Effect of yerba mate (Ilex paraguariensis) leaves on dough properties, antioxidant activity, and bread quality using whole wheat flour.

This study investigated the effects of different yerba mate (YM) proportions (1.5, 2.5, and 4.5 g YM/100 g whole wheat flour (WWF) and particle sizes (245, 415.5, and 623.9 µm) on dough rheological properties, antioxidant activity, and bread characteristics. The addition of YM leaves led to a possible interaction between its phenolic compounds and the gluten network within the dough, without negative effects on dough formation. However, the larger YM particle size (623.9 µm) caused a weakening of the protein network, resulting in lower quality product compared to the other samples. Improved bread quality was found when the YM leaves were added at 2.5 g YM/100 g WWF. The total amount of phenolic compounds and the antioxidant activity increased as the proportion of YM increased in both flour and bread. Moreover, the phenolic compounds in 2.5 g YM/100 g WWF breads were stable during baking, showing no significant losses in the amount of phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity. These results suggest the YM can be successfully incorporated into baked product, improving its functional characteristics. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: This study evaluates the technological quality of bakery product made by incorporating yerba mate leaves in whole wheat flour. The results will contribute to the production of a bread with greater functional properties due to the presence of polyphenols and phytochemicals.

Effects of dry heat treatment temperature on the structure of wheat flour and starch in vitro digestibility of bread.

The effects of the dry heat treatment (DHT) temperature (20, 50, 100, 150, 200 °C) on the structure of wheat flour and on the texture and in vitro starch digestibility of breads were investigated. X-ray diffraction and FTIR showed that increasing temperatures produced reduction of the hydrated starch structures, increased crystallinity and molecular order of starch chains, and had important effects on the gluten secondary structure. High treatment temperatures produced significant reductions in rapidly digestible starch (RDS) (53.21% at 20 °C, 22.24% at 200 °C), and the slowly digestible starch fraction tended to increase (26.12% at 20 °C, 31.48% at 200 °C). On the other hand, bread hardness showed a significant increase from 11.25 N at 20 °C to 49.53 N at 200 °C, the latter value being similar to that reported for bread crusts. Principal component analysis results showed that the flour and bread characteristics were drastically changed by the DHT, with 100 °C representing a critical temperature. Below 100 °C, breads showed textural characteristics close to that of the control bread, with reduced RDS fractions, while at temperatures above 100 °C, hardness was boosted.

Condições higienicossanitárias de agroindústrias que fornecem panificados à alimentação escolar

O estudo objetivou avaliar as condições higienicossanitárias de panificadoras em áreas rurais, as quais fornecem panificados à alimentação escolar. Estudo transversal e quantitativo realizado em sete panificadoras rurais inclusas ao Programa Nacional de Fortalecimento da Agricultura Familiar e que atendem ao Programa Nacional de Alimentação Escolar nas redes de ensino municipal e estadual do município de Guarapuava, PR. A avaliação foi realizada com auxílio da lista de verificação, na qual estão inclusas 12 categorias, baseada na Resolução RDC nº 216 de 15 de setembro de 2004 da Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária. Os estabelecimentos foram classificados em três grupos conforme a adequação: grupo 1 (76 a 100% atendimento dos itens), grupo 2 (51 a 75% atendimento dos itens) e grupo 3 (O a 50% atendimento dos itens). Todos os estabelecimentos avaliados classificaram-se no grupo 1, que atende 76 a 100% das adequações, apresentando o maior e menor número de conformidades 91% e 85%, respectivamente. As panificadoras foram consideradas adequadas para a maioria dos quesitos avaliados, entretanto, os itens com menores conformidades foram manipuladores, documentação e registro. Todos os estabelecimentos possuem um responsável técnico capacitado, o que contribui com os resultados obtidos. Assim, é de fundamental importância a fiscalização para garantir a segurança alimentar dos escolares, fornecendo alimentos seguros à população.(AU)

This study aimed to assess the sanitary conditions of bakeries in rural areas, which provide the bakery school feeding. Transversal and quantitative study conducted in seven rural bakeries included the National Family Farming Strengthening Program and attending the National School Feeding Programme in the municipal and state school systems in the municipality of Guarapuava-Pr. The evaluation was performed using the checklist, in which are included 12 categories, based on the RDC n.216 of September 15, 2004 of the National Health Surveillance Agency. The establishments were classified into three groups according to fitness: group 1 (76 to 100% meet items), group 2 (51-75% service items) and group 3 (0-50% meet items). All evaluated establishments classified in Group I, which meets 76-100% of adjustments, with the highest and lowest number of compliance 91% and 85%, respectively. Bakeries were considered adequate for most variables evaluated, however, the items with lower compliance were handlers, documentation and registration. All establishments have a responsible skilled technical, contributing to the results. It is vital surveillance to ensure food safety in school, providing safe food to the population.(AU)

Understanding gluten-free dough for reaching breads with physical quality and nutritional balance.

In the last decade the development of gluten-free foodstuffs has attracted great attention as a result of better diagnoses of coeliac disease and a greater knowledge of the relationship between gluten-free products and health. The increasing interest has prompted extensive research into the development of gluten-free foodstuffs that resemble gluten-containing foods. This review aims to provide some insights on dough functionality and process conditions regarding bread quality and to point out recent research dealing with the nutritional composition of those products. Gluten-free dough results from the combination of different ingredients, additives, and the processing aids required for building up network structures responsible for bread quality. Some relationships between dough rheology and bread characteristics were established to identify possible predictor parameters. Regarding bread-making processes, the impact of mixing, dough treatment and baking is stated. Nutritional quality is an important asset when developing gluten-free breads, and different strategies for improving it are reviewed. Gluten-free bread quality is dependent on ingredients and additives combination, but also processing can provide a way to improve bread quality. Nutritive value of the gluten-free breads must be always in mind when setting up recipes, for obtaining nutritionally balanced bread with adequate glycaemic index.

Analysis on the occurrence of bromate contamination in French type bread / Avaliação da contaminação por bromato em pães do tipo francês

Bread-making sector in Brazil has been doing efforts in order to follow the trends of a demanding and competitive market, and the use of additives (oxidizing agents) has been one alternative. Bromate potassium (KBrO3 ) is an oxidizing agent that enhances the gluten chains. Despite their technological and economical benefits, the toxicity of this product has been demonstrated when used as a food additive. In Brazil the addition of KBrO3 in flour and bakery products is prohibited, in any amount. The French-type bread samples collected from 25 commercial spots were analyzed in triplicates, being in total 75 trials. The bromate detection was performed in two steps: firstly a screening test by using a qualitative analytical method for identifying the oxidizing agents-positive samples; and subsequently the determination of BrO3 using the fuchsin-bisulfite reagent. This component was found in all of the analyzed samples. The confirmatory analysis identified bromate occurrence in samples from six of 25 analyzed stores, corresponding to a frequency of 24 % of analyzed samples. In spite of the use of potassium bromate has been forbidden in bakeries, this additive has still been employed by bread factories, representing a risk to the population health.(AU)

O setor de panificação no Brasil tem realizado esforços para acompanhar as tendências de um mercado exigente e competitivo, e uma das alternativas tem sido os agentes oxidantes. O bromato de potássio (KBrO3 ) é um agente oxidante que fortalece as cadeias de glúten. Apesar de benefícios tecnológicos e econômicos, sua toxicidade como aditivo alimentar tem sido demonstrada. No Brasil o emprego do KBrO3 é proibido em qualquer quantidade nas farinhas e nos produtos de panificação. Foram investigadas amostras de pão Francês provenientes de 25 pontos comerciais, que foram analisadas em triplicatas, totalizando-se 75 ensaios. A determinação de bromatos foi realizada em duas etapas: primeiramente pela prova de triagem utilizando-se o método analítico qualitativo, para identificar amostras positivas para agentes oxidantes e, posteriormente, a determinação de BrO3 - usando o reativo fucsina-bissulfito. Em todas as amostras foram detectados agentes oxidantes. Na análise confirmatória de bromato, foi identificada a presença deste aditivo em amostras de seis estabelecimentos dos 25 analisados, correspondendo à frequência de 24 % nas amostras examinadas. Este estudo mostra que apesar da proibição do emprego de KBrO3 em produtos de panificação, há ainda o uso deste componente pelos estabelecimentos comerciais, e isto representa risco à saúde da população.(AU)

Survey of aflatoxins in maize tortillas from Mexico City.

In Mexico, maize tortillas are consumed on a daily basis, leading to possible aflatoxin exposure. In a survey of 396 2-kg samples, taken over four sampling days in 2006 and 2007 from tortilla shops and supermarkets in Mexico City, aflatoxin levels were quantified by HPLC. In Mexico, the regulatory limit is 12 µg kg⁻¹ total aflatoxins for maize tortillas. In this survey, 17% of tortillas contained aflatoxins at levels of 3-385 µg kg⁻¹ or values below the limit of quantification (12 µg kg⁻¹ and 87% were below the regulatory limit. Average aflatoxin concentrations in 56 contaminated samples were: AFB1 (12.1 µg kg⁻¹); AFB2 (2.7 µg kg⁻¹); AFG1 (64.1 µg kg⁻¹) and AFG2 (3.7 µg kg⁻¹), and total AF (20.3 µg kg⁻¹).

Effect of lime and wood ash on the nixtamalization of maize and tortilla chemical and nutritional characteristics.

The objective of the study was to obtain information on the chemical composition, functional properties, sensory quality and protein value of tortillas made from the nixtamalization of maize using either lime or wood ashes. The Ca, K, Mg, Fe, and Zn content of lime and wood ashes showed lime to be high in Ca content while wood ash contained more K and about 71% of the Ca content of lime. Both contained relatively high levels of Mg, Fe and Zn, but more so in the wood ashes. The level of reagent for nixtamalization was set at 0.8% of the maize weight. All other processing conditions were kept constant. The pH of the cooking solution was 12.0 for lime and 10.9 for wood ash. The moisture content of maize at 60 min of cooking was 45.8% for both treatments, however after 12 h of soaking, moisture level was 51.0% for the lime treatment and only 46.8% for the ash treatment. Solids (2.4%) in the lime cooking liquor were higher than in the wood ash liquor (1.0%). Chemical composition changes were similar between treatments in masa and tortilla; however, both masa and tortillas absorbed relatively high levels of all minerals including Fe and Zn from the wood ash treatment. The different treatment influenced functional properties particularly hardness and color. Tortilla characteristics were also similar. Protein quality of both alkali cooked products was lower than that of raw corn, more so the product from the wood ash treatment. Although some differences were observed in the sensory studies, human subjects did not dislike the wood ash made tortillas.

[Effect of the addition of soy flour and whey protein concentrate on bread quality and mineral dialyzability]. / Efecto de la adición de harina de soja y concentrado proteico de suero de queso sobre la calidad del pan y la dializabilidad de minerales.

The effects of the addition of soy flour and whey protein concentrate (WPC) on dough properties and mold bread quality were studied. Farinograph and alveograph were used to evaluate dough properties. Mold bread quality was evaluated by assessing sensory attributes using a trained panel and analyzing some nutritional characteristics, such as: protein chemical score, available lysine, and potential availability of fortified iron and also of the intrinsic calcium and zinc. Addition of soy flour and WPC caused significant changes on dough properties. Chemical score of bread was increased from 40.2 to 41.4 when 6% WPC was used, from 40.2 to 52.2 when 6% soy flour was added and up to 60.0 when substitution was made with 6% WPC plus 6% soy flour. This last improvement was obtained without impairing sensory attributes. The highest value of available lysine loss during baking, corresponded to the blend containing WPC, but it was reduced when WPC was used together with soy flour. WPC addition increased calcium content but reduced potential availability of iron and zinc. This negative effect on iron availability was overcome by adding mineral absorption promoters, being EDTA the most effective. On the other hand addition of 6% soy flour improved protein value without affecting mineral availability.

Lactobacillus reuteri CRL 1100 as starter culture for wheat dough fermentation.

The effect of sucrose on the fermentation balance of Lactobacillus reuteri CRL 1100 and the invertase activity of this strain in wheat dough and culture medium (MRSs) was evaluated. The enzyme activity was dependent on the environmental pH releasing glucose and fructose from sucrose hydrolysis. Glucose was used as carbon source, while fructose was mainly used as electron acceptor to produce mannitol up to 10h of fermentation. Thereafter, fructose seemed to be metabolized by the heterofermentative pathway, which determined an increase in the concentration of acetate (6 mmol l(-1)), lactate (2 mmol l(-1)) and ethanol (1 mmol l(-1)) and the lack of mannitol formation after glucose depletion. The fermentation balance of Lb. reuteri CRL 1100 during the dough fermentation resulted in lower (63%) ethanol, higher (75%) acetate production and soluble carbohydrates concentrations, like MRSs cultures. This fermentation profile would be important to obtain an optimal growth of yeast and the optimal bread flavor and taste.

Functional and rheological properties of amaranth albumins extracted from two Mexican varieties.

The functional and rheological properties of amaranth albumins isolates extracted from two new Mexican varieties were determined. Functional properties tested were protein solubility, foaming, water and oil absorption capacities, emulsifying activity, and emulsion stability. The maximum solubility values for both amaranth albumins were found above pH 6 and values were compared to the solubility of egg albumins. Albumins from amaranth showed excellent foaming capacity and foaming stability at pH 5, suggesting that this protein could be used as whipping agents as egg albumins, also the water and oil absorption capacities reached their maximum values at acidic pH, suggesting that amaranth albumins could be appropriate in preparation of acidic foods. The rheological test based on farinograms and alveograms showed that wheat flour supplemented with 1% amaranth albumins improves the dough properties due to higher mixing stability and the bread had better crumb characteristics. In addition of the known high nutritional values of amaranth albumins, our results indicate the high potential for use of these proteins as an ingredient in food preparations.

[Development of bakery products for greater adult consumption based on wheat and rice flour]. / Desarrollo de un producto de panificación apto para el adulto mayor a base de harina de trigo y harina de arroz.

The present investigation was developed as a contribution to Guatemalan's elderly food and nutrition. Its main objective was to evaluate the chemical, nutritional and sensory quality of bread prepared from the partial substitution of wheat flour with rice flour. Wheat flour substitutions with rice flour in the order of 15, 20, 30, 40, 50 and 60% were evaluated. Differences with the control (100% wheat bread) were found during the process of preparation, as well as texture, volume, height, weight and specific volume. Important effects in dough handling were noted specifically in the 40, 50 and 60% rice bread. Thus, a sandy texture was found in breads of higher rice levels. The bread protein quality increased with the level of substitution; however the protein quality difference between the wheat bread and the bread with 60% rice flour did not achieve statistical significance. Based on a statistical analysis of the physical properties the bread with 30 and 40% rice flour was selected, and through a preference test between these last two, the 30% rice flour bread was selected as the sample best suited to the present study's purposes. This bread was not different to wheat bread in many nutritional parameters, although in others it showed to be superior. Each serving size of bread has a weight of 80 grams (2 slices) that contributes adequate quantity of calories, protein and sodium, although a little less dietary fiber than 100% wheat bread.

Compendio de normas sanitarias para la inspección, vigilancia y control de los establecimientos donde se procesan almacenan o expenden alimentos / Compendium of health standards for the inspection, monitoring and control of the establishments where it is stored or processed foods expended

La presente norma tiene como objeto establecer los requisitos sanitarios para la instalación y funcionamiento que deberán cumplir las plantas industriales y productos artesanales que procesan productos lácteos y derivados. Se incluyen las normas técnicas de panificación sanitaria y de calidad; los requisitos sanitarios de manipulación de alimentos. En anexo esta el reglamento de buenas prácticas de manufactura de la industria de alimentos que establece los requisitos generales, esenciales de higiene y de buenas prácticas de elaboración de alimentos destinados para consumo humano. Tambien se menciona la norma técnica del queso chontaleño, así mismo la norma de etiquetado de alimentos preenvasados para consumo humano.

Effect of freezing and frozen storage of doughs on bread quality.

The effects of freezing and storage in frozen conditions on bread quality, crumb properties, and aggregative behavior of glutenins were analyzed. The effect of different additives on bread quality was also studied. The results obtained showed that freezing and storage at -18 degrees C decreased the bread quality. Samples stored in frozen conditions supplemented with diacetyl-tartaric acid ester of monoglycerides, gluten, and guar gum produced breads of greater volume and more open crumb structure than those prepared with the base formulation (without additives). All additives analyzed increased the proof time. Crumb firmness increased with dough frozen storage and bread aging time at 4 degrees C. A decrease in the amount of glutenin subunits of high molecular mass was observed by electrophoresis analysis of the SDS-soluble proteins aggregates extracted from the frozen dough. This result suggested that the protein matrix of bread underwent depolymerization during storage in frozen conditions.

Elaboración y optimización de un producto de repostería para el adulto mayor / Manufacture and optimization of a pastry product for the elderly

Los adultos mayores presentan por lo general una gran tendencia a la malnutrición, ya sea porque sus requerimientos son diferentes a los del resto de la población o porque no tienen la capacidad de cubrirlos satisfactoriamente. Con el fin de ayudar a reestablecer y matener la salud de este grupo etáreo, se decidió elaborar y optimizar un producto de pastelería hipocalórico relleno con crema, que fuera liviano y fácil de ingerir incluso para adultos mayores con problemas dentales y también para aquellos con problemas de obesidad o diabetes. La crema fue suplementada con vitaminas y sales minerales en forma de premix, aportando cada uno el 10 por ciento de la ingesta diaria recomendada. El premix de sales minerales se compone de sulfato de zinc y hierro en forma de óxido sacaratado; y el premix de vitaminas, de vitaminas D,E,B2,B6,B12, Niacina y ácido fólico. El producto optimizado fue controlado a través de análisis físicos, químicos, microbiológicos y sensoriales, determinándose que su calidad corresponde a Grado 1, con una vida útil de 5 días en almacenamiento refrigerado 3-5ªC y 65-70 por ciento de humedad relativa. Se realizaron pruebas de aceptabilidad y tolerancia con grupos de adultos mayores, encontrándose un 98 por ciento de aceptación y ausencia de efectos secundarios

[Sensory evaluation of bread with potato flour]. / Evaluación sensorial de pan con harina de papa.

A sensory evaluation test was conducted in breads containing 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10% potato flour. The samples were sliced into equally sized pieces and served as coded randomized duplicates. All-wheat bread was used as a standard. The comparative preferences were rated on a 7-point hedonic scale (7 = very good, 1 = very bad) for appearance, flavor, texture and overall quality. The scores were statistically analyzed by the analysis of variance and the Chi square test. No significant differences were found in regard to flavor between the standard bread and bread containing from 2-10% potato flour. In the test of organoleptic quality, the bread containing 8% potato flour was rated as "good", as compared to "very good" for the all-wheat bread. However, this difference was not statistically significant. The values obtained in this study show that the incorporation of 6-8% potato flour in bread is perfectly feasible. This was obtained from a local food industry that in manufacturing the flour, used the Spartan variety potato produced in the southern region of Chile.

[Wheat: effects of mixing in breadmaking]. / Trigo: effectos del mezclado en panificación.

The purpose of this work was to investigate the effects of mixing especially of unmixing, in the breadmaking process. The three wheat cultivars selected for the study were Glenlea, Neepawa and Fredrick. To increase the mixing strength of Fredrick, a blend of equal parts of Fredrick and Neepawa flours (Fr/Np, 50/50) was prepared. The wheat doughs under study required widely different times and energy inputs for mixing. Glenlea, Neepawa and Fr/Np needed 14.3, 3.0 and 2.8 Wh/kg of dough, respectively, to reach the first development peak. The unmixed doughs showed a marked deterioration of bread quality in relation to those mixed to the first development peak. Increases of unmixing times produced remarkable decreases of bread quality. At 16 min of unmixing the reduction of loaf volume, in relation to the optimum development stage, ranged from 34 to 62%. After unmixing, remixing the dough to a second development peak caused a high improvement in the quality of the final product. The breadmaking tests demonstrated that the unmixing effects were stronger for the stronger flours.

[Chemical and nutritional evaluation of triticale (Secale sp.) cultivated in Chile]. / Evaluación química y nutricional de triticales (Secale, sp.) cultivados en Chile.

Six varieties of triticale and two varieties of wheat flours were analyzed for their proximal composition. The protein content of triticale flours ranged from 7.2 to 11.0%, and that of wheat flours, was 10.8 and 10.9%, respectively. The biological quality of Tca 8-74, measured as PER in Wistar rats, was 1.14, while that of commercial wheat flour was 0.85 (P less than 0.05). Amino acid supplementation of triticale flour with 0.2% L-lysine or 0.4% DL-threonine did not improve the biological quality of the protein. Supplementation with both amino acids, however, significantly improved both weight gain and PER. The value for the latter was 2.59 as compared to 2.62 for the standard casein diet. A panification assay was carried out using triticale, wheat and triticale: wheat blends in the following proportions: 1:0; 3:1; 1:1; 1:3; 0:1, and all of the breads were tested for their PER in rats. The PER for wheat bread and triticale bread was 1.05 and 1.25, respectively. None of the breads made from the wheat and triticale blends improved its protein quality beyond that of the wheat or triticale breads. The results of this study indicate that triticale has a better protein quality than wheat; furthermore, it may be used either alone or mixed with wheat in panification without affecting its protein value.