was associated with elevated mercury levels. In summary, C. nutans exhibited potential antiglycation and antioxidant activity, and lutein was identified as the main bioactive principle.
Subject(s)
Acanthaceae , Antioxidants , Glycation End Products, Advanced , Phenols , Phytochemicals , Plant Extracts , Plant Leaves , Phytochemicals/pharmacology , Phytochemicals/isolation & purification , Glycation End Products, Advanced/antagonists & inhibitors , Plant Leaves/chemistry , Antioxidants/pharmacology , Antioxidants/isolation & purification , Plant Extracts/pharmacology , Plant Extracts/chemistry , Acanthaceae/chemistry , Phenols/pharmacology , Phenols/analysis , Phenols/isolation & purification , Molecular StructureABSTRACT
Fungal infections represent a challenging threat to the human health. Microsporum gypseum and Trichophyton rubrum are pathogenic fungi causing various topical mycoses in humans. The globally emerging issue of resistance to fungi demands the development of novel therapeutic strategies. In this context, the application of nanoliposomes as vehicles for carrying active therapeutic agents can be a suitable alternative. In this study, rhinacanthin-C was isolated from Rhinacanthus naustus and encapsulated in nano-liposomal formulations, which were prepared by the modified ethanol injection method. The two best formulations composed of soybean phosphatidylcholine (SPC), cholesterol (CHL), and tween 80 (T80) in a molar ratio of 1:1:0 (F1) and 1:1:0.5 (F2) were proceeded for experimentation. The physical characteristics and antifungal activities were performed and compared with solutions of rhinacanthin-C. The rhinacanthin-C encapsulating efficiencies in F1 and F2 were 94.69 ± 1.20% and 84.94 ± 1.32%, respectively. The particle sizes were found to be about 221.4 ± 13.76 nm (F1) and 115.8 ± 23.33 nm (F2), and zeta potential values of -38.16 mV (F1) and -40.98 mV (F2). Similarly, the stability studies of rhinacanthin-C in liposomes demonstrated that rhinacanthin-C in both formulations was more stable in mediums with pH of 4.0 and 6.6 than pure rhinacanthin-C when stored at the same conditions. Rhinacanthin-C in F1 was slightly more stable than F2 when stored in mediums with a pH of 10.0 after three months of storage. However, rhinacanthin-C in both formulations was less stable than pure rhinacanthin-C in a basic medium of pH 10.0. The antifungal potential was evaluated against M. gypsum and T. rubrum. The findings revealed a comparatively higher zone of inhibition for F1. In the MIC study, SPC: CHL: T80 showed higher inhibition against M. gypseum and a slightly higher inhibition against T. rubrum compared to free rhinacanthin-C solution. Moreover, rhinacanthin-C showed significant interaction against 14α-demethylase in in silico study. Overall, this study demonstrates that nanoliposomes containing rhinacanthin-C can improve the stability and antifungal potential of rhinacanthin-C with sustained and prolonged duration of action and could be a promising vehicle for delivery of active ingredients for targeting various fungal infections.
Subject(s)
Acanthaceae , Mycoses , Naphthoquinones , Humans , Antifungal Agents/pharmacology , Plant Extracts/pharmacology , Naphthoquinones/chemistry , Acanthaceae/chemistryABSTRACT
BACKGROUND AND AIM: Bombax buonopozense (Bombacaceae) leaves have been used traditionally for arthritis in south-western Nigeria. Therefore, the aim of the study was to investigate the antioxidant and anti-arthritic activity of B. buonopozense in Complete Freund adjuvant-induce arthritic wistar rats. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE: The plant leaves methanol extract and fractions were screened for preliminary phytochemicals and brine shrimp lethality was determined. Total phenolic content (TPC), Total flavonoid content (TFC) as well as anti-oxidant activity of the extract and fractions were evaluated using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH). Cyclophosphamide, gallic acid, and ascorbic acid were used as standards respectively. Anti-arthritic activity of crude methanol extract (BBME) at 100, 200 and 400mg/kg was evaluated in complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) induced arthritis model in rats. Data were analysed using Graph pad prism version 5, two-way and one-way ANOVA, and Bonferroni post hoc test. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of flavonoids, alkaloids, and phenolics. The brine shrimp lethality assay of the crude extract and fractions gave LC50 value≥1000µg/mL, compared to Cyclophosphamide (LC50=224.7±0.35µg/mL). The BBME had TPC value of 19.8±0.56mg GAE/g, while the TFC of ethyl acetate fraction was the highest (173.5±0.05mg QE/g). The ethyl acetate fraction has the highest antioxidant activity (IC50=20.96±0.23µg/mL) as compared to ascorbic acid (2.8±0.01) and rutin (20.6±9.26µg/mL). BBME significantly reduced the paw circumference. BBME (400mg/kg) prevented biochemical changes to a greater extent than Celecoxib (20mg/kg). Bombax buonopozense leaves could be an effective antiarthritic and holds prospect in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis.
Subject(s)
Antioxidants , Artemia , Arthritis, Experimental , Flavonoids , Plant Extracts , Plant Leaves , Rats, Wistar , Animals , Plant Leaves/chemistry , Plant Extracts/pharmacology , Plant Extracts/therapeutic use , Plant Extracts/chemistry , Antioxidants/pharmacology , Arthritis, Experimental/drug therapy , Rats , Artemia/drug effects , Flavonoids/pharmacology , Flavonoids/analysis , Male , Phenols/pharmacology , Phenols/analysis , Antirheumatic Agents/pharmacology , Antirheumatic Agents/therapeutic use , Acanthaceae/chemistry , Picrates , Freund's Adjuvant , Biphenyl Compounds , Female , NigeriaABSTRACT
Clinacanthus nutans (Burm. f.) Lindau has been extensively utilized in Thai folk medicine. However, there has been no prior exploration of its genetic diversity or its correlation with biological activity and phytochemical profiles. Herein, a total of 10 samples of C. nutans were collected from different geographic locations in different environments of Thailand, encompassing Northern, Northeastern, and Central regions. The genetic diversity study using sequence-related amplified polymorphism (SRAP) markers showed that all C. nutans samples were closely related, as indicated by UPGMA cluster analysis. When comparing the biological activities of C. nutans extracts, our findings demonstrated that those sourced from Northern Thailand exhibited the most potent activity in reducing lipopolysaccharide-inducing cell death, as accessed by cell viability assay. Furthermore, they showed remarkable antioxidant and antibacterial activities against Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Escherichia coli. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis of phytochemical profiles revealed consistent chromatography peak patterns across all C. nutans extracts. However, they exhibited varying levels of phenolic contents, as judged by the Folin-Ciocalteu assay, which positively correlated with their observed activities. In conclusion, this study highlights the limited genetic variation within C. nutans population in Thailand. Furthermore, it underscores the association between the biological activity and the total phenolic contents which might be mainly impacted by environmental conditions.
Subject(s)
Acanthaceae , Antioxidants , Antioxidants/pharmacology , Antioxidants/chemistry , Plant Extracts/pharmacology , Plant Extracts/chemistry , Medicine, Traditional , Phytochemicals/pharmacology , Genetic Variation , Thailand , Acanthaceae/chemistryABSTRACT
Cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity has been widely reported in numerous studies. The objective of this study is to assess the potential nephroprotective effects of Clinacanthus nutans (Burm. f.) Lindau (Acanthaceae) leaf extracts on human kidney cells (PCS-400-010) in vitro using an LCMS-based metabolomics approach. Orthogonal partial least square-discriminant analysis identified 16 significantly altered metabolites when comparing the control and pre-treated C. nutans cisplatin-induced groups. These metabolites were found to be associated with glycerophospholipid, purine, and amino acid metabolism, as well as the glycolysis pathway. Pre-treatment with C. nutans aqueous extract (125 µg/mL) for 24 h, followed by 48 h of cisplatin induction in PCS-400-010 cells, demonstrated a nephroprotective effect, particularly involving the regulation of amino acid metabolism.
Subject(s)
Acanthaceae , Cisplatin , Humans , Cisplatin/adverse effects , Plant Extracts/pharmacology , Plant Extracts/chemistry , Kidney , Acanthaceae/chemistry , Amino AcidsABSTRACT
The present study was designed to appraise the photoprotective, antioxidant, and antibacterial bioactivities of Ruellia tuberosa leaves extracts (RtPE, RtChl, RtEA, RtAc, RtMe, and RtHMe). The results showed that, RtHMe extracts of R. tuberosa was rich in total phenolic content, i. e., 1.60â mgGAE/g dry extract, while highest total flavonoid content was found in RtAc extract, i. e., 0.40â mgQE/g. RtMe showed effective antioxidant activity (%RSA: 58.16) at the concentration of 120â µL. RtMe, RtEA and RtHMe exhibited effective inâ vitro antibacterial activity against Gram-negative bacteria (E. coli). In silico docking studies revealed that paucifloside (-11.743â kcal/mol), indole-3-carboxaldehyde (-7.519â kcal/mol), nuomioside (-7.275â kcal/mol), isocassifolioside (-6.992â kcal/mol) showed best docking score against PDB ID 2EX8 [penicillin binding protein 4 (dacB) from Escherichia coli, complexed with penicillin-G], PDB ID 6CQA (E. coli dihydrofolate reductase protein complexed with inhibitor AMPQD), PDB ID 2Y2I [Penicillin-binding protein 1B in complex with an alkyl boronate (ZA3)] and PDB ID 2OLV (from S. aureus), respectively. Docked phytochemicals also showed good drug likeness properties.
Subject(s)
Acanthaceae , Plant Extracts , Plant Extracts/pharmacology , Plant Extracts/chemistry , Escherichia coli , Staphylococcus aureus , Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology , Antioxidants/pharmacology , Phytochemicals/pharmacology , Acanthaceae/chemistryABSTRACT
The genus Justicia has more than 600 species distributed in both hemispheres, in the tropics and temperate regions, and it is used in the treatment of numerous pathologies. This study presents a review of the biological activities of plant extracts and isolated chemical constituents of Justicia (ACANTHACEAE), identified in the period from May 2011 to August 2022. We analyzed over 176 articles with various biological activities and chemical compound descriptions present in the 29 species of Justicia. These have a variety of applications, such as antioxidant and antimicrobial, with alkaloids and flavonoids (e.g., naringenin) the most frequently identified secondary metabolites. The most observed species were Justicia gendarussa Burm., Justicia procumbens L., Justicia adhatoda L., Justicia spicigera Schltdl, and Justicia pectoralis Jacq. The frontier molecular orbitals carried out using density functional theory (M062X and basis set 6-311++G(d,p) indicate reactive sites for naringenin compound and a chemical reaction on phytomedicine activity. The energy gap (206.99 kcal/mol) and dimer solid state packing point to chemical stability. Due to the wide variety of pharmacological uses of these species, this review points toward the development of new phytomedicines.
Subject(s)
Acanthaceae , Alkaloids , Justicia , Justicia/chemistry , Plant Extracts/pharmacology , Plant Extracts/therapeutic use , Acanthaceae/chemistry , AntioxidantsABSTRACT
Acanthus ilicifolius var. xiamenensis is a traditional herbal medicine in China. In this study, the anti-inflammatory activities of active ingredients of A. ilicifolius var. xiamenensis were investigated in RAW 264.7 cells and Freund's complete adjuvant-induced arthritic rats. Results showed that n-butanol extract exerted antiarthritic potential by reducing paw edema, arthritis score, and altered hematological and biochemical parameters in experimental rats. Phytochemical studies on n-butanol extract resulted in the isolation of five alkaloids (1-5) and five phenylethanoids (6-10). The anti-inflammatory assay of compounds 1-10 on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated RAW 264.7 cells indicated that phenylethanoids 9 and 10 exhibited notable inhibitory activities. The result indicated that compounds 9 and 10 attenuated inflammation by decreasing the production of nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) p65, inhibitory subunit of NF kappa B alpha, Janus kinase 2 (JAK2), signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), and inducible nitric oxide synthase in LPS-mediated RAW 264.7 macrophages. Phenylethanoids 9 and 10 increased the expression of interleukin-10 and endothelial nitric oxide synthase. Therefore, compounds 9 and 10 showed anti-inflammatory activity by regulation of NF-κB and JAK/STAT signaling pathways.
Subject(s)
Lipopolysaccharides , NF-kappa B , Animals , Mice , Rats , 1-Butanol/therapeutic use , Anti-Inflammatory Agents/pharmacology , Anti-Inflammatory Agents/therapeutic use , Inflammation/drug therapy , NF-kappa B/metabolism , Nitric Oxide/metabolism , Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II/metabolism , RAW 264.7 Cells , Acanthaceae/chemistryABSTRACT
Being vector of West Nile Virus and falariasis the control of Culex quinquefasciatus is likely to be essential. Synthetic insecticide treatment is looking most effective for vectors mosquito control. However, these products are toxic to the environment and non-target organisms. Consequently, ecofriendly control of vectors mosquito is needed. In this regard botanical insecticide is looking more fruitful. Therefore, the present research aimed to investigate the effectiveness of methanolic extract and various fractions, including, n-hexane, ethyl-acetate, chloroform, and aqueous fraction, obtained from methanolic extract of Ailanthus altissima, Artemisia scoparia, and Justicia adhatoda using separating funnel against larval, pupal, and adult stages of Culex quinquefasciatus. The larvae and pupae of Culex quinquefasciatus were exposed to various concentrations (31.25-1000 ppm) of methanolic extract and its fractions for 24 hours of exposure period. For knock-down bioassay (filter paper impregnation bioassay) different concentration of the methanolic extract and its various fractions (i.e. 0.0625, 0.125, 0.25, 0.5 and 1mg/mL) were applied for 1 hour exposure period. The results were statistically analysed using standard deviation, probit analysis, and linear regression. The R2 values of larvae, pupae, and adult range from 0.4 to 0.99. The values of LC50 (concentration causing 50% mortality) for late 3rd instar larvae after 24 hours exposure period range from 93-1856.7 ppm, while LC90 values range from 424 -7635.5ppm. The values of LC50for pupae range form 1326.7-6818.4ppm and and values of LC90 range from 3667.3-17427.9ppm, respectively. The KDT50 range from 0.30 to 2.8% and KDT90 values range from1.2 to 110.8%, respectively. In conclusion, Justicia adhatoda may be effective for controlling populations of vector mosquito.
Por ser o vetor do vírus do Nilo Ocidental e da falaríase, o controle de Culex quinquefasciatus Say é provavelmente essencial. O tratamento com inseticida sintético parece ser mais eficaz para o controle dos mosquitos vetores. No entanto, esses produtos são tóxicos para o meio ambiente e organismos não visados. Consequentemente, o controle ecológico dos mosquitos vetores é necessário. Nesse sentido, o inseticida botânico parece mais produtivo. Portanto, a presente pesquisa teve como objetivo investigar a eficácia do extrato metanólico e de várias frações, incluindo n-hexano, acetato de etila, clorofórmio e fração aquosa, obtidos do extrato metanólico de Ailanthus altissima (Mill.) Swingle, Artemisia scoparia Waldst. & Kit. e Justicia adhatoda L. usando funil de separação contra os estágios larval, pupal e adulto de C. quinquefasciatus. As larvas e pupas de C. quinquefasciatus foram expostas a várias concentrações (31,25-1000 ppm) de extrato metanólico, e suas frações por 24 horas de período de exposição. Para o bioensaio knock-down (bioensaio de impregnação de papel de filtro), diferentes concentrações do extrato metanólico e suas várias frações (ou seja, 0,0625, 0,125, 0,25, 0,5 e 1 mg / mL) foram aplicadas por um período de exposição de 1 hora. Os resultados foram analisados estatisticamente usando desvio padrão, análise Probit e regressão linear. Os valores de R2 de larvas, pupas e adultos variaram de 0,4 a 0,99. Os valores de LC50 (concentração que causa 50% de mortalidade) para larvas de terceiro estádio tardio após 24 horas de período de exposição variaram de 93-1856,7 ppm, enquanto os valores de LC90 variaram de 424-7635,5ppm. Os valores de LC50 para pupas variaram de 1326,7-6818,4 ppm e os valores de LC90 variaram de 3667,3-17427,9 ppm, respectivamente. O KDT50 variou de 0,30 a 2,8% e os valores de KDT90 variaram de 1,2 a 110,8%, respectivamente. Por fim, a espécie J. adhatoda pôde ser eficaz para controlar populações de mosquitos vetores.
Subject(s)
Animals , Acanthaceae/chemistry , Ailanthus/chemistry , Artemisia/chemistry , Mosquito Control , CulexABSTRACT
Eleven previously undescribed arylnaphthalide lignans (1-11) together with seven known compounds were isolated from the whole plant of Justicia depauperata. The structures of 1-11 were elucidated by spectroscopic analysis and mass spectrometry. Compounds 6 (IC50 = 4.1 µM) and 9 (IC50 = 9.5 µM) displayed cytotoxic activity against the KB-3-1 cervical carcinoma cell line. This report provides an insight into the conformational equilibria occurring in the arylnaphthalide lignan constituents of this plant.
Subject(s)
Acanthaceae , Drugs, Chinese Herbal , Justicia , Lignans , Lignans/pharmacology , Lignans/chemistry , Justicia/chemistry , Plant Extracts/chemistry , Acanthaceae/chemistry , Drugs, Chinese Herbal/chemistry , Molecular StructureABSTRACT
Clinacanthus nutans dichloromethane fraction (CN-Dcm) extract has previously been proven to suppress breast cancer (MCF7) cell proliferation. Despite this, the extrinsic and intrinsic apoptosis mechanisms involved in C. nutans extract-treated MCF7 cells are still unknown. This study was intended to subfractionate CN-Dcm extract using column chromatography and analyse the treated MCF7 cells using the CellTiter 96® AQueous One Solution Cell Proliferation (MTS) assay, Annexin V/propidium iodide (PI) assay, western blot, and reverse transcription-qualitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). Out of nine subfraction extracts (SF1 to SF9), SF2 extract strongly inhibited MCF7 cells with the lowest IC50 value (23.51 ± 1.00 µg/mL) and substantially induced apoptosis in the MCF7 cells. In treated MCF7 cells, SF2 extract significantly upregulated the expression of P53, BAX, BID, caspase-8, caspase-9, and caspase-3, while downregulating the expression of BCL2. The presence of potential bioactive chemical compounds in the SF2 extract was identified using liquid chromatography coupled to quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-QTOF-MS). Thus, the SF2 extract has the potential to induce apoptosis in MCF7 cells through intrinsic and extrinsic pathways.
Subject(s)
Acanthaceae , Breast Neoplasms , Humans , Female , Caspase 3 , Caspase 9 , Caspase 8 , Methylene Chloride , Annexin A5 , Propidium , Tumor Suppressor Protein p53 , bcl-2-Associated X Protein , Plant Extracts/pharmacology , Plant Extracts/chemistry , Acanthaceae/chemistry , ApoptosisABSTRACT
Antioxidants are currently utilized to prevent the occurrence of liver cancer in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) patients. Clinacanthus nutans possesses anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory properties that could be an ideal therapy for liver problems. The objective of this study is to determine the potential antioxidative compounds from the C. nutans leaves (CNL) and stems (CNS). Chemical- and cell-based antioxidative assays were utilized to evaluate the bioactivities of CNS and CNL. The NMR metabolomics approach assisted in the identification of contributing phytocompounds. Based on DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activities, CNL demonstrated stronger radical scavenging potential as compared to CNS. The leaf extract also recorded slightly higher reducing power properties. A HepG2 cell model system was used to investigate the ROS reduction potential of these extracts. It was shown that cells treated with CNL and CNS reduced innate ROS levels as compared to untreated controls. Interestingly, cells pre-treated with both extracts were also able to decrease ROS levels in cells induced with oxidative stress. CNL was again the better antioxidant. According to multivariate data analysis of the 1H NMR results, the main metabolites postulated to contribute to the antioxidant and hepatoprotective abilities of leaves were clinacoside B, clinacoside C and isoschaftoside, which warrants further investigation.
Subject(s)
Acanthaceae , Antioxidants , Acanthaceae/chemistry , Antioxidants/chemistry , Antioxidants/pharmacology , Humans , Liver , Metabolomics/methods , Plant Extracts/chemistry , Plant Extracts/pharmacology , Plant Leaves , Reactive Oxygen SpeciesABSTRACT
Recent studies on the ethnomedicinal use of Clinacanthus nutans suggest promising anti-inflammatory, anti-tumorigenic, and antiviral properties for this plant. Extraction of the leaves with polar and nonpolar solvents has yielded many C-glycosyl flavones, including schaftoside, isoorientin, orientin, isovitexin, and vitexin. Aside from studies with different extracts, there is increasing interest to understand the properties of these components, especially regarding their ability to exert anti-inflammatory effects on cells and tissues. A major focus for this review is to obtain information on the effects of C. nutans extracts and its phytochemical components on inflammatory signaling pathways in the peripheral and central nervous system. Particular emphasis is placed on their role to target the Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)-NF-kB pathway and pro-inflammatory cytokines, the antioxidant defense pathway involving nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor 2 (NRF2) and heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1); and the phospholipase A2 (PLA2) pathway linking to cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and production of eicosanoids. The ability to provide a better understanding of the molecular targets and mechanism of action of C. nutans extracts and their phytochemical components should encourage future studies to develop new therapeutic strategies for better use of this herb to combat inflammatory diseases.
Subject(s)
Acanthaceae , Plant Extracts , Acanthaceae/chemistry , Anti-Inflammatory Agents/analysis , Anti-Inflammatory Agents/pharmacology , Phytochemicals/analysis , Phytochemicals/pharmacology , Plant Extracts/chemistry , Plant Leaves/chemistryABSTRACT
Seven new labdane diterpenoids, hypopurolides A-G (1-7) were discovered from the aerial part of Hypoestes purpurea, along with one known analog, hypopurin D (8). The structures of 1-7 were characterized based on 1 H-, 13 C-, and 2D-NMR, and HR-ESI-MS spectra. The absolute configurations of 1-7 were defined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction and electronic circular dichroism (ECD) data. Compounds 1-8 were tested for their nitric oxide (NO) inhibitory and cytotoxic effects. Compound 6 displayed moderate inhibitory effect toward LPS-induced NO release in RAW 264.7 cells with an IC50 value of 41.50â µM.