Trends and determinants of prelacteal feeding in Turkey: analysis of 2003-2018 demographic and health surveys.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of the current study is to analyse the trends, determinants of prelacteal feeding (PLF) and its relations with the mode of delivery among infants <24 months over the years 2003-2018. DESIGN: We pooled data from Turkey Demographic and Health Surveys (TDHS). The key outcome variable was PLF. Factors associated with PLF were analysed by using complex sample multiple logistic regression analysis, separately and merged database. SETTING: TDHS in 2003, 2008, 2013 and 2018. PARTICIPANTS: Mother-infant dyads (n 4942). RESULTS: PLF rates fluctuated between 29·3 and 41·4 %. The most common types of PLF were infant formula (61·1 %) followed by sugar/glucose water (24·9 %) and plain water (9·3 %). PLF rate was 1·51 times higher (95 % CI 1·28, 1·78) in cases delivered by caesarean section as compared with those delivered by vaginal route. According to the initiation time of breast-feeding after delivery, the most significant absolute change in PLF rate was observed within 1 h (10·9 % increase). Delayed initiation of breast-feeding was associated with significantly higher odds of PLF compared with the first hour (1 to < 2 h: adjusted OR (AOR) 1·29, 95 % CI 1·04, 1·61; 2-23 h: AOR 1·73, 95 % CI 1·42, 2·11; ≥24 h: AOR 11·37, 95 % CI 8·81, 14·69). CONCLUSIONS: To eliminate suboptimal breast-feeding practices, counselling on breast-feeding and delivery type during antenatal visits, postnatal breast-feeding support and social support should be provided to all mothers and families.

Parental Concerns about Newborn Feeding Post Hospital Discharge.

BACKGROUND: Post hospital discharge newborn feeding education mostly focuses on breastfeeding and is primarily targeted at term infants. Preterm and late-preterm infants are at risk for poor feeding postdischarge, and feeding challenges are common after discharge from the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). Families often have questions about feeding their infants after hospital discharge. PURPOSE: The goal of this project was to collect data on what questions parents have about feeding their baby after discharge and what strategies may be helpful to improve feeding experiences. These data were intended to inform plans to offer a no-cost newborn feeding clinic for all new parents after hospital discharge. METHODS: A speech-language pathologist attended a preexisting lactation support group to meet with families and provide feeding support. The speech-language pathologist collected data on types of questions parents asked, education provided, and changes made during the visit to improve feeding experiences. RESULTS: Sixty-eight families were seen in the first 6 months of the clinic. Fifty-eight were families of babies cared for in the well baby nursery; 10 were families of graduates from the NICU. Seventy-five percent of the infants were born full-term. Maternal questions focused primarily on bottles and recognizing satiety. The most commonly provided changes included trials of different bottles or positions to improve infant comfort during feedings. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: New parents often have questions about breastfeeding and bottle feedings after going home. Using these data, a decision was made to continue the no-cost infant feeding support group to address questions and provide guidance to parents after hospital discharge.

Marcadores de consumo alimentar e baixo peso em crianças menores de 6 meses acompanhadas no Sistema de Vigilância Alimentar e Nutricional, Brasil, 2015 / Marcadores de consumo alimentario y bajo peso en menores de 6 meses, acompañados por el Sistema de Vigilancia Alimentaria y Nutricional, Brasil, 2015 / Food intake and underweight markers in children under 6 months old monitored via the Food and Nutrition Surveillance System, Brazil, 2015

Objetivo: investigar a frequência de aleitamento materno exclusivo, a introdução precoce de outros alimentos e a associação com o baixo peso em crianças brasileiras. Métodos: analisaram-se registros de menores de 6 meses com dados inseridos no Sistema de Vigilância Alimentar e Nutricional em 2015; investigaram-se associações, por regressão de Poisson. Resultados: encontraram-se prevalências de aleitamento exclusivo, 56,1% (IC95% 55,3;56,8), baixo peso para idade, 8,1% (IC95% 7,7;8,5), e baixo índice de massa corporal (IMC) para idade, 5,7% (IC95% 5,3;6,7); agua ou chás e fórmulas infantis foram os alimentos introduzidos mais precocemente; crianças em aleitamento materno exclusivo apresentaram menor prevalência de baixo peso (RP=0,73 - IC95% 0,61;0,87) e de baixo IMC (RP=0,69 - IC95% 0,56;0,85); o consumo de fórmulas infantis se associou ao deficit de peso (RP=1,35 - IC95% 1,15;1,58). Conclusão: reforçou-se a importância do aleitamento materno exclusivo para o adequado crescimento até os 6 meses.

Objetivo: investigar la frecuencia de la lactancia materna exclusiva, la introducción precoz de otros alimentos y su asociación con el bajo peso en niños brasileños. Métodos: se analizaron registros de menores de seis meses con datos insertados en el Sistema de Vigilancia Alimentaria y Nutricional en 2015; se investigaron las asociaciones por medio de la Regresión de Poisson. Resultados: se hallaron prevalencias de lactancia exclusiva, 56,1% (IC95% 55,3;56,8), bajo peso para la edad, 8,1% (IC95% 7,7;8,5), y bajo Índice de Masa Corporal (IMC) para la edad, 5,7% (IC95% 5,3;6,7); agua o tés y fórmulas infantiles fueron los alimentos introducidos más precozmente; los niños en lactancia materna exclusiva presentaron menor prevalencia de bajo peso (RP=0,73 - IC95% 0,61;0,87) y de bajo IMC (RP=0,69 - IC95% 0,56;0,85); el consumo de fórmulas se asoció al deficit de peso (RP=1,35 - IC95% 1,15;1,58). Conclusión: se ha reforzado la importancia de la lactancia materna exclusiva para el adecuado crecimiento has los 6 meses.

Objective: to investigate the frequency of exclusive breastfeeding, early introduction of other foods and association with prevalence of low weight in Brazilian children. Methods: we analyzed records of children under 6 months of age held on the Food and Nutrition Surveillance System for the year 2015; associations were investigated through Poisson Regression. Results: we found prevalence of 56.1% (95%CI 55.3;56.8) for exclusive breastfeeding, 8.1% (95%CI 7.7;8.5) for low weight for age, and 5.7% (95%CI 5.3;6.7) for low BMI for age; water or teas and infant formulas were the earliest foods introduced; underweight prevalence was lower (PR=0.73 - 95%CI 0.61;0.87) as was prevalence of low BMI (PR=0.69 - 95%CI 0.56;0.85) among exclusively breastfed infants; infant formula intake was associated with low weight (PR=1.35 - 95%CI 1.15;1.58). Conclusion: the importance of exclusive breastfeeding for adequate growth in the first 6 months of life was reinforced.

Interacciones fármaco-nutriente en el soporte nutricional artificial / Drug-nutrient interactions in artificial nutritional support

La interacción fármaco-nutriente se define como una alteración de la cinética o dinámica de un medicamento o nutriente, y/o el deterioro del estado nutricional causado por la administración del fármaco. La cinética se refiere a la descripción cuantitativa de un medicamento o su disponibilidad, y la dinámica caracteriza el efecto clínico o fisiológico de la droga. Para la realización de esta revisión se han seleccionado y consultado un total de 21 artículos citados en la base de datos PubMed junto con los informes de diferentes guías de Sociedades Científicas españolas sobre práctica clínica relacionadas con dichas interacciones. En ellos se recogen diferentes tipos de interacciones y efectos negativos que se inducen tanto a nivel de la nutrición enteral (NE) como de la parenteral (NP). La disponibilidad de nutrientes puede verse afectada por el fármaco y el efecto terapéutico del fármaco puede ser modificado por el nutriente, incluido el riesgo de efectos adversos. Esta interacción se hace aún más relevante, cuando hablamos de soporte nutricional artificial, pues, los pacientes que requieren el uso de NE o NP, por lo general, no suelen estar sometidos exclusivamente a esa intervención médica, sino que solo es una parte más de su terapia farmacológica, aumentando el riesgo de interacciones y pudiendo ocasionar una pérdida de efectividad del tratamiento farmacológico, obstrucción de la sonda, incompatibilidad y desestabilización de la emulsión de NP, aparición de reacciones adversas o alteración del estado nutricional entre otros. Las consecuencias clínicas, derivadas de ello, dependerán del tipo de fármaco y de las características del paciente, siendo más susceptibles, los pacientes crónicos polimedicados, ancianos, y en estado crítico. Se concluye en la necesidad de conocer los principales tipos de interacciones, así como las técnicas de administración adecuadas, para ayudar a minimizar estas incompatibilidades y favorecer el éxito de una buena farmacoterapia

The drug-nutrient interaction is defined as an alteration of the kinetics and/or dynamics of a medicine or nutrient, and/or the deterioration of the nutritional status caused by the administration of the drug. Kinetics refers to the quantitative description of a drug or its availability, and the dynamics characterizes the clinical or physiological effects of the drug. In order to carry out this review, a total of 21 articles cited in the PubMed database were selected and consulted together with the reports of different Spanish Society Societies' guides on clinical practice related to these interactions.They contain different types of interactions and negative effects that are induced both at the level of enteral nutrition (EN) and parenteral (NP). Therefore, the availability of nutrients can be affected by the drug and the effect of the drug can be modified by the nutrient, including the risk of adverse effects. This interaction becomes even more relevant, when we speak of artificial nutritional support, therefore, patients that require the use of enteral or parenteral nutrition, in general, are not usually subjected exclusively to this medical intervention, but it is only one more part of their pharmacological therapy, increasing the risk of interactions and causing a loss of effectiveness of the pharmacological treatment, obstruction of the feeding tube, incompatibility and destabilization of the NP emulsion, appearance of adverse reactions or alteration of the nutritional status among others. The clinical consequences, derived from this, will depend on the type of drug and the characteristics of the patient, being more susceptible chronic polymedicated patients, elderly, and in critical conditions. In conclusion, it is essential to know the main types of interactions, as well as the appropriate administration techniques, to help minimize these incompatibilities and promote the success of good pharmacotherapy

Breastfeeding Versus Bottle Feeding on Malocclusion in Children: A Meta-Analysis Study.

BACKGROUND: Breastfeeding plays an important role in child health. However, there are doubts about its influence on malocclusions. Systematic reviews have yielded contradictory results. Research aim: This study aimed to investigate whether the type and duration of breastfeeding are associated with malocclusions in primary teething. METHODS: The review strategy included several electronic databases, lists of references, reviews, dissertation and thesis websites, experts, and other relevant documents. Published and unpublished observational studies ( N = 42) were reviewed using the Participants (children), Interventions (breastfeeding), Comparisons (bottle feeding), Outcomes (malocclusion), and Study design (observational) strategy, without restrictions on language or locale. Information about the authors, publication year, country of study, setting, study design, sample size, age, type and duration of exclusive and mixed breastfeeding, and malocclusions was recorded by two blinded evaluators. Quantitative meta-analysis ( N = 30) of the studies with available data was performed. RESULTS: Breastfeeding was a protective factor against malocclusions. The odds of association increased with breastfeeding duration. Irrespective of duration, breastfeeding had a protective association with open bite. For those who were breastfed for up to 6 months, breastfeeding protected against overjet, open bite, posterior crossbite, and crowding. Breastfeeding for 12 months or longer was associated with lower odds of overjet, open bite, and posterior crossbite. Breastfeeding exclusively for 6 months was also a protective factor against malocclusions. However, studies on this subject presented low quality, statistical heterogeneity, and only unadjusted measures of association in most of the cases. CONCLUSION: Breastfeeding beneficially affects primary occlusion when practiced for at least 6 months.

Séptima Lección Jesús Culebras. Respuesta inflamatoria sistémica y disfunción/fracaso multiorgánico tras una agresión: implicaciones metabólicas / Seventh Jesús Culebras Lecture. Systemic inflammatory response and multi organic dysfunction/failure following aggression: metabolic implications

Ante cualquier agresión, el organismo pone en marcha una respuesta inflamatoria, mediada por factores humorales y celulares, que tiende a limitar el proceso y a conseguir la curación. En algunos casos, ya sea por la intensidad o duración de la noxa, ya por una inadecuada respuesta del huésped secundaria a polimorfismos genéticos, malnutrición u otras causas, se produce un estado de hiperactivación de las células inflamatorias, con liberación de células inmaduras y activación de monocitos y macrófagos, que liberan poderosos mediadores proinflamatorios e inducen un estado de inflamación sistémica generalizada. Numerosos procesos pueden dar lugar a esta respuesta inflamatoria (sepsis, traumatismos, quemaduras, pancreatitis, etc.) con activación de los sistemas leucocitarios, endoteliales, de la coagulación y de la respuesta neuroendocrina, lo que genera un complejo entramado de mediadores (citocinas, moléculas de adhesión y factores de crecimiento, entre otros). Clínicamente, la respuesta se caracteriza por inflamación, anorexia, inmovilidad, aumento en la permeabilidad vascular que condiciona la aparición de edema, vasodilatación que se acompaña de hipotensión, taquicardia e incremento del gasto cardiaco. Por otro lado, la respuesta metabólica al estrés forma parte de ese mecanismo de adaptación, que el organismo genera para sobrevivir a la enfermedad aguda aumentando el aporte de sustratos energéticos a los tejidos vitales. Como resultado de esa compleja respuesta metabólica, el control de la utilización de los sustratos energéticos está solo parcialmente regulado por su disponibilidad, debido a que al estar alterados los mecanismos de producción energética, el organismo busca sustratos alternativos (AU)

Following any aggression, the body starts an inflammatory response, mediated by humoral and cellular factors, intended to limit the process and eventually to heal. In some cases, either due to the intensity or the duration of the aggression or due to an inadequate response of the host, secondary to genetic polymorphisms, malnutrition or other causes, a state of hyper activation of inflammatory cells is originated, with liberation of immature cells and activation of monocytes and macrophages, which liberate very powerful pro inflammatory mediators that induce a state of generalized systemic inflammation. Many processes may originate this inflammatory response, (sepsis, trauma, burns, pancreatitis, etc.) with activation of leukocyte, endothelial, coagulation and neuroendocrine response systems, generating a complex of mediators (cytokines, adhesion molecules, growth factors, etc.). Clinically, the response is characterized by inflammation, anorexia, stillness, increase of vascular permeability, factors that originate edema and vasodilatation, which is followed by hypotension, tachycardia and increased cardiac output. On the other hand, the metabolic response to stress is part of the mechanism of adaptation, generated by the organism in order to survive the acute disease by means of increasing energetic substrates to vital tissues. As a result of this complex metabolic response, the control of substrate utilization is only partially regulated because, being impaired the mechanisms of energy supply, the organism seeks alternative substrates (AU)

Differences in infant feeding practices by mode of conception in a United States cohort.

OBJECTIVE: To identify associations between fertility treatment use (assisted reproductive technologies, ovulation induction, and artificial insemination) and subsequent infant feeding practices. DESIGN: The Upstate KIDS population-based cohort enrolled mothers who delivered live births in New York (2008-2010), sampling on fertility treatment and plurality. SETTING: Not applicable. PATIENT(S): Data regarding singletons and one randomly selected infant between twins were used. INTERVENTION(S): Not applicable. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): Mothers reported breast feeding and formula feeding practices at 4, 8, and 12 months postpartum. Modified Poisson regression was used to compare risks for feeding practices by mode of conception. Marginal structural models were used to estimate the controlled direct effects of fertility treatment on feeding, independent of preterm birth. RESULT(S): Among 4,591 mothers, 1,361 (30%) conceived with the use of fertility treatments. Mothers who used fertility treatments were less likely to breast feed to 12 months after birth and were more likely to provide formula, solids, and juice by 4 months than mothers who did not conceive with treatments. Fertility treatment remained associated with breast feeding cessation and formula feeding in mediation analyses, suggesting that preterm birth does not fully explain these associations. CONCLUSION(S): Women who conceived with the use of fertility treatments were less likely to breast feed later in infancy and were more likely to provide formula, solids, and juice earlier in infancy. Our analyses accounted for confounding and preterm birth, but other contributing factors may include difficulties feeding twins or workplace breast feeding accommodations.

Hidratación y alimentación en los recién nacidos: adecuación del esfuerzo terapéutico / Nutrition and hydration in newborns: limiting treatment decisions

La nutrición e hidratación artificial constituyen elementos básicos en la atención de los recién nacidos prematuros y han contribuido a la mejoría en la esperanza de vida y el los resultados clínicos en estos pacientes. Aunque se considera que la nutrición artificial es un tratamiento médico y está sujeto, por tanto, a las mismas consideraciones que otros tratamientos (oportunidad, ventajas, inconvenientes), por sus connotaciones especiales las decisiones sobre no iniciar o retirar el soporte nutricional tienen una carga emocional especial. Este hecho es todavía más relevante en el caso de los prematuros, pues por debajo de la 34 semana de edad gestacional no es posible la alimentación por vía oral. Aunque la toma de decisiones y cuidados al final de la vida en neonatos debe realizarse no sólo basada en datos clínicos, sino también teniendo en cuenta los valores y las creencias de todos los intervinientes en el proceso, y siempre teniendo en cuenta el mejor interés del niño. Con el fin de poder conjugar todos los intereses y bajo la perspectiva de considerar que no hay ninguna vida inferior a las demás, podemos considerar adecuado incluir la retirada de la alimentación e hidratación artificial al final de la vida en aquellos niños en los que el pronóstico de vida sea infausto a corto plazo. No ocurre lo mismo en las situaciones en las que se prevé un mal pronóstico funcional, por ejemplo secuelas de daño neurológico, sin riego vital inmediato aumentado, y en quienes la retirada del soporte nutricional significaría el fallecimiento por este motivo

Artificial hydration and nutrition are key elements in the treatment in Neonatal Units, especially in premature babies. It has led to improved survival and better clinical outcomes. Artificial nutrition is considered a medical treatment and, in such a way, a balance between burdens and benefits should be taken into consideration. Nevertheless decisions on withholding or withdrawing artificial nutrition and hydration have special and emotional considerations. In premature babies it is also necessary to consider than below the 34th week of gestational age, effective suckling is not present, and so, oral nutrition is not a possibility. Decisions regarding the end-of-life care of neonates should be made taking into account clinical facts but also values and beliefs of all concerned, and always "in the best interest" of infants. In order to consider all this aspects, we could respect withdrawing or withholding artificial nutrition and hydration in those babies with an ominous prognosis in a short term basis. It has not the same consideration if there is a clear life risk but a prognosis based on severe future burden, mainly because of neurologic damage. In those cases withholding or withdrawing fluids and feedings would be the direct cause of death

Breastfeeding and risk of infections at 6 years.

BACKGROUND: Previous studies have shown that breastfeeding is associated with reductions in the risk of common infections among infants; however, whether breastfeeding confers longer term protection is inconclusive. METHODS: We linked data from the 2005-2007 IFPS II (Infant Feeding Practices Study II) and follow-up data collected when the children were 6 years old. Multivariable logistic regression was used, controlling for sociodemographic variables, to examine associations of initiation, duration, exclusivity of breastfeeding, timing of supplementing breastfeeding with formula, and breast milk intensity (proportion of milk feedings that were breast milk from age 0-6 months) with maternal reports of infection (cold/upper respiratory tract, ear, throat, sinus, pneumonia/lung, and urinary) and sick visits in the past year among 6-year-olds (N = 1281). RESULTS: The most common past-year infections were colds/upper respiratory tract (66%), ear (25%), and throat (24%) infections. No associations were found between breastfeeding and colds/upper respiratory tract, lung, or urinary tract infections. Prevalence of ear, throat, and sinus infections and number of sick visits differed according to breastfeeding duration, exclusivity, and timing of supplementing breastfeeding with formula (P < .05). Among children ever breastfed, children breastfed for ≥9 months had lower odds of past-year ear (adjusted odds ratio [aOR]: 0.69 [95% confidence interval (95% CI): 0.48-0.98]), throat (aOR: 0.68 [95% CI: 0.47-0.98]), and sinus (aOR: 0.47 [95% CI: 0.30-0.72]) infections compared with those breastfed >0 to <3 months. High breast milk intensity (>66.6%) during the first 6 months was associated with lower odds of sinus infection compared with low breast milk intensity (<33.3%) (aOR: 0.53 [95% CI: 0.35-0.79]). CONCLUSIONS: This prospective longitudinal study suggests that breastfeeding may protect against ear, throat, and sinus infections well beyond infancy.

Infant feeding practices and reported food allergies at 6 years of age.

OBJECTIVE: The goal of this study was to identify the frequency of physician-diagnosed food allergies among 6-year-old US children and study the impact of exclusive breastfeeding and complementary food introduction on this frequency. METHODS: Data were analyzed from children who participated in the Infant Feeding Practices Study II Year 6 Follow-Up Study (Y6FU). Children with probable food allergy (pFA) were defined as children with report of physician-diagnosed food allergy at age 6 years. Subgroups of pFA included children who were not diagnosed before 1 year of age (new pFA) and those with atopic risk factors (high risk). RESULTS: Prevalence of total pFA in the Y6FU was 6.34%. The majority of these children had new pFA and high-risk factors. Higher maternal education, higher family income, family history of food allergy, and reported eczema before 1 year of age were significantly associated with higher odds of total or new pFA. Exclusive breastfeeding duration and timing of complementary food introduction were not significantly associated with total pFA. However, exclusive breastfeeding of ≥4 months compared with no breastfeeding was marginally associated with lower odds of new pFA (adjusted odds ratio: 0.51; P = .07); this effect was not observed with high-risk children. CONCLUSIONS: Analysis of infant and maternal variables in the Y6FU cohort of US children revealed that socioeconomic and atopic factors were the main predictors of pFA at age 6 years. Exclusive breastfeeding of ≥4 months may have a preventive effect on development of pFA after 1 year of age in non high-risk children.

Bottle-feeding practices during early infancy and eating behaviors at 6 years of age.

BACKGROUND: Evidence suggests an association of breastfeeding with a maternal feeding style (MFS) that is less controlling than formula feeding, which, in turn, may improve a child's self-regulation of eating. This study examines associations of bottle-feeding practices during infancy with MFS and children's eating behavior (CEB) at 6 years old. METHODS: We linked data from the Infant Feeding Practices Study II to the Year 6 Follow-Up, which include 8 MFS and CEB measures adapted from previous validated instruments. Bottle-feeding practices during the first 6 months estimated by using the Infant Feeding Practices Study II were bottle-feeding intensity (BFI), mother's encouragement of infant to finish milk in the bottle, and infant finishing all milk in the bottle. Adjusted odds ratios (aORs) for associations of bottle-feeding practices with MFS and CEB at 6 years old were calculated by using multivariable logistic regressions controlling for sociodemographic characteristics and other feeding practices (N = 1117). RESULTS: Frequent bottle emptying encouraged by mothers during infancy increased odds of mothers encouraging their child to eat all the food on their plate (aOR: 2.37; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.65-3.41] and making sure their child eats enough (aOR: 1.62; 95% CI: 1.14-2.31) and of children eating all the food on their plate at 6 years old (aOR: 2.01; 95% CI: 1.05-3.83). High BFI during early infancy also increased the odds of mothers being especially careful to ensure their 6-year-old eats enough. CONCLUSIONS: Bottle-feeding practices during infancy may have long-term effects on MFS and CEB. Frequent bottle emptying encouraged by mothers and/or high BFI during early infancy increased the likelihood of mothers pressuring their 6-year-old child to eat and children's low satiety responsiveness.

Breastfeeding trends in Cambodia, and the increased use of breast-milk substitute-why is it a danger?

A cross-sectional analysis of the Cambodia Demographic Health Surveys from 2000, 2005 and 2010 was conducted to observe the national trends in infant and young child feeding practices. The results showed that rates of exclusive breastfeeding among infants aged 0-5.9 months have increased substantially since 2000, concurrent with an increase in the rates of early initiation of breastfeeding and a reduction in the giving of pre-lacteal feeds. However, the proportion of infants being fed with breast-milk substitutes (BMS) during 0-5.9 months doubled in 5 years (3.4% to 7.0%) from 2000 to 2005, but then did not increase from 2005, likely due to extensive public health campaigns on exclusive breastfeeding. BMS use increased among children aged 6-23.9 months from 2000 to 2010 (4.8% to 9.3%). 26.1% of women delivering in a private clinic provided their child with breast-milk substitute at 0-5.9 months, which is five times more than women delivering in the public sector (5.1%), and the greatest increase in bottle use happened among the urban poor (5.8% to 21.7%). These findings are discussed with reference to the increased supply and marketing of BMS that is occurring in Cambodia.

Breastfeeding in Mexico was stable, on average, but deteriorated among the poor, whereas complementary feeding improved: results from the 1999 to 2006 National Health and Nutrition Surveys.

We present: 1) indicators of infant and young child feeding practices (IYCFP) and median age of introduction of foods analyzed by geographic and socioeconomic variables for the 2006 national probabilistic Health Nutrition Survey (ENSANUT-2006); and 2) changes in IYCFP indicators between the 1999 national probabilistic Nutrition Survey and ENSANUT-2006, analyzed by the same variables. Participants were women 12-49 y and their <2-y-old children (2953 in 2006 and 3191 in 1999). Indicators were estimated with the status quo method. The median age of introduction of foods was calculated by the Kaplan-Meier method using recall data. The national median duration of breastfeeding was similar in both surveys, 9.7 mo in 1999 and 10.4 mo in 2006, but decreased in the vulnerable population. In 1999 indigenous women breastfed 20.8 mo but did so for only 13.0 mo in 2006. The national percentage of those exclusively breastfeeding <6 mo also remained stable: 20% in 1999 and 22.3% in 2006. Nevertheless, exclusively breastfeeding <6 mo changed within the indigenous population, from 46% in 1999 to 34.5% in 2006. Between surveys, most breastfeeding indicators had lower values in vulnerable populations than in those better-off. Complementary feeding, however, improved overall. Complementary feeding was inadequately timed: median age of introduction of plain water was 3 mo, formula and non-human milk was 5 mo, and cereals, legumes, and animal foods was 5 mo. Late introduction of animal foods occurred among vulnerable indigenous population when 50% consumed these products at 8 mo. Mexican IYCFP indicate that public policy must protect breastfeeding while promoting the timely introduction of complementary feeding.

Lactant amb irritabilitat i hipotensió a urgències / No disponible

No disponible

Injuries associated with bottles, pacifiers, and sippy cups in the United States, 1991-2010.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the epidemiology of injuries related to bottles, pacifiers, and sippy cups among young children in the United States. METHODS: A retrospective analysis was conducted by using data from the National Electronic Injury Surveillance System for children <3 years of age treated in emergency departments (1991-2010) for an injury associated with a bottle, pacifier, or sippy cup. RESULTS: An estimated 45398 (95% confidence interval: 38 770-52 026) children aged <3 years were treated in emergency departments for injuries related to these products during the study period, an average of 2270 cases per year. Most injuries involved bottles (65.8%), followed by pacifiers (19.9%) and sippy cups (14.3%). The most common mechanism was a fall while using the product (86.1% of injuries). Lacerations comprised the most common diagnosis (70.4%), and the most frequently injured body region was the mouth (71.0%). One-year-old children were injured most often. Children who were aged 1 or 2 years were nearly 2.99 times (95% confidence interval: 2.07-4.33) more likely to sustain a laceration compared with any other diagnosis. Product malfunctions were relatively uncommon (4.4% of cases). CONCLUSIONS: This study is the first to use a nationally representative sample to examine injuries associated with these products. Given the number of injuries, particularly those associated with falls while using the product, greater efforts are needed to promote proper usage, ensure safety in product design, and increase awareness of American Academy of Pediatrics' recommendations for transitioning to a cup and discontinuing pacifier use.

Marketing breast milk substitutes: problems and perils throughout the world.

On 21 May 1981 the WHO International Code of Marketing Breast Milk Substitutes (hereafter referred to as the Code) was passed by 118 votes to 1, the US casting the sole negative vote. The Code arose out of concern that the dramatic increase in mortality, malnutrition and diarrhoea in very young infants in the developing world was associated with aggressive marketing of formula. The Code prohibited any advertising of baby formula, bottles or teats and gifts to mothers or 'bribery' of health workers. Despite successes, it has been weakened over the years by the seemingly inexhaustible resources of the global pharmaceutical industry. This article reviews the long and tortuous history of the Code through the Convention on the Rights of the Child, the HIV pandemic and the rare instances when substitute feeding is clearly essential. Currently, suboptimal breastfeeding is associated with over a million deaths each year and 10% of the global disease burden in children. All health workers need to recognise inappropriate advertising of formula, to report violations of the Code and to support efforts to promote breastfeeding: the most effective way of preventing child mortality throughout the world.