ABSTRACT
Bisphenols are endocrine-disrupting chemicals used in plastics and resins for food packaging. This study aimed to evaluate the exposure to bisphenol A (BPA), bisphenol S (BPS), and bisphenol F (BPF) associated with the consumption of fresh, canned, and ready-to-eat meals and determine the effects of bisphenols on blood pressure and heart rate. Forty-eight healthy young adults were recruited for this study, and they were divided into the following three groups: fresh, canned, and ready-to-eat meal groups. Urine samples were collected 2, 4, and 6 h after meal consumption, and blood pressure and heart rate were measured. The consumption of ready-to-eat meals significantly increased urine BPA concentrations compared with canned and fresh meal consumption. No significant difference in BPS and BPF concentrations was observed between the groups. The consumption of ready-to-eat meals was associated with a significant increase in systolic blood pressure and pulse pressure and a marked decrease in diastolic blood pressure and heart rate. No significant differences were noted in blood pressure and heart rate with canned and fresh meal consumption. It can be concluded that total BPA concentration in consumed ready-to-eat meals is high. High BPA intake causes increase in urinary BPA concentrations, which may, in turn, lead to changes in some cardiovascular parameters.
Subject(s)
Benzhydryl Compounds , Blood Pressure , Heart Rate , Phenols , Sulfones , Humans , Phenols/urine , Benzhydryl Compounds/urine , Blood Pressure/drug effects , Heart Rate/drug effects , Young Adult , Male , Female , Adult , Sulfones/urine , Food, Preserved , Endocrine Disruptors/urine , Fast Foods , Food Contamination/analysis , Food PackagingABSTRACT
Animal studies indicate that bisphenol A (BPA) has obesogenic effects. Recent experiments reported similar endocrine-disrupting effects of bisphenol F (BPF) and bisphenol S (BPS), which are substitutes of BPA. The aim of this study was to investigate the exposure levels of these bisphenols in pregnant women and their effects on the physical development of infants aged 0-12 months. This study recruited pregnant women who gave birth at a hospital between February 2019 and September 2020. Urine samples from these pregnant women in the third trimester of pregnancy were detected by using ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography-triple quadruple mass spectrometry. Follow-ups at 6 and 12 months of age were conducted by telephone by pediatricians using a structured questionnaire. Multiple linear regressions were used to determine the associations between bisphenol concentrations and infant weight. A total of 113 mother-child pairs had complete questionnaires and urine samples as well as data on newborns aged 6 months and 12 months. The detection rates of urinary BPA, BPF, and BPS in pregnant women were 100, 62.83, and 46.02%, respectively. Their median levels are 5.84, 0.54, and 0.07 µg/L, respectively. Increased urinary BPA and BPF concentrations during pregnancy were significantly associated with lower birth weight (standardized regression coefficients [ß] = -0.081 kg, 95% confidence interval [CI]: -0.134 to -0.027; ß = -0.049 kg, 95% CI: -0.097 to -0.001). In addition, urinary BPA and BPF concentrations during pregnancy were positively associated with weight growth rate from 0 to 6 months (ß = 0.035 kg/mouth, 95% CI: 0.00-0.064; ß = 0.028 kg/mouth, 95% CI: 0.006-0.050), especially in female infants (ß = 0.054 kg/mouth, 95% CI: 0.015-0.093; ß = 0.035 kg/mouth, 95% CI: 0.005-0.065). Therefore, maternal BPA and BPF levels during pregnancy were negatively correlated with birth weight and positively correlated with the growth rate of infant weight at 0-6 months of age, especially in female infants.
Subject(s)
Benzhydryl Compounds , Phenols , Sulfones , Humans , Female , Phenols/urine , Pregnancy , Benzhydryl Compounds/urine , China , Adult , Sulfones/urine , Infant, Newborn , Birth Weight/drug effects , Infant , Infant, Low Birth Weight , Maternal Exposure/adverse effects , MaleABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: The connection between urinary bisphenol A (BPA) and hyperlipidemia is still unclear, and few studies have evaluated whether urinary BPA affects mortality among individuals with hyperlipidemia. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the link between urinary BPA and hyperlipidemia and assess the impact of urinary BPA on mortality risk in subjects with hyperlipidemia. METHODS: We analyzed data of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey from 2003 to 2016. Multivariable logistic analysis was performed to examine the relationship between urinary BPA and hyperlipidemia. Cox regression analysis was carried out to investigate the relationship between urinary BPA and all-cause mortality in subjects with hyperlipidemia. RESULTS: This study included 8,983 participants, of whom 6,317 (70.3%) were diagnosed with hyperlipidemia. The results showed that urinary BPA was higher in participants with hyperlipidemia group than those without hyperlipidemia (3.87 ± 0.32 vs. 2.98 ± 0.14, P = 0.01). Urinary BPA levels were analyzed in tertiles. Compared with tertile 1 of BPA (reference), the odds ratio (95% confidence interval) of hyperlipidemia related to tertile 3 of BPA was 1.28 (1.11-1.48). The hazard ratio for all-cause death associated with the highest versus lowest tertile of urinary BPA was 1.20 (95% confidence interval: 1.01-1.44; P = 0.04) among participants with hyperlipidemia. CONCLUSIONS: The study indicated a positive relationship between urinary BPA and the risk of hyperlipidemia. Urinary BPA was associated with a significantly higher risk of all-cause mortality in adults with hyperlipidemia.
Subject(s)
Benzhydryl Compounds , Hyperlipidemias , Nutrition Surveys , Phenols , Humans , Phenols/urine , Benzhydryl Compounds/urine , Benzhydryl Compounds/adverse effects , Hyperlipidemias/urine , Hyperlipidemias/mortality , Male , Female , Middle Aged , Adult , AgedABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: There is limited epidemiological evidence on the association of prenatal exposure to phthalates and synthetic phenols with altered pubertal timing. OBJECTIVE: To examine the association of prenatal exposure to phthalates, bisphenol A (BPA), parabens, benzophenone 3 (BP-3), and triclosan (TCS) with pubertal development in girls and boys from three European cohorts. METHODS: Urinary metabolites of six different phthalate diesters (DEP, DiBP, DnBP, BBzP, DEHP, and DiNP), BPA, methyl- (MePB), ethyl- (EtPB), propyl- (PrPB), and butyl-paraben (BuPB), BP-3, and TCS were quantified in one or two (1st and 3rd trimester) urine samples collected during pregnancy (1999-2008) from mothers in three birth cohorts: INMA (Spain), EDEN (France), and MoBa (Norway). Pubertal development of their children was assessed at a single visit at age 7-12 years (579 girls, 644 boys) using the parent-reported Pubertal Development Scale (PDS). Mixed-effect Poisson and g-computation and Bayesian Kernel Machine Regression (BKMR) were employed to examine associations of individual and combined prenatal chemical exposure, respectively, with the probability of overall pubertal onset, adrenarche, and gonadarche (stage 2+) in girls and boys. Effect modification by child body mass index (BMI) was also assessed. RESULTS: Maternal concentrations of the molar sum of DEHP and of DiNP metabolites were associated with a slightly higher probability of having started puberty in boys (relative risk, RR [95% CI] = 1.13 [0.98-1.30] and 1.20 [1.06-1.34], respectively, for a two-fold increase in concentrations), with a stronger association for DiNP in boys with overweight or obesity. In contrast, BPA, BuPB, EtPB, and PrPB were associated with a lower probability of pubertal onset, adrenarche, and/or gonadarche in all boys (e.g. overall puberty, BPA: RR [95% CI] = 0.93 [0.85-1.01] and BuPB: 0.95 [0.90-1.00], respectively), and the association with BPA was stronger in boys with underweight/normal weight. In girls, MEHP and BPA were associated with delayed gonadarche in those with underweight/normal weight (RR [95% CI] = 0.86 [0.77-0.95] and 0.90 [0.84-0.97], respectively). Most of these associations were trimester specific. However, the chemical mixture was not associated with any pubertal outcome in boys or girls. CONCLUSIONS: Prenatal exposure to certain phthalates and synthetic phenols such as BPA may impact the pubertal development of boys, and weight status may modify this effect. BPA may also alter the pubertal development of girls.
Subject(s)
Environmental Pollutants , Phenols , Phthalic Acids , Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects , Puberty , Humans , Phthalic Acids/urine , Female , Male , Phenols/urine , Pregnancy , Child , Environmental Pollutants/urine , Puberty/drug effects , Cohort Studies , Europe , Benzhydryl Compounds/urine , ParabensABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Bisphenols and phthalates are two classes of endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) thought to influence weight and adiposity. Limited research has investigated their influence on maternal weight changes, and no prior work has examined maternal fat mass. We examined the associations between exposure to these chemicals during pregnancy and multiple maternal weight and fat mass outcomes. METHODS: This study included a sample of 318 women enrolled in a Canadian prospective pregnancy cohort. Second trimester urinary concentrations of 2 bisphenols and 12 phthalate metabolites were quantified. Self-reported and measured maternal weights and measured skinfold thicknesses were used to calculate gestational weight gain, 3-months and 3- to 5-years postpartum weight retention, late pregnancy fat mass gain, total postpartum fat mass loss, and late postpartum fat mass retention. Adjusted robust regressions examined associations between chemicals and outcomes in the entire study population and sub-groups stratified by pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI). Bayesian kernel machine regression examined chemical mixture effects. RESULTS: Among women with underweight or normal pre-pregnancy BMIs, MBzP was negatively associated with weight retention at 3- to 5-years postpartum (B = -0.04, 95%CI: -0.07, -0.01). Among women with overweight or obese pre-pregnancy BMIs, MEHP and MMP were positively associated with weight retention at 3-months and 3- to 5-years postpartum, respectively (B's = 0.12 to 0.63, 95%CIs: 0.02, 1.07). DEHP metabolites and MCNP were positively associated with late pregnancy fat mass gain and late postpartum fat mass retention (B's = 0.04 to 0.18, 95%CIs: 0.001, 0.32). Further, the mixture of EDCs was positively associated with late pregnancy fat mass gain. CONCLUSION: In this cohort, pre-pregnancy BMI was a key determinant of the associations between second trimester exposure to bisphenols and phthalates and maternal weight changes and fat accumulation. Investigations of underlying physiological mechanisms, windows of susceptibility, and impacts on maternal and infant health are needed.
Subject(s)
Benzhydryl Compounds , Body Mass Index , Phenols , Phthalic Acids , Humans , Female , Phenols/urine , Phenols/adverse effects , Phthalic Acids/urine , Pregnancy , Adult , Benzhydryl Compounds/urine , Benzhydryl Compounds/adverse effects , Prospective Studies , Maternal Exposure/adverse effects , Environmental Pollutants/urine , Endocrine Disruptors/urine , Young Adult , Adiposity/drug effects , CanadaABSTRACT
OBJECTIVES: This study is aimed to explore the correlation between bisphenol A (BPA) and phthalates, including diethylhexylphthalate (DEHP) and dibutylphthalate (DBP), and precocious puberty (PP). METHODS: A case-control study was conducted in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam, from November 2021 to April 2022, involving 250 children, with 124 of them diagnosed with PP and 126 serving as controls. We assessed the levels of urinary BPA, DEHP, and DBP in all participants and examined their association with the risk of PP. RESULTS: BPA was detected in 11.3â¯% of PP cases but was not found in any individuals in the control group (p<0.001). Diethylhexylphthalate metabolite (MEHP) was not detected in any of the samples. Positive urinary results for dibutylphthalate metabolite (MBP) were observed in 8.1â¯% of PP cases and 2.4â¯% in the control group, with an odds ratio of 3.6 (95â¯% confidence interval: 0.97-13.4, p=0.03). CONCLUSIONS: The PP group exhibited a higher prevalence of positive urinary BPA and DBP levels compared to the control group.
Subject(s)
Benzhydryl Compounds , Phenols , Phthalic Acids , Puberty, Precocious , Humans , Phenols/urine , Puberty, Precocious/urine , Puberty, Precocious/chemically induced , Puberty, Precocious/epidemiology , Benzhydryl Compounds/urine , Female , Vietnam/epidemiology , Case-Control Studies , Male , Phthalic Acids/urine , Child , Environmental Exposure/adverse effects , Environmental Exposure/analysis , Diethylhexyl Phthalate/urine , Follow-Up Studies , Dibutyl Phthalate/urine , Dibutyl Phthalate/analysis , Prognosis , Endocrine Disruptors/urine , Southeast Asian PeopleABSTRACT
Bisphenol A (BPA) and bisphenol S (BPS) have been widely spread in the global environment. However, for conjugated BPA and BPS metabolites, limited studies have investigated their occurrence in environmental matrices. We collected paired indoor and outdoor dust (n = 97), as well as human urine (n = 153) samples, from residential houses in Quzhou, China, and measured these samples for 8 conjugated BPA and BPS metabolites. Three BPA metabolites were found in collected indoor and outdoor dust, with BPA sulfate (mean 0.75 and 1.3 ng/g, respectively) and BPA glucuronide (0.13 and 0.26 ng/g) being more abundant. BPA conjugates accounted for a mean of 42 and 56% of total BPA (sum of conjugated BPA and BPA metabolites) in indoor and outdoor dust, respectively. BPS sulfate (mean 0.29 and 0.82 ng/g, respectively) had consistently higher concentrations than BPS glucuronide (0.13 and 0.27 ng/g) in indoor and outdoor samples. BPS conjugates contributed a mean 32% and 45% of total BPS (sum of BPS and BPS metabolites) in indoor and outdoor dust, respectively. Moreover, conjugated BPA and BPS metabolites in indoor or outdoor dust were not significantly correlated with those in urine from residents. Overall, this study first demonstrates the wide presence of conjugated BPA and BPS metabolites, besides BPA and BPS, in indoor and outdoor dust. These data are important for elucidating the sources of conjugated BPA and BPS metabolites in the human body.
Subject(s)
Air Pollution, Indoor , Benzhydryl Compounds , Dust , Environmental Monitoring , Phenols , Sulfones , Phenols/urine , Humans , Benzhydryl Compounds/urine , Dust/analysis , Sulfones/urine , Air Pollution, Indoor/analysis , China , Environmental Pollutants/urine , Environmental Pollutants/metabolism , Environmental Exposure/analysis , Air Pollutants/analysis , Air Pollutants/urineABSTRACT
The aim of the study was to assess non-occupational and occupational exposure to bisphenol compounds in Finland. The participants were 151 non-occupationally exposed volunteers and 15 potentially exposed employees of a sewage-pipe relining company and a floor-coating company. The following chemicals were measured in the urine samples: bisphenol A (BPA), bisphenol F (BPF), bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE), bisphenol F diglycidyl ether (BFDGE), and the metabolites of the latter two [bisphenol A (2,3-dihydroxypropyl) glycidyl ether (BADGE·H2O), bisphenol A bis(2,3-dihydroxypropyl) ether (BADGE·2â¯H2O), bisphenol A (3-chloro-2-hydroxypropyl) (2,3-dihydroxypropyl) ether (BADGE·HCl·H2O), bisphenol A (3-chloro-2-hydroxypropyl) glycidyl ether (BADGE·HCl), and bisphenol A bis(3-chloro-2-hydroxypropyl) ether (BADGE·2HCl) and bisphenol F bis(2,3-dihydroxypropyl) ether (BFDGE·2â¯H2O), and bisphenol F bis(3-chloro-2-hydroxypropyl) ether (BFDGE·2HCl)]. BADGE and BFDGE were also measured in breathing zone air samples and hand-wipe samples of the sewage-pipe relining and floor-coating workers. Non-occupational exposure to BPA has decreased in Finland. The BPF level of the non-occupationally exposed was higher than the respective levels reported in the recent literature. BPA and BPF concentrations in the workers' urine samples were in the same range as those in the corresponding concentrations of the non-occupationally exposed population. Higher concentrations of BADGE and BFDGE metabolites were found in some of the workers' urine samples. Elevated urine concentrations were also observed in the samples collected the next morning. Some of the urinary BADGE and BFDGE metabolite results correlated with the hand-wipe results. The results show that occupational exposure to BADGE and BFDGE may occur in sewage-pipe relining and floor-coating work. They also indicate that dermal contamination plays a role in total exposure. Although the measured urinary levels indicate that the absorption of these bisphenol compounds are unlikely to pose a systemic health risk, the risk of dermal sensitization remains.
Subject(s)
Benzhydryl Compounds , Epoxy Compounds , Occupational Exposure , Phenols , Humans , Benzhydryl Compounds/urine , Occupational Exposure/analysis , Phenols/urine , Finland , Adult , Female , Male , Middle Aged , Epoxy Compounds/urine , Epoxy Compounds/toxicity , Environmental Exposure , Young Adult , Biological Monitoring , Environmental MonitoringABSTRACT
Bisphenol analogues (BPs) are a class of typical environmental endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs). This study aimed to establish a highly sensitive and high-throughput method utilizing 96-well solid-phase extraction (96-well SPE) in conjunction with ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) employing multiple reaction monitoring (MRM), information-dependent acquisition (IDA), and enhanced product ion (EPI) scan modes for the identification and quantitative analysis of nine BPs in human urine. Urine samples were initially thawed to room temperature, followed by digestion using ß-glucuronidase in an ammonium acetate buffer solution at 37 °C overnight. Subsequently, they were purified using 96-well SPE and finally analyzed by UHPLC-MS/MS. The limits of detection (LOD) for the nine BPs ranged from 0.05 µgâkg-1 to 0.3 µg kg-1. Average recoveries fell within the range of 92.8 % to 111.7 %. Moreover, both the intra-day and inter-day precisions were satisfactory, with relative standard deviations (RSDs) ranging from 2.2 % to 6.7 % and 3.5 % to 6.3 %, respectively. The targets in the samples exhibited a perfect match, with a purity fit value exceeding 70 % from the self-built library. The analytical method developed in this study demonstrates high accuracy and sensitivity. In addition, the MRM-IDA-EPI mode can effectively identifies the target BPs and prevents false positive detection of analytes in the urine.
Subject(s)
Benzhydryl Compounds , Limit of Detection , Phenols , Solid Phase Extraction , Tandem Mass Spectrometry , Humans , Tandem Mass Spectrometry/methods , Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid/methods , Solid Phase Extraction/methods , Phenols/urine , Benzhydryl Compounds/urine , Benzhydryl Compounds/chemistry , Endocrine Disruptors/urine , Reproducibility of Results , Female , Adult , MaleABSTRACT
Introduction: Ever since the use of bisphenol A (BPA) has been restricted, concerns have been raised regarding the use of its substitutes, such as bisphenol S (BPS) and bisphenol F (BPF). Meanwhile, the EU European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) issued the new tolerable daily intake (TDI) after the latest re-risk assessment for BPA, which enforced the need for cumulative risk assessment in the population. This study was conducted to identify BPA and its substitute's exposure characteristics of the general Taiwanese population and estimate the cumulative risk of bisphenol exposure. Methods: Urine samples (N = 366 [adult, 271; minor, 95]) were collected from individuals who participated in the Taiwan Environmental Survey for Toxicants 2013. The samples were analyzed for BPA, BPS, and BPF through ultraperformance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Daily intake (DI) levels were calculated for each bisphenol. Hazard quotients (HQs) were calculated with the consideration of tolerable DI and a reference dose. Additionally, hazard index (HI; sum of HQs for each bisphenol) values were calculated. Results: Our study found that the median level of BPA was significantly higher in adults (9.63 µg/g creatinine) than in minors (6.63 µg/g creatinine) (p < 0.001). The DI of BPS was higher in female (0.69 ng/kg/day) than in male (0.49 ng/kg/day); however, the DIs of BPF and BPS were higher in boys (1.15 and 0.26 ng/kg/day, respectively) than in girls (0.57 and 0.20 ng/kg/day, respectively). Most HI values exceeded 1 (99% of the participants) after EFSA re-establish the TDI of BPA. Discussion: Our study revealed that the exposure profiles and risk of BPA and its substitute in Taiwanese varied by age and sex. Additionally, the exposure risk of BPA was deemed unacceptable in Taiwan according to new EFSA regulations, and food contamination could be the possible source of exposure. We suggest that the risk of exposure to BPA and its substitutes in most human biomonitoring studies should be reassessed based on new scientific evidence.
Subject(s)
Benzhydryl Compounds , Environmental Exposure , Phenols , Sulfones , Humans , Phenols/urine , Phenols/analysis , Phenols/toxicity , Benzhydryl Compounds/urine , Benzhydryl Compounds/toxicity , Female , Male , Taiwan , Adult , Risk Assessment , Environmental Exposure/analysis , Environmental Exposure/statistics & numerical data , Child , Middle Aged , Adolescent , Sulfones/analysis , Young Adult , Aged , Child, Preschool , Tandem Mass Spectrometry , Environmental Monitoring , Surveys and Questionnaires , Environmental Pollutants/analysisABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Bisphenol A (BPA) is a well-known endocrine disrupter used in several consumer products. Restricted use of BPA has led to increased use of bisphenol F (BPF) and bisphenol S (BPS). While previous studies found no associations between prenatal BPA and BPF exposure and bone mineral density (BMD), two recent cohort studies found that prenatal BPS exposure was negatively associated with bone mineral density in the offspring. AIM: To determine possible associations between maternal and child urinary bisphenol concentrations, BMD and bone mineral content (BMC) in 7-year-old healthy children. METHODS: Pregnant women were recruited in 2010-2012 to participate in the Odense Child Cohort (OCC), Denmark. Maternal urine samples were collected in gestational week 28 and urinary BPA concentration was measured by isotope diluted LC-MS/MS. The children delivered a urine sample at age 7 years in which BPA, BPF and BPS were measured by an extended LS-MS/MS method based on the original method. At age 7 years DXA scans were performed and BMC and Z-score for BMD calculated. Associations between osmolality adjusted urinary maternal BPA and child BPA, BPF and BPS concentrations and BMC and BMD Z-score were examined by multiple linear regression analysis adjusted for potential confounders. Additionally, a combined effect of the bisphenols were evaluated by including the sum of child urinary BPA, BPF and BPS concentrations in the statistical analyses. RESULTS: A total of 546 mothers and 453 children aged 7 years participated. BPA was detected in 84% and 96% of the maternal and child urine samples, respectively. We found no significant association between maternal urinary BPA concentration during pregnancy and BMC and BMD Z-score in 7-year-old children. In addition, no association between current bisphenol exposure in tertiles and bone density was found, interestingly, current BPA and summed bisphenol exposure in the highest 10% was associated with lower BMD Z-score at age 7-years, statistically significant for boys. CONCLUSION: In these low exposed children we found no association between prenatal or current bisphenol exposure in tertiles and BMD in healthy children, however, the highest 10% exposed children had lower BMD, significant for boys, suggesting a negative impact with high bisphenol exposure. The short half-lives of bisphenols and the cross-sectional nature of the child exposure prompt more longitudinal studies to further clarify this topic.
Subject(s)
Benzhydryl Compounds , Bone Density , Phenols , Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects , Sulfones , Humans , Phenols/urine , Child , Female , Benzhydryl Compounds/urine , Benzhydryl Compounds/adverse effects , Bone Density/drug effects , Male , Pregnancy , Sulfones/urine , Sulfones/adverse effects , Denmark , Cohort Studies , Endocrine Disruptors/urine , Endocrine Disruptors/adverse effects , Environmental Pollutants/urine , Adult , Environmental Exposure/adverse effects , Environmental Exposure/analysis , Maternal Exposure/adverse effectsABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To develop and validate a solid phase extraction-ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method for the determination of six bisphenols(bisphenol S, bisphenol F, bisphenol A, 2, 2'-methylenediphenol, bisphenol AF, bisphenol AP) in urine. METHODS: After enzymolysis of urine sample, the target substances were quickly purified and extracted by WAX solid phase extraction column. On ACQUITY BEH C_(18) column(2.1 mm×100 mm, 1.7 µm), the mobile phase of water and methanol was used to separate. Finally, multi-reaction detection was carried out under electrospray negative ion scanning, and quantification was carried out by internal standard method. RESULTS: The correlation coefficients(r) of the target compounds were all more than 0.998 in the range of 0.1-50.0 ng/mL, the linearity was good, and the detection limits were all lower than 0.1 ng/mL. The recoveries of the three standard concentrations(0.5, 5.0 and 50.0 ng/mL) were all between 80% and 120%, and the relative standard deviation was less than 20%(n=5). The standard reference material was detected and the concentration was within the reference range. CONCLUSION: This method can be used to detect six bisphenols in urine quickly and accurately, is suitable for the trace analysis of bisphenol compounds in human urine.
Subject(s)
Benzhydryl Compounds , Phenols , Tandem Mass Spectrometry , Humans , Phenols/urine , Phenols/analysis , Tandem Mass Spectrometry/methods , Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid/methods , Benzhydryl Compounds/urine , Solid Phase Extraction/methods , Sulfones/urineABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Emerging studies suggest that endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) in personal care and other consumer products are linked with various adverse health effects, including respiratory and reproductive effects. Despite Black persons using more personal care products than other demographic groups and having a high asthma burden, little is known regarding their consumer product use patterns and associated EDC exposures. OBJECTIVE: To examine the association between recent exposure to select EDCs with specific consumer products and behaviors in a cohort of 110 predominantly Black children with asthma, ages 8-17 years, living in Baltimore City, Maryland. METHODS: We quantified concentrations of bisphenol A (BPA), bisphenol S (BPS), bisphenol F, two dichlorophenols, four parabens, triclosan, benzophenone-3, and triclocarban in spot urine samples. Questionnaires were used to capture recent (last 24-h) consumer product use and behaviors. Associations between EDCs and consumer product uses/behaviors were assessed using multivariable linear regression, adjusting for age, gender, race/ethnicity, and caregiver income level. Effect estimates were expressed as geometric mean ratios of biomarker concentrations of product-users vs non-users. RESULTS: Increased concentrations to select EDCs were associated with recent use of air freshener (ratios; BPA: 1.9, 95%CI 1.4-2; BPS 1.7, 95%CI 1-2.97; propyl paraben: 3.0, 95%CI 1.6-5.6), scented candles (methyl paraben: 2.6, 95%CI 1.1-6.1), and scented carpet powder (2,5-dichlorophenol: 2.8, 95%CI 1.2-6.3). Additionally, consuming canned food was associated with some increased biomarker concentrations (ratios: BPA: 1.7, 95%CI 1.2-2.4; BPS: 2.1, 95% CI: 1.2-3.6). SIGNIFICANCE: These findings add to the body of evidence suggesting that recent use of select consumer products in Black children contributes to exposure of chemicals of concern and could potentially inform exposure mitigation interventions. Findings have broad potential health implications for pediatric populations and Black children who may face exposure and health disparities. IMPACT: Little is known about how children's personal care product use and consumer behaviors affect their exposures to endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs). This is particularly true for Black children who often experience a disparate exposure burden to many EDCs. This is a significant knowledge gap among children that are uniquely vulnerable to EDCs as they undergo critical windows of growth and development. Our findings show associations between consumer products and EDC exposures in predominantly Black children in low-income settings. Identifying EDC exposure determinants has broad health implications as many of these chemicals have been associated with adverse health risks.
Subject(s)
Asthma , Benzhydryl Compounds , Cosmetics , Endocrine Disruptors , Environmental Exposure , Parabens , Phenols , Humans , Child , Endocrine Disruptors/urine , Male , Adolescent , Female , Phenols/urine , Baltimore/epidemiology , Parabens/analysis , Environmental Exposure/analysis , Benzhydryl Compounds/urine , Triclosan/urine , Benzophenones/urine , Carbanilides/urine , Urban Population/statistics & numerical data , Black or African American/statistics & numerical data , Chlorophenols/urine , Surveys and Questionnaires , Environmental Pollutants/urine , SulfonesABSTRACT
Bisphenols are widely used as monomers and additives in plastic production. Thus, bisphenol A (BPA) and its most prominent substitutes have been detected in many environmental and human samples. This study proposes an online solid-phase extraction analytical methodology coupled to liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry for the determination of six bisphenols (BPA and bisphenols F (BPF), S (BPS), AF (BPAF), B (BPB), and E (BPE)) in urine samples as an efficient and automated methodology. The method was developed and validated for all bisphenols with good recoveries (92-112%) and repeatability (RSD ≤ 10%) despite the variable matrix effects, except BPAF (which would require a dedicated internal standard), achieving method quantification limits in the 0.05-2.2 ng mL-1 range. The methodology was subsequently applied to 435 urine samples from a non-occupational exposure population (civil servants for the regional government) from Santiago de Compostela (Galicia, Spain). Only BPA, BPF, and BPS were positively detected; the last two presented higher detection frequencies than BPA. When the urinary concentrations are extrapolated to human intake and compared to the European Food Safety Agency (EFSA) tolerable daily intake (TDI) of 2 × 10-4 µg kg-1 day-1 (TDI), all BPA positively identified samples would surpass this threshold. Although no TDI exists currently for the other two identified bisphenols, it is evident that human exposure to bisphenols should be limited. Finally, the results stratification by gender revealed higher levels of exposure to BPF in the women group.
Subject(s)
Benzhydryl Compounds , Phenols , Solid Phase Extraction , Tandem Mass Spectrometry , Phenols/urine , Tandem Mass Spectrometry/methods , Humans , Solid Phase Extraction/methods , Female , Male , Benzhydryl Compounds/urine , Chromatography, Liquid/methods , Adult , Limit of Detection , Middle Aged , Occupational Exposure/analysis , Reproducibility of Results , SpainABSTRACT
OBJECTIVES: To compare the urinary bisphenol A (BPA) levels in bottle-fed and never bottle-fed infants and under-five children and to determine the impact of bottle-feeding practices and sociodemographic factors on urinary BPA levels. METHODS: A community-based cross-sectional study was carried out on children aged between 2 to 60 months attending the Anganwadi centres in Chandigarh. RESULTS: Urine samples were collected from 184 children, out of which 94.56% (n = 174) children had detectable urinary BPA levels. The mean (SD) BPA level was 2.74 (2.60) ng/ml and BPA was detected in 93.9% of 'ever' bottle-fed children (n = 93/99) and 95.3% of 'never' bottle-fed children (n = 81/85) (P = 0.69). On multivariate regression analysis, there were no significant predictors for high (≥ 75th percentile) urinary BPA levels. Still, the odds of urinary BPA levels ≥75th percentile showed higher trend for significance among children from middle/higher socioeconomic background in reference to lower socioeconomic stratum (adjusted OR 7.02; 95% CI 1.24, 133.25; P = 0.07) and among children whose feeding bottles were brushed once or twice daily in reference to group with no daily brushing (adjusted OR 3.92, 95% CI 0.95, 20.56; P = 0.07). CONCLUSIONS: Although feeding with plastic bottle did not emerge as a statistically significant risk factor for BPA exposure, yet detection of BPA levels among majority of study children signals urgent need for unmasking exposure to other sources given the potential long-term toxicity of BPA among infants and young children.
Subject(s)
Benzhydryl Compounds , Bottle Feeding , Phenols , Humans , Benzhydryl Compounds/urine , Phenols/urine , Infant , India , Bottle Feeding/statistics & numerical data , Child, Preschool , Female , Male , Cross-Sectional Studies , Biological Monitoring/methodsABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Exposure to endocrine-disrupting chemicals such as bisphenols and phthalates during pregnancy may disrupt fetal developmental programming and influence early-life growth. We hypothesized that prenatal bisphenol and phthalate exposure was associated with alterations in adiposity through 4 years. This associations might change over time. METHODS: Among 1091 mother-child pairs in a New York City birth cohort study, we measured maternal urinary concentrations of bisphenols and phthalates at three time points in pregnancy and child weight, height, and triceps and subscapular skinfold thickness at ages 1, 2, 3, and 4 years. We used linear mixed models to assess associations of prenatal individual and grouped bisphenols and phthalates with overall and time-point-specific adiposity outcomes from birth to 4 years. RESULTS: We observed associations of higher maternal urinary second trimester total bisphenol and bisphenol A concentrations in pregnancy and overall child weight between birth and 4 years only (Beta 0.10 (95 % confidence interval 0.04, 0.16) and 0.07 (0.02, 0.12) standard deviation score (SDS) change in weight per natural log increase in exposure), We reported an interaction of the exposures with time, and analysis showed associations of higher pregnancy-averaged mono-(2-carboxymethyl) phthalate with higher child weight at 3 years (0.14 (0.06, 0.22)), and of higher high-molecular-weight phthalate, di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate, mono-(2-ethyl-5-carboxypentyl) phthalate, mono-(2-carboxymethyl) phthalate, and mono-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate with higher child weight at 4 years (0.16 (0.04, 0.28), 0.15 (0.03, 0.27), 0.19 (0.07, 0.31), 0.16 (0.07, 0.24), 0.11 (0.03, 0.19)). Higher pregnancy-averaged high-molecular-weight phthalate, di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate, mono-(2-ethyl-5-carboxypentyl) phthalate, mono-(2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl) phthalate, and mono-2(ethyl-5-oxohexyl) phthalate concentrations were associated with higher child BMI at 4 years (0.20 (0.05, 0.35), 0.20 (0.05, 0.35), 0.22 (0.06, 0.37), 0.20 (0.05, 0.34), 0.20 (0.05, 0.34)). For skinfold thicknesses, we observed no associations. DISCUSSION: This study contributes to the evidence suggesting associations of prenatal exposure to bisphenols and high-molecular-weight phthalates on childhood weight and BMI.
Subject(s)
Benzhydryl Compounds , Maternal Exposure , Phenols , Phthalic Acids , Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects , Humans , Female , Phthalic Acids/urine , Phenols/urine , New York City , Pregnancy , Benzhydryl Compounds/urine , Child, Preschool , Maternal Exposure/statistics & numerical data , Cohort Studies , Infant , Adult , Environmental Pollutants/urine , Male , Infant, Newborn , Endocrine Disruptors/urine , Child Development/drug effectsABSTRACT
The aim of this research was to examine the correlation between the exposure to bisphenol analogues (BPs), such as bisphenol A (BPA), bisphenol F (BPF), and bisphenol S (BPS), and the risk of developing systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Ultra performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) was utilized to measure the levels of BPA, BPF, and BPS in the urine of 168 female participants diagnosed with SLE and 175 female participants who were deemed healthy controls. Logistic regression models were utilized to assess the connections between levels of bisphenol and the risk of SLE. The findings indicated that levels of BPA and BPF in the urine of individuals with SLE were markedly elevated compared to those in the control group. Higher exposure to BPA and BPF exhibited positive dose-response relationships with increased SLE risk. No significant associations were identified between BPS and the risk of SLE. These findings suggest exposure to BPA and BPF may be implicated as novel environmental triggers in the development of autoimmunity such as SLE. The significantly increased levels of these bisphenol analogues detected in SLE patients versus healthy controls, along with the associations between higher exposures and elevated SLE risk, which offers crucial hints for comprehending how endocrine-disrupting substances contribute to the genesis of autoimmune illnesses. Further research using robust longitudinal assessments of bisphenol analogue exposures is warranted to corroborate these epidemiological findings. Overall, this study highlights potential environmental risk factors for SLE while calling for additional investigation into the impact of bisphenol exposures on autoimmunity development.
Subject(s)
Benzhydryl Compounds , Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic , Phenols , Sulfones , Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/chemically induced , Phenols/urine , Humans , Benzhydryl Compounds/urine , Female , Adult , Environmental Exposure/statistics & numerical data , Tandem Mass Spectrometry , Environmental Pollutants , Middle Aged , Endocrine Disruptors , Autoimmunity/drug effects , Case-Control Studies , Young AdultABSTRACT
We established an ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) method for simultaneously analyzing the metabolites of bisphenols and phthalates in urine to identify the associations between these exposure levels and prostate cancer (PCa) based on a case-control study. After purifying urine samples with SPE, 18 metabolites were separated on a C18 column, and MS detection was performed. The UPLC-MS/MS method has been proven effective at evaluating bisphenol and phthalate exposure (0.020-0.20 µg/L of the limits of detection, 71.8 %â¼119.4 % of recoveries, 0.4 %â¼8.2 % of precision). Logistic regression explored the association between exposure level and PCa in 187 PCa cases and 151 controls. The detection rates of bisphenol A (BPA) and most phthalate metabolites were 100 % ranging from 0.06-46.74 and 0.12-899.92 µg/g creatinine, respectively, while the detection rates of other bisphenols and mono-benzyl phthalate (MBzP) are low, ranging from 0 % to 21.85 %. Correlation analysis of the metabolite levels indicated that the exposure sources of BPA, di-ethyl phthalate (DEP), and di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) were different, and that the exposure sources of di-n-butyl phthalate (DnBP) and di-isobutyl phthalate (DiBP) may differ between two groups. Logistic regression analysis revealed that BPA (OR<0.45 vs ≥1.43 =10.02) and DEHP exposure (OR<21.75 vs ≥45.42 =48.26) increased the risk of PCa.
Subject(s)
Benzhydryl Compounds , Environmental Exposure , Phenols , Phthalic Acids , Prostatic Neoplasms , Prostatic Neoplasms/urine , Prostatic Neoplasms/chemically induced , Prostatic Neoplasms/epidemiology , Male , Phenols/urine , Phenols/analysis , Humans , Phthalic Acids/urine , Phthalic Acids/analysis , Benzhydryl Compounds/urine , Case-Control Studies , Middle Aged , Aged , Environmental Exposure/analysis , Tandem Mass Spectrometry , Environmental Pollutants/urine , Environmental Pollutants/analysis , Chromatography, High Pressure LiquidABSTRACT
The increasing global prevalence of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) has been hypothesized to be associated with maternal exposure to environmental chemicals. Here, among 420 women participating in the Alberta Pregnancy Outcomes and Nutrition (APrON) cohort study, we examined associations between GDM and second trimester blood or urine concentrations of endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs): bisphenol-A (BPA), bisphenol-S (BPS), twelve phthalate metabolites, eight perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs), and eleven trace elements. Fifteen (3.57%) of the women were diagnosed with GDM, and associations between the environmental chemical exposures and GDM diagnosis were examined using multiple logistic and LASSO regression analyses in single- and multi-chemical exposure models, respectively. In single chemical exposure models, BPA and mercury were associated with increased odds of GDM, while a significant inverse association was observed for zinc. Double-LASSO regression analysis selected mercury (AOR: 1.51, CI: 1.12-2.02), zinc (AOR: 0.017, CI: 0.0005-0.56), and perfluoroundecanoic acid (PFUnA), a PFAAs, (AOR: 0.43, CI: 0.19-0.94) as the best predictors of GDM. The combined data for this Canadian cohort suggest that second trimester blood mercury was a robust predictor of GDM diagnosis, whereas blood zinc and PFUnA were protective factors. Research into mechanisms that underlie the associations between mercury, zinc, PFUnA, and the development of GDM is needed.
Subject(s)
Benzhydryl Compounds , Diabetes, Gestational , Endocrine Disruptors , Environmental Pollutants , Fluorocarbons , Maternal Exposure , Phenols , Phthalic Acids , Female , Humans , Pregnancy , Fluorocarbons/blood , Diabetes, Gestational/epidemiology , Diabetes, Gestational/blood , Phenols/blood , Phenols/urine , Adult , Benzhydryl Compounds/blood , Benzhydryl Compounds/urine , Phthalic Acids/urine , Phthalic Acids/blood , Endocrine Disruptors/blood , Endocrine Disruptors/urine , Maternal Exposure/adverse effects , Environmental Pollutants/blood , Cohort Studies , Trace Elements/blood , Trace Elements/urine , Alkanesulfonic Acids/blood , Young Adult , SulfonesABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Overweight and obesity are among the leading chronic diseases worldwide. Environmental phenols have been renowned as endocrine disruptors that contribute to weight changes; however, the effects of exposure to mixed phenols on obesity are not well established. METHODS: Using data from adults in National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, this study examined the individual and combined effects of four phenols on obesity. A combination of traditional logistic regression and two mixed models (weighted quantile sum (WQS) regression and Bayesian kernel-machine regression (BKMR)) were used together to assess the role of phenols in the development of obesity. The potential mediation of cholesterol on these effects was analyzed through a parallel mediation model. RESULTS: The results demonstrated that solitary phenols except triclosan were inversely associated with obesity (P-value < 0.05). The WQS index was also negatively correlated with general obesity (ß: 0.770, 95% CI: 0.644-0.919, P-value = 0.004) and abdominal obesity (ß: 0.781, 95% CI: 0.658-0.928, P-value = 0.004). Consistently, the BKMR model demonstrated the significant joint negative effects of phenols on obesity. The parallel mediation analysis revealed that high-density lipoprotein mediated the effects of all four single phenols on obesity, whereas low-density lipoprotein only mediated the association between benzophenol-3 and obesity. Moreover, Cholesterol acts as a mediator of the association between mixed phenols and obesity. Exposure to single and mixed phenols significantly and negatively correlated with obesity. Cholesterol mediated the association of single and mixed environmental phenols with obesity. CONCLUSIONS: Assessing the potential public health risks of mixed phenols helps to incorporate this information into practical health advice and guidance.