ABSTRACT
To study and compare the morphology of the phellinoid Agaricomycetes strains and find other strategies to improve Phellinus spp. growth and metabolism. In this study, the morphological characteristics of four Phellinus igniarius strains (phellinoid Agaricomycetes) were observed under a light microscope. The exudates from these fungi were observed using light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy-dispersive spectrometry (EDS). The exudates were initially transparent with a water-like appearance, and became darker with time at neutral pH. Microscopy of air-dried exudates revealed regular shapes and crystals. Cl- (chloride) and K+ were the two key elements analyzed using EDS. Polyphenol oxidase (POD), catalase (CAT), and laccase activities were detected in mycelia from each of the four Phellinus strains. The K+ content of the three strains was higher than that of the wild strain. Cl- content correlated negatively with that of K+. Laccase activities associated with each mycelia and its corresponding media differed under cold and contaminated conditions.
Subject(s)
Basidiomycota , Laccase , Microscopy, Electron, Scanning , Mycelium , Laccase/metabolism , Basidiomycota/enzymology , Basidiomycota/chemistry , Mycelium/chemistry , Catalase/metabolism , Catechol Oxidase/metabolism , Potassium/metabolism , Chlorides/metabolismABSTRACT
Boletus aereus Fr. ex Bull. stands out as a delectable edible mushroom with high nutritional and medicinal values, featuring polysaccharides as its primary nutrient composition. In our continuous exploration of its beneficial substances, a novel polysaccharide (BAPN-1) with a molecular weight of 2279 kDa was prepared. It was identified as a glucan with a backbone composed of the residues â4)-α-Glcp-(1â and â4,6)-α-Glcp-(1â connected in a proportion of 5:1 and a ß-Glcp-(1â side residue attached at C6 of the â4,6)-α-Glcp-(1â residue. Biologically, BAPN-1 exhibited broad-spectrum antiproliferative activities against various NHL cells, including HuT-78, OCI-LY1, OCI-LY18, Jurkat, RL, and Karpas-299, with IC50 values of 0.73, 1.21, 3.18, 1.52, 3.34, and 4.25 mg/mL, respectively. Additionally, BAPN-1 significantly induced cell cycle arrest in the G2/M phase and caused apoptosis of NHL cells. Mechanistically, bulk RNA sequencing and Western blot analysis revealed that BAPN-1 could upregulate cyclin B1 and enhance cleaved caspase-9 expression through the inhibition of FGFR3 and RAF-MEK-ERK signaling pathways. This work supports the improved utilization of B. aereus in high-value health products.
Subject(s)
Antineoplastic Agents , Apoptosis , Cell Proliferation , Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin , Polysaccharides , Humans , Cell Proliferation/drug effects , Cell Line, Tumor , Apoptosis/drug effects , Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology , Antineoplastic Agents/chemistry , Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin/drug therapy , Polysaccharides/chemistry , Polysaccharides/pharmacology , Polysaccharides/isolation & purification , Molecular Weight , Basidiomycota/chemistryABSTRACT
Phellinus is a precious perennial medicinal fungus. Its polysaccharides are important bioactive components, and their chemical composition is complex. The polysaccharides are mainly extracted from the fruiting body and mycelium. The yield of the polysaccharides is dependent on the extraction method. They have many pharmacological activities, such as antitumor, immunomodulatory, antioxidant, hypoglycemic, anti-inflammatory, etc. They are also reported to show minor toxic and side effects. Many studies have reported the anticancer activity of Phellinus polysaccharides. This review paper provides a comprehensive examination of the current methodologies for the extraction and purification of Phellinus polysaccharides. Additionally, it delves into the structural characteristics, pharmacological activities, and mechanisms of action of these polysaccharides. The primary aim of this review is to offer a valuable resource for researchers, facilitating further studies on Phellinus polysaccharides and their potential applications.
Subject(s)
Fungal Polysaccharides , Humans , Fungal Polysaccharides/chemistry , Fungal Polysaccharides/pharmacology , Fungal Polysaccharides/isolation & purification , Basidiomycota/chemistry , Polysaccharides/chemistry , Polysaccharides/pharmacology , Polysaccharides/isolation & purification , Antioxidants/pharmacology , Antioxidants/chemistry , Antioxidants/isolation & purification , Anti-Inflammatory Agents/pharmacology , Anti-Inflammatory Agents/chemistry , Anti-Inflammatory Agents/isolation & purification , Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology , Antineoplastic Agents/chemistry , Antineoplastic Agents/isolation & purification , Hypoglycemic Agents/pharmacology , Hypoglycemic Agents/chemistry , Hypoglycemic Agents/isolation & purification , Animals , Phellinus/chemistryABSTRACT
Phellinus igniarius is a valuable medicinal and edible mushroom, and its polysaccharides exhibit excellent anti-inflammatory activity. During liquid fermentation to produce P. igniarius mycelia, the fermentation liquid is often discarded, but it contains extracellular polysaccharides. To better utilize these resources, P. igniarius SH-1 was fermented in a 100 L fermenter, and PIPS-2 was isolated and purified from the fermentation broth. The structural characteristics and anti-inflammatory activity of PIPS-2 were determined. PIPS-2 had a molecular weight of 22.855 kDa and was composed of galactose and mannose in a molar ratio of 0.38:0.62. Structural analysis revealed that the main chain of PIPS-2 involved â2)-α-D-Manp-(1 â 3)-ß-D-Galf-(1â, and the side chains involved α-D-Manp-(1 â 6)-α-D-Manp-(1â, α-D-Manp-(1 â 3)-α-D-Manp-(1â, and α-D-Manp-(1. PIPS-2 alleviated the symptoms of dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis in mice, improved the imbalance of inflammatory factors and antioxidant enzymes, and increased short-chain fatty acid contents. Combining the intestinal flora and metabolite results, PIPS-2 was found to regulate the abundance of Firmicutes, Lachnospiraceae_NK4A136_group, Proteobacteria, Bacteroides, and many serum metabolites including hexadecenal, copalic acid, 8-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid, artepillin C, and uric acid, thereby ameliorating metabolite related disorders in mice with colitis. In summary, PIPS-2 may improve colitis in mice by regulating the gut microbiota and metabolites.
Subject(s)
Basidiomycota , Colitis , Dextran Sulfate , Animals , Mice , Colitis/chemically induced , Colitis/drug therapy , Basidiomycota/chemistry , Fungal Polysaccharides/chemistry , Fungal Polysaccharides/pharmacology , Anti-Inflammatory Agents/pharmacology , Anti-Inflammatory Agents/chemistry , Male , Polysaccharides/chemistry , Polysaccharides/pharmacology , Molecular Weight , Disease Models, Animal , Gastrointestinal Microbiome/drug effectsABSTRACT
Phellinus igniarius is an important medicinal and edible fungus with diverse biological activities. This study aimed to investigate the effects of aqueous extract from P. igniarius (API) on the treatment of hyperuricemia (HUA) and related kidney damage. The chemical constituents of API were determined. The therapeutic effects of API on HUA and renal injury were assessed in adenine/potassium oxonate (PO)-treated mice. The constituent analysis of API revealed a predominance of polysaccharides (33.4â¯%), followed by total flavonoids (9.1â¯%), and total triterpenoids (3.5â¯%). Compared to control, the adenine/PO treatment greatly elevated serum uric acid (UA) levels but this elevation was attenuated by API. In the liver, the expression and activity of xanthine oxidase (XOD) were increased by HUA which were diminished by API. Furthermore, API was found to enhance the expression of UA transporter ABCG2 in the kidney and intestine of HUA mice, suggesting elevating UA excretion. Additionally, API ameliorated HUA-induced renal injury, as indicated by reduced serum BUN/creatinine levels, decreased glomerular and tubular damage, and lowered fibrotic levels. Network pharmacology analysis predicted that P. igniarius may regulate mitochondrial function to improve HUA-related renal injury. This prediction was then substantialized by the API-induced upregulation of NAD+/NADH ratio, ATP level, SOD2 activity, and expression of SOD2/PCG-1α/PPARγ in the kidney of HUA mice. Our results demonstrate that API may effectively ameliorate HUA by reducing UA production in the liver and enhancing UA excretion in the kidney and intestine, and it might be a potential therapy to HUA-related renal injury.
Subject(s)
Adenine , Hyperuricemia , Kidney , Oxonic Acid , Xanthine Oxidase , Animals , Hyperuricemia/drug therapy , Hyperuricemia/chemically induced , Male , Mice , Adenine/pharmacology , Kidney/drug effects , Kidney/pathology , Kidney/metabolism , Xanthine Oxidase/metabolism , Basidiomycota/chemistry , Uric Acid/blood , ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily G, Member 2/metabolism , Liver/drug effects , Liver/pathology , Liver/metabolismABSTRACT
A chemical and biological exploration of the European polypore Dentipellis fragilis afforded two previously undescribed natural products (1 and 2), together with three known derivatives (3-5). Chemical structures of the isolated compounds were confirmed through 1D/2D NMR spectroscopic analyses, mass spectrometry, and by comparison with the reported literature. The relative and absolute configurations of 1 were determined according to the ROESY spectrum and time-dependent density functional theory electronic circular dichroism (TDDFT-ECD), respectively. Furthermore, the absolute configuration of dentipellinol (3) was revisited and revealed to be of (R) configuration. All the isolated compounds were assessed for their cytotoxic and antimicrobial activities, with some being revealed to have weak to moderate antimicrobial activity, particularly against Gram-positive bacteria.
Subject(s)
Microbial Sensitivity Tests , Humans , Molecular Structure , Basidiomycota/chemistry , Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy , Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology , Anti-Bacterial Agents/chemistry , Anti-Bacterial Agents/isolation & purification , Circular Dichroism , Anti-Infective Agents/pharmacology , Anti-Infective Agents/chemistry , Anti-Infective Agents/isolation & purification , Gram-Positive Bacteria/drug effects , Cell Line, TumorABSTRACT
The polysaccharide, RGP2, was isolated from Russula griseocarnosa and its immunostimulatory effects were confirmed in cyclophosphamide (CTX)-induced immunosuppressed mice. Following purification via chromatography, structural analysis revealed that RGP2 had a molecular weight of 11.82 kDa and consisted of glucose (Glc), galactose (Gal), mannose, glucuronic acid and glucosamine. Bond structure analysis and nuclear magnetic resonance characterization confirmed that the main chain of RGP2 was formed by â6)-ß-D-Glcp-(1â, â3)-ß-D-Glcp-(1â and â6)-α-D-Galp-(1â, which was substituted at O-3 of â6)-ß-D-Glcp-(1â by ß-D-Glcp-(1â. RGP2 was found to ameliorate pathological damage in the spleen and enhance immune cell activity in immunosuppressed mice. Based on combined multiomics analysis, RGP2 altered the abundance of immune-related microbiota (such as Lactobacillus, Faecalibacterium, and Bacteroides) in the gut and metabolites (uridine, leucine, and tryptophan) in the serum. Compared with immunosuppressed mice, RGP2 also restored the function of antigen-presenting cells, promoted the polarization of macrophages into the M1 phenotype, positively affected the differentiation of helper T cells, and inhibited regulatory T cell differentiation through the protein kinase B (AKT)/mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway, ultimately exerting an immune boosting function. Overall, our findings highlight therapeutic strategies to alleviate CTX-induced immunosuppression in a clinical setting.
Subject(s)
Basidiomycota , Cell Differentiation , Glucans , Animals , Mice , Basidiomycota/chemistry , Glucans/chemistry , Glucans/pharmacology , Glucans/isolation & purification , Cell Differentiation/drug effects , T-Lymphocytes/drug effects , Immunomodulating Agents/pharmacology , Immunomodulating Agents/chemistry , Male , Immunologic Factors/pharmacology , Immunologic Factors/chemistry , Immunologic Factors/isolation & purification , Cyclophosphamide/pharmacology , Mice, Inbred BALB C , Gastrointestinal Microbiome/drug effectsABSTRACT
Dictyophora indusiata is a common edible mushroom with great potential in the field of medicine against metabolic disorders, inflammation, and immunodeficiency. Our previous studies have shown that different fractions of the polysaccharide from Dictyophora indusiata (DIP) have various structural characteristics and morphology. However, the impact of the structural features on the protective effects of DIP against metabolic syndrome remains unclear. In this study, three distinct polysaccharide fractions have been extracted from Dictyophora indusiata and a high-fat diet-induced metabolic syndrome (MetS) was constructed in mice. The effects of these fractions on a range of MetS-associated endpoints, including abnormal blood glucose, lipid profiles, body fat content, liver function, intestinal microbiota and their metabolites were investigated. Through correlation analysis, the potential link between the monosaccharide composition of the polysaccharides and their biological activities was determined. The study aimed to explore the potential mechanisms and ameliorative effects of these polysaccharide fractions on MetS, thereby providing statistical evidence for understanding the relationship between monosaccharides composition of Dictyophora indusiata polysaccharides and their potential utility in treating metabolic disorders.
Subject(s)
Diet, High-Fat , Metabolic Syndrome , Animals , Metabolic Syndrome/drug therapy , Mice , Diet, High-Fat/adverse effects , Fungal Polysaccharides/pharmacology , Fungal Polysaccharides/chemistry , Male , Monosaccharides/analysis , Polysaccharides/pharmacology , Polysaccharides/chemistry , Gastrointestinal Microbiome/drug effects , Basidiomycota/chemistry , Liver/drug effects , Liver/metabolism , Liver/pathology , Blood Glucose/drug effects , Blood Glucose/metabolism , Disease Models, Animal , Agaricales/chemistryABSTRACT
Commercially available mushroom polysaccharides have found widespread use as adjuvant tumor treatments. However, the bioactivity of polysaccharides in Lactarius hatsudake Tanaka (L. hatsudake), a mushroom with both edible and medicinal uses, remains relatively unexplored. To address this gap, five L. hatsudake polysaccharides with varying molecular weights were isolated, named LHP-1 (898 kDa), LHP-2 (677 kDa), LHP-3 (385 kDa), LHP-4 (20 kDa), and LHP-5 (4.9 kDa). Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, nuclear magnetic resonance, and atomic force microscopy, etc., were employed to determine their structural characteristics. The results confirmed that spherical aggregates with amorphous flexible fiber chains dominated the conformation of the LHP. LHP-1 and LHP-2 were identified as glucans with α-(1,4)-Glcp as the main chain; LHP-3 and LHP-4 were classified as galactans with varying molecular weights but with α-(1,6)-Galp as the main chain; LHP-5 was a glucan with ß-(1,3)-Glcp as the main chain and ß-(1,6)-Glcp connecting to the side chains. Significant differences were observed in inhibiting tumor cell cytotoxicity and the antioxidant activity of the LHPs, with LHP-5 and LHP-4 identified as the principal bioactive components. These findings provide a theoretical foundation for the valuable use of L. hatsudake and emphasize the potential application of LHPs in therapeutic tumor treatments.
Subject(s)
Antioxidants , Glucans , Glucans/chemistry , Glucans/pharmacology , Glucans/isolation & purification , Humans , Antioxidants/chemistry , Antioxidants/pharmacology , Antioxidants/isolation & purification , Agaricales/chemistry , Polysaccharides/chemistry , Polysaccharides/pharmacology , Polysaccharides/isolation & purification , Molecular Weight , Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology , Antineoplastic Agents/chemistry , Antineoplastic Agents/isolation & purification , Cell Line, Tumor , Fungal Polysaccharides/chemistry , Fungal Polysaccharides/pharmacology , Fungal Polysaccharides/isolation & purification , Basidiomycota/chemistry , Cell Survival/drug effectsABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Circulating cancer cells have characteristics of tumor self-targeting. Modified circulating tumor cells may serve as tumor-targeted cellular drugs. Tremella fuciformis-derived polysaccharide (TFP) is related to immune regulation and tumor inhibition, so could B16 cells reeducated by TFP be an effective anti-tumor drug? OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the intrinsic therapeutic potential of B16 cells exposed to TFP and clarify the therapeutic molecules or pathways altered by this process. MATERIAL AND METHODS: RNA-seq technology was used to study the effect of TFP-reeducated B16 cells on the immune and inflammatory system by placing the allograft subcutaneously in C57BL/6 mice. RESULTS: Tremella fuciformis-derived polysaccharide-reeducated B16 cells recruited leukocytes, neutrophils, dendritic cells (DCs), and mast cells into the subcutaneous region and promoted the infiltration of several cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin 6 (IL-6), interleukin 1ß (IL-1ß), and interleukin 1 (IL-1). Tumor necrosis factor alpha also activated Th17 lymphocytes to secrete interleukin 17 (IL-17) and interferon gamma (IFN-γ). The co-expression of IFN-γ and IL-17 was favorable for tumor immunity to shrink tumors. In short, TFP-reeducated B16 cells activated the innate and adaptive immune responses, especially Th17 cell differentiation and IFN-γ production, as well as the TNF-α signaling pathway, which re-regulated the inflammatory and immune systems. CONCLUSION: B16 cells subcutaneously exposed to TFP in mice induced an immune and inflammatory response to inhibit tumors. The study of the function of TFP-reeducated B16 cells to improve cancer immunotherapy may be of particular research interest. This approach could be an alternative and more efficient strategy to deliver cytokines and open up new possibilities for long-lasting, multi-level tumor control.
Subject(s)
Melanoma, Experimental , Mice, Inbred C57BL , Animals , Melanoma, Experimental/immunology , Melanoma, Experimental/genetics , Melanoma, Experimental/drug therapy , Melanoma, Experimental/metabolism , Mice , Gene Expression Profiling/methods , Cytokines/metabolism , Basidiomycota/chemistry , Cell Line, Tumor , Polysaccharides/pharmacology , Fungal Polysaccharides/pharmacology , Inflammation/immunologyABSTRACT
To fully utilize Phellinus igniarius fermentation mycelia, the present study investigated the in vitro antioxidant and α-amylase inhibitory properties of four Ph. igniarius strains. Organic solvents were used to extract fatty acids, phenolics, and flavonoids from the selected mushrooms. The composition and bioactivity of the extracts were evaluated. The lipid yield obtained using petroleum ether (7.1%) was higher than that obtained using 1:1 n-hex-ane+methanol (5.5%) or 2:1 dichloromethane+methanol (3.3%). The composition and relative content of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids in the petroleum ether extract were higher than those in other solvent extracts. Furthermore, ethyl acetate extracts had higher flavonoid and phenolic content and better antioxidant activity than other extracts; however, the 70% ethanol extracts had the best α-amylase inhibitory activity. The supernatant from the ethanol precipitation of aqueous and 1% (NH4)2C2O4 extracts could also be biocompound sources. This comparative study is the first highlighting the in vitro antioxidant and α-amylase inhibitory properties of the four strains of Ph. igniarius extracts prepared using different organic solvents, which makes the investigated species and extracts promising for biological application.
Subject(s)
Antioxidants , Flavonoids , Mycelium , Phenols , alpha-Amylases , Antioxidants/pharmacology , Antioxidants/chemistry , alpha-Amylases/antagonists & inhibitors , Mycelium/chemistry , Flavonoids/pharmacology , Flavonoids/analysis , Flavonoids/chemistry , Phenols/pharmacology , Phenols/chemistry , Phenols/analysis , Fatty Acids/analysis , Fatty Acids/chemistry , Solvents/chemistry , Basidiomycota/chemistry , Enzyme Inhibitors/pharmacology , Enzyme Inhibitors/chemistry , Enzyme Inhibitors/isolation & purification , FermentationABSTRACT
Investigation of cultures of the basidiomycete Favolaschia minutissima TBRC-BCC 19434 led to the isolation of two undescribed ß-methoxyacrylate metabolites, 9-methoxystrobilurins R (1) and S (2), and a degraded aldehyde derivative, favodehyde E (3). 9-Methoxystrobilurin derivatives 1 and 2 exhibited significant antimalarial activity against Plasmodium falciparum K1 (multidrug-resistant strain) with IC50 values of 0.12 and 0.21 µM, respectively.
Subject(s)
Antimalarials , Plasmodium falciparum , Strobilurins , Antimalarials/pharmacology , Antimalarials/isolation & purification , Antimalarials/chemistry , Plasmodium falciparum/drug effects , Strobilurins/pharmacology , Strobilurins/chemistry , Inhibitory Concentration 50 , Basidiomycota/chemistry , Basidiomycota/metabolism , Acrylates/pharmacology , Acrylates/chemistry , Molecular StructureABSTRACT
Amauroderma rugosum (AR), also known as "Blood Lingzhi" in Chinese, is a basidiomycete belonging to the Ganodermataceae family. Four polysaccharide fractions were systematically isolated and purified from AR. Subsequently, their compositions were examined and analyzed via high-performance gel permeation chromatography (HPGPC), analysis of the monosaccharide composition, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). The zebrafish model was then used to screen for proangiogenic activities of polysaccharides by inducing vascular insufficiency with VEGF receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor II (VRI). The third fraction of AR polysaccharides (PAR-3) demonstrated the most pronounced proangiogenic effects, effectively ameliorating VRI-induced intersegmental vessel deficiency in zebrafish. Concurrently, the mRNA expression levels of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-A and VEGF receptors were upregulated by PAR-3. Moreover, the proliferation, migration, invasion, and tube formation of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were also stimulated by PAR-3, consistently demonstrating that PAR-3 possesses favorable proangiogenic properties. The activation of the Akt, ERK1/2, p38 MAPK, and FAK was most likely the underlying mechanism. In conclusion, this study establishes that PAR-3 isolated from Amauroderma rugosum exhibits potential as a bioresource for promoting angiogenesis.
Subject(s)
Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells , Zebrafish , Animals , Humans , Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells/drug effects , Cell Proliferation/drug effects , Cell Movement/drug effects , Polysaccharides/pharmacology , Polysaccharides/chemistry , Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A/metabolism , Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A/genetics , Neovascularization, Physiologic/drug effects , Angiogenesis Inducing Agents/pharmacology , Angiogenesis Inducing Agents/chemistry , Receptors, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor/metabolism , Receptors, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor/genetics , Basidiomycota/chemistry , Fungal Polysaccharides/pharmacology , Fungal Polysaccharides/chemistryABSTRACT
This study focused on synthesis of innovative hydrogels with electric field response from modified pineapple peel cellulose and hericium erinaceus chitosan and gelatin based on Schiff base reaction. A series of hydrogels were prepared by oxidized hydroxyethyl cellulose, gelatin and chitosan at different deacetylation degree via mild Schiff base reaction. Subsequently experiments towards the characterization of oxidized hydroxyethyl cellulose/gelatin/chitosan (OHGCS) hydrogel polymers were carried out by FTIR/XRD/XPS, swelling performances and electric response properties. The prepared hydrogels exhibited stable and reversible bending behaviors under repeated on-off switching of electric fields, affected by ionic strength, electric voltage and pH changes. The swelling ratio of OHGCS hydrogels was found reduced as deacetylation degree increasing and reached the maximum ratio â¼ 2250 % for OHGCS-1. In vitro drug releasing study showed the both curcumin loading capacity and release amount of Cur-OHGCS hydrogels arrived about 90 % during 6 h. Antioxidation assessments showed that the curcumin-loaded hydrogels had good antioxidation activities, in which, 10 mg Cur-OHGCS-1 hydrogel could reach to the maximum of about 90 % DPPH scavenging ratio. These results indicate the OHGCS hydrogels have potentials in sensor and drug delivery system.
Subject(s)
Ananas , Antioxidants , Cellulose , Chitosan , Curcumin , Gelatin , Hydrogels , Chitosan/chemistry , Gelatin/chemistry , Curcumin/chemistry , Hydrogels/chemistry , Ananas/chemistry , Cellulose/chemistry , Cellulose/analogs & derivatives , Antioxidants/chemistry , Antioxidants/pharmacology , Drug Liberation , Basidiomycota/chemistry , Drug Carriers/chemistry , Hydrogen-Ion Concentration , Electricity , Cellulose, Oxidized/chemistry , Drug Delivery SystemsABSTRACT
Flavor alteration is a crucial factor affecting the quality of mushrooms during preservation. The dynamic variations of volatile profiles of fresh Hericium erinaceus with electron-beam generated X-ray irradiation were investigated by combining E-nose, headspace-gas chromatography-ion mobility spectrometry (HS-GC-IMS), and headspace solid-phase microextraction gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HS-SPME-GC-MS). E-nose analysis achieved rapid discrimination in all treatments over storage time. 65 and 73 volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were identified by HS-GC-IMS and HS-SPME-GC-MS, respectively. Thereinto, 1-octen-3-ol, 1-octen-3-one, and 2-octanone were screened out as the characteristic VOCs, which contents declined during storage. While the contents of (E)-2-octenal, (E)-2-nonenal, and 1-octanol increased. The flavor profile changes from distinct mushroom and floral odor to an intense alcohol and fatty odor. Notably, one-kGy irradiation remained more volatiles and denser mushroom odor after storage. Multivariate analysis further confirmed that 1.0 kGy irradiation contributed to the overall aroma retention during postharvest storage of H. erinaceus.
Subject(s)
Electronic Nose , Food Storage , Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry , Odorants , Solid Phase Microextraction , Volatile Organic Compounds , Volatile Organic Compounds/chemistry , Odorants/analysis , Basidiomycota/chemistry , Basidiomycota/radiation effects , X-Rays , Taste , Food Irradiation , Flavoring Agents/chemistry , Agaricales/chemistry , Agaricales/radiation effectsABSTRACT
Cuproptosis affects osteosarcoma locally, and the exploitation of cuproptosis-related biomaterials for osteosarcoma treatment is still in its infancy. We designed and synthesized a novel injectable gel of Cu ion-coordinated Tremella fuciformis polysaccharide (TFP-Cu) for antiosteosarcoma therapy. This material has antitumor effects, the ability to stimulate immunity and promote bone formation, and a controlled Cu2+ release profile in smart response to tumor microenvironment stimulation. TFP-Cu can selectively inhibit the proliferation of K7M2 tumor cells by arresting the cell cycle and promoting cell apoptosis and cuproptosis. TFP-Cu also promoted the M1 polarization of RAW264.7 cells and regulated the immune microenvironment. These effects increased osteogenic gene and protein expression in MC3T3-E1 cells. TFP-Cu could significantly limit tumor growth in tumor-bearing mice by inducing tumor cell apoptosis and improving the activation of anti-CD8 T cell-mediated immune responses. Therefore, TFP-Cu could be a potential candidate for treating osteosarcoma and bioactive drug carrier for further cancer-related applications.
Subject(s)
Apoptosis , Copper , Osteosarcoma , Tumor Microenvironment , Animals , Osteosarcoma/drug therapy , Osteosarcoma/pathology , Mice , Tumor Microenvironment/drug effects , Copper/chemistry , Copper/pharmacology , Apoptosis/drug effects , Cell Line, Tumor , Basidiomycota/chemistry , RAW 264.7 Cells , Gels/chemistry , Polysaccharides/pharmacology , Polysaccharides/chemistry , Cell Proliferation/drug effects , Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology , Antineoplastic Agents/chemistry , Bone Neoplasms/drug therapy , Bone Neoplasms/pathology , Fungal Polysaccharides/pharmacology , Fungal Polysaccharides/chemistryABSTRACT
Lactoferrin (LF) with various biological functions demonstrates great application potential. However, its application was restricted by its poor gelation and instability. The aim of this work was to explore the effect of microbial transglutaminase (MTGase) and Tremella fuciformis polysaccharide (TP) on the functional properties of LF. The formation of a self-supporting LF gel could be induced by MTGase through generating covalent crosslinks between the LF protein molecules. Meanwhile, TP was introduced into the gel system to improve the strength of LF-TP composite gels by enhancing non-covalent interactions such as hydrogen bond and electrostatic interactions during gel formation. Additionally, the LF-TP composite gel exhibited outstanding functional characteristics such as gastrointestinal digestive stability and antioxidant property. This work clarified the mechanism on MTGase and TP-mediated modification of lactoferrin, offered a novel strategy to increase the functional characteristics of LF, and enlarged the application range of LF and TP.
Subject(s)
Basidiomycota , Functional Food , Lactoferrin , Polysaccharides , Transglutaminases , Lactoferrin/chemistry , Lactoferrin/metabolism , Transglutaminases/metabolism , Transglutaminases/chemistry , Polysaccharides/chemistry , Polysaccharides/metabolism , Basidiomycota/chemistry , Basidiomycota/enzymology , Basidiomycota/metabolism , Fungal Proteins/chemistry , Fungal Proteins/metabolism , Antioxidants/chemistry , Antioxidants/metabolismABSTRACT
The biomedical application of nanotechnology in cancer treatment has demonstrated significant potential for improving treatment efficiencies and ameliorating adverse effects. However, the medical translation of nanotechnology-based nanomedicines faces challenges including hazardous environmental effects, difficulties in large-scale production, and possible excessive costs. In the present study, we extracted and purified natural exosome-like nanoparticles (ELNs) from Phellinus linteus. These nanoparticles (denoted as P-ELNs) had an average particle size of 154.1 nm, displayed a negative zeta potential of -31.3 mV, and maintained stability in the gastrointestinal tract. Furthermore, P-ELNs were found to contain a diverse array of functional components, including lipids and pharmacologically active small-molecule constituents. In vitro investigations suggested that they exhibited high internalization efficiency in liver tumor cells (Hepa 1-6) and exerted significant anti-proliferative, anti-migratory, and anti-invasive effects against Hepa 1-6 cells. Strikingly, the therapeutic outcomes of oral P-ELNs were confirmed in an animal model of metastatic hepatocellular carcinoma by amplifying reactive oxygen species (ROS) and rebalancing the gut microbiome. These findings demonstrate the potential of P-ELNs as a promising oral therapeutic platform for liver cancer treatment.
Subject(s)
Carcinoma, Hepatocellular , Exosomes , Gastrointestinal Microbiome , Liver Neoplasms , Reactive Oxygen Species , Animals , Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/drug therapy , Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/pathology , Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/metabolism , Reactive Oxygen Species/metabolism , Liver Neoplasms/drug therapy , Liver Neoplasms/pathology , Liver Neoplasms/metabolism , Humans , Mice , Cell Line, Tumor , Exosomes/metabolism , Exosomes/chemistry , Gastrointestinal Microbiome/drug effects , Basidiomycota/chemistry , Basidiomycota/metabolism , Nanoparticles/chemistry , Phellinus/chemistry , Cell Proliferation/drug effects , Cell Movement/drug effects , Administration, OralABSTRACT
Phellintremulin A (1), a rearranged sesquiterpenoid with an unprecedented bicyclic backbone, and two previously unreported illudane-type sesquiterpenoids, namely phellintremulin B (2) and phellintremulin C (3), together with two known analogues (±)â4 and (±)â5, were isolated from cultures of the medicinal fungus Phellinus tremulae. Their structures and absolute configurations were established by means of spectroscopic data and HRESIMS analyses, as well as ECD and NMR calculations. A plausible biogenesis for 1 was discussed. The electrophysiological experiments showed that phellintremulins (AâC) can inhibit Nav current in DRG neuron cells at 10 µM, with percentage inhibitions of 23.2%, 49.3%, and 31.7%, respectively. The antinociceptive activities of phellintremulins (AâC) were evaluated via the acetic acid-induced writhing test in mice at a dose of 3 mg/kg. They showed significant antinociceptive effects with percentages of inhibition of 43.8%, 54.4%, and 50.6%, respectively, and phellintremulin B and C expressed more potent analgesic effect than lidocaine.
Subject(s)
Analgesics , Basidiomycota , Sesquiterpenes , Analgesics/pharmacology , Analgesics/chemistry , Analgesics/isolation & purification , Animals , Sesquiterpenes/pharmacology , Sesquiterpenes/chemistry , Sesquiterpenes/isolation & purification , Mice , Basidiomycota/chemistry , Molecular Structure , Male , Dose-Response Relationship, Drug , Structure-Activity RelationshipABSTRACT
This study explores the antipathogenic properties of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) produced by Bacillus velezensis LT1, isolated from the rhizosphere soil of Coptis chinensis. The impact of these VOCs on the mycelial growth of Sclerotium rolfsii LC1, the causative agent of southern blight in C. chinensis, was evaluated using a double Petri-dish assay. The biocontrol efficacy of these VOCs was further assessed through leaf inoculation and pot experiments. Antifungal VOCs were collected using headspace solid-phase microextraction (SPME), and their components were identified via gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The results revealed that the VOCs significantly inhibited the mycelial growth and sclerotia germination of S. rolfsii LC1 and disrupted the morphological integrity of fungal mycelia. Under the influence of these VOCs, genes associated with chitin synthesis were upregulated, while those related to cell wall degrading enzymes were downregulated. Notably, 2-dodecanone and 2-undecanone exhibited inhibition rates of 81.67% and 80.08%, respectively. This research provides a novel approach for the prevention and management of southern blight in C. chinensis, highlighting the potential of microbial VOCs in biocontrol strategies.