HLA-G, cytokines, and cytokine receptors in the non-aggressive basal cell carcinoma microenvironment.

Non-aggressive basal cell carcinoma (BCC) growth is slow and might be mediated by the immune system. This study analysed the human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-G expression and cytokine profile in non-aggressive BCC subtypes from distinct locations. HLA-G was evaluated via immunohistochemistry and cytokine expression was analysed by a quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction in 26 primary BCC samples, including nodular BCC (nBCC, n = 16) and superficial BCC (n = 10) from cephalic (ceBCC, n = 12) and non-cephalic (n = 14) locations, and by bioinformatics analysis of public GEO databases. Inflammatory infiltrate was concentrated around the tumour nests. HLA-G-positive inflammatory cells (53.85%) were more abundant than HLA-G-positive tumour cells (21.54%, p < 0.001). HLA-G immunoreactivity was predominantly cytoplasmic in BCC cells and was primarily associated with lymphocytes and macrophages surrounding the tumour. nBCC showed a higher percentage of HLA-G-positive tumour cells (p = 0.04), and ceBCC showed stronger intensity (p = 0.04). IFN-gamma and IL-10 expression were 1.95 and 1.22-fold higher, respectively, relative to that in normal skin, with a positive correlation between them (r = 0.61; p = 0.002). IL-23 expression was higher in nBCC (p = 0.04) and positively correlated (r = 0.47; p = 0.05) with slight intensity of HLA-G-positive tumour cells. The up-regulation of IL23A and IL10RB and down-regulation of IFNGR1 and IL4R gene expression in BCC compared to levels in adjacent tissues were demonstrated in the GSE125285 dataset. The exhibited cytokine profile was consistent with the induction of HLA-G expression in non-aggressive BCC subtypes. HLA-G expression in tumour cells and inflammatory cells surrounding BCCs supports the generation of inhibitory signals on various immune cells that exert anti-tumour responses.

Basic aspects of the pathogenesis and prevention of non-melanoma skin cancer in solid organ transplant recipients: a review.

INTRODUCTION: As numbers of transplant recipients and survival rates increase, the vulnerability of this population to several malignancies also rises. Non-melanoma skin cancer (NMSC) carries the highest rates of morbidity and mortality in this population. To avoid these malignancies, it is necessary to identify particular risk factors in transplant recipients and to follow preventive protocols. METHODS: The MEDLINE and EMBASE databases were reviewed using as keywords the medical subject headings (MeSH) "transplantation", "skin neoplasm" and "prevention". The search was limited to clinical trials, randomized clinical trials and case-control studies conducted during the previous 20 years. RESULTS: The most important risk factors for the development of NMSCs in the transplant recipient population are cumulative ultraviolet radiation exposure, use of immunosuppressive agents (especially azathioprine as a photosensitizing agent) and infections by human papillomaviruses. The use of sun protection and retinoids were identified as possible protective factors. Other potential therapies, such as antioxidants, difluormethylornithine and cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors, require further study. CONCLUSIONS: Patient risk factors for the development of NMSC should be reviewed during the transplant consultation. Individuals found to be at increased risk should undergo closer follow-up and preventive care counseling. This article proposes an algorithm for the prevention of NMSC.

HLA and skin cancer.

Skin cancer - melanoma and non melanoma - are common neoplasm with rising incidence over the last decades. It is an important public health problem. Its pathogenesis is not completely understood and the same happens with the genetic factors involved. The genes that encode the HLA are associated with some tumors and they may be responsible for one of the mechanisms that take part in the development of the before mentioned cancers. We have reviewed the literature on the subject of HLA antigens, melanoma and non melanoma skin cancer.

HLA and skin cancer / HLA e câncer de pele

Skin cancer - melanoma and non melanoma - are common neoplasm with rising incidence over the last decades. It is an important public health problem. Its pathogenesis is not completely understood and the same happens with the genetic factors involved. The genes that encode the HLA are associated with some tumors and they may be responsible for one of the mechanisms that take part in the development of the before mentioned cancers. We have reviewed the literature on the subject of HLA antigens, melanoma and non melanoma skin cancer.

Os cânceres da pele - melanoma e não-melanoma - são neoplasias comuns e com incidência crescente ao longo de décadas. Representam um importante problema de saúde pública. A patogênese destas neoplasias não é completamente compreendida, assim como não o são os fatores genéticos envolvidos. Os genes HLA estão associados a alguns tumores e podem representar um dos mecanismos implicados no desenvolvimento do câncer de pele. Apresenta-se uma revisão atualizada sobre a relação entre antígenos HLA, câncer da pele não-melanoma e melanoma.

Basal cell carcinoma of the prostate gland: a case report and brief review of the basal cell proliferations of the prostate gland.

Basal cell proliferations within the prostate gland encompass a group of benign and malignant entities. Although basal cell hyperplasia is a common finding, basal cell carcinoma of the prostate gland is a rare tumor that can be mistaken by a benign condition and represents a diagnostic problem in genitourinary pathology. We report a case of basal cell carcinoma in a previously healthy 65-year-old man with urinary symptoms and low prostate-specific antigen. The microscopic findings are presented and the use of immunohistochemical markers classifying basal cell lesions of the prostate discussed.

Detecção do papilomavírus humano em carcinomas basocelulares por meio da reação em cadeia da polimerase / Detection of human papillomavirus in basal cell carcinomas through polymerase chain reaction

O objetivo deste estudo é determinar, nos pacientes portadores de carcinomas basocelulares, a presença do papilomavírus humano nos referidos tumores, comparando-a com a pele sadia extraída de região fotoprotegida. Para tal, vinte e três pacientes com carcinomas basocelulares tiveram o tumor e pele axilar estudados quanto à presença do papilomavírus humano, através da reação em cadeia da polimerase, utilizando primers (iniciadores) degenerados da região L1. Preliminarmente o controle da metodologia empregada foi estabelecido sobre verrugas vulgares, que reconhecidamente tinham a presença do papilomavírus humano, confrontadas com tecido cutâneo de indivíduos dermatologicamente sadios e presumidamente isentos de tal vírus. O papilomavírus humano foi evidenciado em 60,86% dos tumores estudados, e em 43,47% da pele obtida das respectivas axilas dos pacientes, mas esta diferença não foi estatisticamente significante (p>0,05). Os resultados da reação em cadeia da polimerase nos tumores e nas alias são independentes, ou seja, o fato de um indivíduo ter reação positiva no tumor não significa necessariamente que também a tenha na pele axilar retirada da região axilar e vice-versa. Contudo, estes resultados sugerem que o papilomavírus humano esteja disseminado apenas nos pacientes com tumores, pois os indivíduos sadios não registraram a sua presença. Foram detectadas infecções mistas com fragmentos duplos de papilomavírus humano na pele de alguns paciente. Três casos de carcinomas basocelulares recidivados apresentaram também reação em cadeia da polimerase positiva, com o mesmo tamanho de fragmento de DNA (383 pb), sugerindo uma possível relação entre tipo específico de papilomavírus humano e agressividade tumoral. A presença do papilomavírus humano em, aproximadamente, 70% dos pacientes com carcinomas basocelulares, independentemente da região analisada ser o tumor ou a pele axilar, e a não detecção de papilomavírus humano nos indivíduos dermatologicamente sadios sugerem uma possível ação do vírus associada a outros fatores ambientais e genéticos na etiopatogenia dos carcinomas basocelulares. (AU)

Expresión del antígeno HLA-DR1 en el infiltrado inflamatorio de carcinomas de piel y su relación con linfocitos T / Expression of HLA-DR1 antigen in skin carcinomas and its relation with T-Lymphocytes

Se empleó un método inmunohistoenzimático anticuerpos monoclonales IOR para estudiar in situ la expresión del antígeno HLA-DR1 en el infiltrado inflamatorio de carcinomas de piel y relacionarlo con la presencia de linfocitos T en éste. Se clasificaron los casos según el informe de Anatomía Patológica en 50 carcinomas de células basales y 30 epidermoides. No se encontró diferencia significativa en la expresión de HLA-DR1 al comparar ambos carcinomas. Se encontró relación entre la cantidad de células que expresan HLA-DR1 y de linfocitos T CD6+, CD3+ y CD2+ en ambos tumores y la subpoblación CD4+ en el epidermoide. La cantidad de CD8+ resultó escasa en todos los casos

Aspectos inmunológicos del epitelioma basocelular / Immunologic aspects of the basal cell epitelioma

El epitelioma basocelular es el cáncer más común en humanos. Existen muchos factores involucrados en la relación huésped-tumor que determinan el aumento o la disminución de un determinado tumor. Este artículo examina algunos de estos factores, como el efecto de la radiación ultravioleta sobre la piel, el papel de células de Langerhans en el desarrollo de esta neoplasia, la respuesta inmunológica local y discute el papel de oncogenes en el epitelioma basocelular

Estudio "in situ" de las poblaciones de celulas mononucleares en carcinomas de piel / \"In situ\" study of mononuclear cell populations in skin carcinoma

Se realizo un estudio inmunohistologico con anticuerpos monoclonales IOR y se identificaron las poblaciones de celulas mononucleares presentes en el infiltrado reaccional de los carcinomas basocelular y epidermoide de piel. Se comparo la composicion celular del infiltrado reacional entre estos carcinomas, se encontraron diferencias significativas en el comportamiento de lapoblacion de linfocitos T CD6+ y de monocitos y macrofagos. Por los resultados obtenidos se explica como pudieran influir en el comportamiento biologico de estos tumores

Biology of basal cell carcinoma (part I e part II)

PART I - Basal cell carcinoma is the most common malignancy in humans. Although rarely metastatic, it is capable of significant local destruction and disfigurement. This two-part article reviews the current understanding of basal cell carcinoma biology. Part I examines significant clinical, histologic, and ultrastructural features that relate to invasive potential. Genetic characteristics, including tumor growth rate, chromosomal abnormalities, and oncogene presence, are discussed, and expression of important cell and matrix proteins, including keratin, fibronectin, and HLA antigens, are reviewed. Further topics to be explored in Part II include host immunologic responses, theories of pathogenesis, and valuable second-line therapeutic regimens for treatment of multiple cancers.