Microbiological analysis of tunneled hemodialysis catheters isolated from patients receiving hemodialysis in Saskatchewan.

Aim: To compare the microbial communities inside hemodialysis catheters from symptomatic and asymptomatic patients to determine their differences.Materials & methods: Catheters (n = 41) were removed from patients in the Saskatchewan Health Authority over an 18-month period. The catheter section inside the body was flushed and the contents were evaluated using culture-dependent and culture-independent analysis.Results: All catheters were colonized by bacteria, with considerable overlap between groups based on microbial communities and the individual species detected. More Gram-negative species were detected by sequencing, whereas predominantly Gram-positive strains were cultured. Antibiotic resistance and biofilm formation was widespread and not correlated with either catheter group.Conclusion: Common pathogens were detected in each set of catheters, therefore predicting infections based on the microbiology is difficult.

Many patients use catheters to help clean their blood, a process called hemodialysis. The use of catheters is also associated with complications, such as blood infections. We looked at the types of bacteria associated with catheters from patients who had infections (n = 21) and compared them to catheters from patients who had no signs of infection (n = 20). Once removed from the patient, we flushed out each catheter and tried to grow bacteria in different conditions. We also looked at DNA from within the catheter to identify bacterial species that were present. All 41 catheters had bacteria and there were many common species detected. We detected species known to cause illness such as Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas, Enterobacter, Morganella and Stenotrophomonas species. S. aureus was only grown from patients that had infections. Resistance to antibiotics was found to be common in bacteria grown from catheters. This did not seem to be influenced by whether patients were infected or not. Finally, we identified several catheters where two species, S. epidermidis and P. aeruginosa, were detected together. Our main conclusion was that bacteria are commonly present inside catheters that are used for hemodialysis, regardless of whether patients are infected or not.

An in-vitro model for bacteria-related catheter encrustations.

PURPOSE: About 50% of individuals with long-term indwelling catheters are affected by catheter encrustations and bladder stone formation. Therefore, prophylaxis of catheter encrustations is important. Currently, however, neither an established prophylaxis nor a standardized in-vitro model to test different measures exist. We have therefore developed and qualitatively evaluated an in-vitro model of catheter encrustation. METHODS: Size 14 French suprapubic catheters were incubated under sterile conditions at 37 degrees Celsius in five different media: (1) sterile artificial urine (n = 16), (2) artificial urine with E. coli (n = 8), (3) with Pseudomonas aeruginosa (n = 8), (4) with Proteus mirabilis (n = 8), and (5) with a mix of these three strains (n = 8). Catheter balloons were inflated either a glycerine or a bactericidal solution. After 6 weeks, the catheters were removed from the solution, dried, and weighed, and a photometric determination of the retrieved encrustations was performed. RESULTS: Most frequently and pronounced encrustations were detected in the Pseudomonas group. The median weight of these encrustations (50% struvite and brushite) was 84.4 mg (47.7 mg / 127.3 mg). Even on catheters stored in sterile urine, encrustations (69.2% struvite) were found. Bacterial growth was not affected by the medium used for catheter blockage. CONCLUSION: Although in-vitro models appear to be limited because they lack "the human factor", they are valuable for systematically assessing physico-chemical factors affecting encrustations. Therefore, our model, being reliable and cost-effective, may foster further research despite its limitations.

Effect of different exit-site care dressings on preventing peritoneal dialysis related infection from nontropical area: a systematic review and network meta-analysis.

OBJECT: This study aims to conduct a systematic review and network meta-analysis to comprehensively evaluate the efficacy of various dressings in preventing exit-site infection (ESI) and peritonitis. METHODS: We searched PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, CINAHL Plus with Full Text (EBSCO), Sino Med, Wan Fang Data, China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) from 1 January 1999 to 10 July 2023. The language restrictions were Chinese and English. Randomized controlled trials, non-randomized controlled trials, and self-controlled trials were included in this study. We used ROB 2 tool to evaluate the quality of the included literature. Two authors independently extracted the data according to the Cochrane Handbook. A Frequentist network meta-analysis was performed using Stata17.0 according to PRISAMA with a random effects model. RESULTS: From 2092 potentially eligible studies, thirteen studies were selected for analysis, including nine randomized controlled studies, three quasi-experimental studies and one self-controlled trial. A total of 1229 patients were included to compare five types of exit site care dressings, named disinfection dressings, antibacterial dressings, non-antibacterial occlusive dressings, sterile gauze, and no-particular dressings. The outcome of prevention ESI is antibacterial dressings (SUCRA = 97.6) >non-antibacterial occlusive dressings (SUCRA = 68.3) >disinfection dressings (SUCRA = 50.6) >no-particular dressings (SUCRA = 23.9) >sterile gauze (SUCRA = 9.5). The antibacterial dressings were more effective than sterile gauze (OR = 0.13, 95%CI 0.04∼0.44), and no-particular dressing (OR = 0.18, 95%CI 0.07∼0.50) in preventing ESI; the non-antibacterial occlusive dressings were effective than sterile gauze (OR:0.30, 95%CI 0.16∼0.57). There is no statistical significance between no-particular dressings and other types of dressings in preventing the mature ESI. There is no statistical significance in the effectiveness of five types of dressings in preventing peritonitis. CONCLUSIONS: The no-particular dressings maybe more cost-effective for preventing mature ESI. None of the dressings was more effective than another in preventing peritonitis. Then, none of the different types of dressing is strongly recommended for preventing ESI or peritonitis.RegistrationCRD42022366756.

Assessment of Biofilm Forming Capability and Antibiotic Resistance in Proteus mirabilis Colonizing Indwelling Catheter.

<b>Background and Objective:</b> Urinary tract infections from the use of an indwelling urinary catheter are one of the most common infections caused by <i>Proteus mirabilis</i>. Due to their biofilm-producing capacity and the increasing antimicrobial resistance in this microorganism, this study aimed to determine the prevalence, biofilm-producing capacity, antimicrobial resistance patterns, multidrug resistance and plasmid mediated resistance of the recovered isolates. <b>Materials and Methods:</b> A total of 50 urinary samples were collected from May to August, 2018 from patients on indwelling urinary catheters. Using routine microbiological and biochemical methods, 37 <i>P. mirabilis</i> were isolated. Biofilm forming capability was determined among the isolates using the tube method while antimicrobial susceptibility and plasmid curing were also performed. <b>Results:</b> All isolates were biofilm producers with 17(46%) being moderate producers while 20(54%) were strong biofilm formers. The study isolates exhibited a high resistance rate to empiric antibiotics, including ceftazidime (75.8%), cefuroxime (54.5%), ampicillin (69.7%) and amoxicillin-clavulanic acid (51.5%). Low resistance was seen in the fluoroquinolones, gentamicin and nitrofurantoin. Plasmid curing experiment revealed that most isolates lost their resistance indicating that resistance was borne on plasmids. Plasmid carriage is likely the reason for the high MDR rate of 56.8% observed. <b>Conclusion:</b> These findings necessitate the provision of infection control programs which will guide and implement policies.

[Cuff Shaving in Recurrent Exit-Site Infections in a Patient on Peritoneal Dialysis].

In patients on peritoneal dialysis, the cutaneous emergency (exit-site) represents a potential access route to the peritoneum; consequently, it can become a site for microbial infections. These infections, initially localized to the exit-site, may spread to the peritoneum causing peritonitis, which is the most common cause of drop-out from peritoneal dialysis and transition to hemodialysis. Peritoneal catheters have dacron caps which have the function of counteracting the traction of the catheter itself and at the same time acting as a barrier for microorganisms, preventing the spread towards the peritoneum. Despite this, the same dacron cap can represent a sort of nest for microorganisms to colonize and, with the formation of a biofilm that facilitates their proliferation, make the same organisms impervious to antibiotic therapy and even resistance to them. The most effective tool for monitoring the health status of the exit-site is represented by the objective examination. This examination, through the use of well-defined scales, helps to provide a pathological score of the exit, facilitating the implementation of necessary precautions. In the presence of recurrent exit-site infections, from both Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria, minimally invasive surgical therapy is a valid approach to break this vicious circle. It helps avoid subjecting the patient to the removal of the peritoneal catheter, temporary transition to hemodialysis with the insertion of a central venous catheter, and subsequent repositioning of another peritoneal catheter. We propose the case of a recurrent Staphylococcus Aureus infection resolved after cuff shaving of the exit-site.

Catheter salvage or removal in catheter-related bloodstream infections with Staphylococcus aureus in children with chronic intestinal failure receiving home parenteral nutrition and the use of prophylactic taurolidine catheter lock solution: A descriptive cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Children with chronic IF require long-term home parenteral nutrition (HPN), administered through a central venous catheter. Catheter-related bloodstream infection (CRBSI) with Staphylococcus aureus is known to be a serious infection with a high mortality rate and risk of complications. A standardized protocol on the management of S aureus CRBSIs in children receiving HPN is lacking. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of the current management in an HPN expertise center in the Netherlands. METHODS: We performed a retrospective descriptive cohort study between 2013 and 2022 on children 0-18 years of age with chronic IF requiring long-term HPN. Our primary outcomes were the incidence of S aureus CRBSI per 1000 catheter days, catheter salvage attempt rate, and successful catheter salvage rate. Our secondary outcomes included complications and mortality. RESULTS: A total of 74 patients (39 male; 53%) were included, covering 327.8 catheter years. Twenty-eight patients (38%) had a total of 52 S aureus CRBSIs, with an incidence rate of 0.4 per 1000 catheter days. The catheter salvage attempt rate was 44% (23/52). The successful catheter salvage rate was 100%. No relapse occurred, and no removal was needed after catheter salvage. All complications that occurred were already present at admission before the decision to remove the catheter or not. No patients died because of an S aureus CRBSI. CONCLUSION: Catheter salvage in S aureus CRBSIs in children receiving HPN can be attempted after careful consideration by a multidisciplinary team in an HPN expertise center.

Application of a new method for the detection of catheter colonization and catheter-related bacteraemia in newborns / Aplicación de un nuevo método para la detección de colonización y bacteriemia relacionada con catéter en neonatos

No disponible

Infección del tracto urinario asociada a sonda vesical: Actualización y recomendaciones intersociedades / An update on catheter-associated urinary tract infection. Inter-Society recommendations

Representantes de la Sociedad Argentina de Infectología (SADI) y la Sociedad Argentina de Terapia Intensiva (SATI) acordaron la elaboración de recomendaciones de diagnóstico, tratamiento y prevención de la infección del tracto urinario asociada a sonda vesical (ITU-SV). La metodología utilizada fue el análisis de la bibliografía publicada en 2006-2016, complementada con la opinión de expertos y datos epidemiológicos locales. En este documento se pretende ofrecer herramientas básicas de optimización de diagnóstico en base a criterios clínicos y microbiológicos, orientación en los esquemas antibióticos empíricos y dirigidos, y promover las medidas efectivas para reducir el riesgo de ITU-SV. Se destaca la preocupación por el control y tratamiento inadecuados de la ITU-SV, en particular el uso indiscriminado de antimicrobianos y la importancia de garantizar la mejora en las prácticas diarias. Se establecen pautas locales para mejorar la prevención, optimizar el diagnóstico y tratamiento de la ITU-SV, y así disminuir la morbimortalidad, los días de internación, los costos y la resistencia a antibióticos debidos al mal uso de los antimicrobianos.

Representatives of the Argentine Society of Infectious Diseases (SADI) and the Argentine Society of Intensive Therapy (SATI) issued the present recommendations on diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of catheter associated urinary tract infection (CA-UTI). Articles published during 2006-2016 were analyzed in the light of experts' opinion and local data. This document aims to offer basic strategies to optimize the diagnosis based on clinical and microbiological criteria, provide guidance in empirical and targeted antibiotic schemes, and promote effective measures to reduce the risk of CA-UTI. The joint work of both societies highlights the experts' concern about the mismanagement of CA-UTI, which is associated to the indiscriminate use of antimicrobials, and the importance of improving daily practices of CA-UTI management. Through these recommendations, local guidelines are established to optimize the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of CAUTI in order to reduce morbimortality, days of hospitalization, costs and antibiotic resistance due to the misuse of antimicrobials.

Bacteriemia relacionada con catéter causada por Raoultella ornithinolytica / Catheter-related bacteraemia caused by Raoultella ornithinolytica

Las infecciones en humanos por Raoultella spp. son raras, y se desconocen actualmente las repercusiones que Raoultella spp. pudiese tener como patógeno humano. Se describe un caso clínico de bacteriemia relacionada con catéter causada por Raoultella ornithinolytica, que fue tratada con éxito con terapia antibiótica aplicada (cefepima intravenosa y sellado del catéter con amikacina) (AU)

Infections in humans by Raoultella spp. are rare and the effect that Raoultella spp. might have as a human pathogen is currently unknown. A clinical case is presented of catheter-related bacteraemia caused by Raoultella ornithinolytica, treated successfully with applied antibiotic therapy (intravenous cefepime and sealed the catheter with amikacin) (AU)

Evaluation of the usefulness of a quantitative blood culture in the diagnosis of catheter-related bloodstream infection: Comparative analysis of two periods (2002 and 2012) / Evaluación de la utilidad del hemocultivo cuantitativo en el diagnóstico de la bacteriemia relacionada con catéter: análisis comparativo de dos periodos (2002 y 2012)

INTRODUCTION: A retrospective study was conducted to investigate the usefulness of systematic quantitative blood culture (QBC) in the diagnosis of catheter-related bloodstream infection (CRBSI) during two 1-year periods (2002 and 2012). METHODS: The study included all QBC requests sent to the microbiology laboratory for suspected CRBSI in adults (≥18 years) with any type of intravascular catheter (IVC). Based on a ratio of ≥4:1CFU/mL of the same microorganism between IVC blood culture from any lumen and peripheral blood culture, 5 diagnostic groups were defined: confirmed or probable CRBSI, primary BSI, other focus of infection, and colonization. RESULTS: In total, 4521 QBCs were evaluated; 24% positive in 2002 and 16% in 2012 (P<0.0001). There were 243 episodes of suspected CRBSI (101 in 2002 and 142 in 2012). Confirmed CRBSI episodes were higher in 2002 than 2012 (56% vs 34%) (P<0.0001), whereas colonization episodes were lower (18% vs 38%) (P=0.0006). Gram-positive cocci decrease in 2012 relative to 2002 (56% vs 79.7%) (P=0.022). Almost one-third (32%) of confirmed CRBSI would have been missed if blood from all catheter lumens had not been cultured. CONCLUSIONS: QBC is a useful method for diagnosing CRBSI. Blood samples from all catheter lumens must be cultured to avoid missing around one-third of CRBSI diagnoses

INTRODUCCIÓN: Se ha realizado un estudio retrospectivo, para investigar la utilidad del hemocultivo cuantitativo (HC) para el diagnóstico de las bacteriemias relacionadas con catéteres (BRC), durante dos periodos de un año (2002 y 2012). MÉTODOS: Todos los HC recibidos en el laboratorio de microbiología realizados ante la sospecha de BRC, a pacientes ≥18 años portadores de cualquier tipo de catéter intravascular (CIV), han sido incluidos en este estudio. Basándonos en la proporción ≥4:1CFU/mL del mismo microorganismo entre el HC de cualquier luz del CIV y el HC periférico se han definido 5 grupos diagnósticos: BRC confirmada o probable, bacteriemia primaria, otro foco de infección y colonización. RESULTADOS: Han sido evaluados 4521 HC; 24% positivos en 2002 y 16% en 2012 (P<0.0001). Fueron sospechosos de BRC 243 episodios (101 en 2002 y 142 en 2012). El Porcentaje de episodios de BRC confirmados fue mayor en 2002 que en 2012 (56% vs 34%) (P<0.0001), en cambio fue menor el de los episodios de colonización (18% vs 38%) (P=0.0006). Los cocos Gram-positivos disminuyeron en 2012 en relación con 2002 (56% vs 79.7%) (P=0.022). En el 32.2% de las BRC confirmadas se hubiese perdido el diagnóstico si no se hubiera realizado HC de todas las luces. CONCLUSIONES: El HC es un método muy útil para el diagnóstico de las BRC. Hay que obtener muestra de sangre de todas luces para cultivo con el fin de evitar la pérdida de alrededor del 30% de los episodios de BRC

Frequency of colonization and isolated bacteria from the tip of epidural catheter implanted for postoperative analgesia / Frequência de colonização e bactérias isoladas de ponta de cateter de peridural implantado para analgesia pós-operatória / Frecuencia de colonización y bacterias aisladas de punta de catéter epidural implantado para analgesia postoperatoria

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: The increased use of epidural analgesia with catheter leads to the need to demonstrate the safety of this method and know the incidence of catheter colonization, inserted postoperatively for epidural analgesia, and the bacteria responsible for this colonization. METHODS: From November 2011 to April 2012, patients electively operated and maintained under epidural catheter for postoperative analgesia were evaluated. The catheter tip was collected for semiquantitative and qualitative microbiological analysis. RESULTS: Of 68 cultured catheters, six tips (8.8%) had positive cultures. No patient had superficial or deep infection. The mean duration of catheter use was 43.45 h (18-118) (p = 0.0894). The type of surgery (contaminated or uncontaminated), physical status of patients, and surgical time showed no relation with the colonization of catheters. Microorganisms isolated from the catheter tip were Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Sphingomonas paucimobilis. CONCLUSION: Postoperative epidural catheter analgesia, under these study conditions, was found to be low risk for bacterial colonization in patients at surgical wards. .

OBJETIVOS: O aumento do uso de analgesia pela via peridural com uso de cateteres leva à necessidade de se demonstrar a segurança do método. O presente estudo teve como objetivo conhecer a incidência de colonização de cateteres inseridos para analgesia peridural no pós-operatório e as bactérias responsáveis por estas colonizações. MÉTODOS: No período de novembro de 2011 a abril de 2012 foram avaliados pacientes operados eletivamente mantidos sob analgesia por cateter peridural no pós-operatório. A ponta do cateter foi coletada para análise microbiológica semi-quantitativa e qualitativa. RESULTADOS: Seis (8,8%) pontas dos 68 cateteres cultivados apresentaram culturas positivas. Nenhum paciente apresentou infecção superficial ou profunda. O tempo médio de permanência do cateter foi de 43,45 horas (18-118 horas) (p = 0,0894). O tipo de cirurgia (contaminada ou não contaminada), estado físico dos pacientes e tempo cirúrgico não mostraram relação com a colonização dos cateteres. Os micro-organismos isolados da ponta de cateter foram Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa e Sphingomonas paucimobilis. CONCLUSÃO: Conclui-se que, a analgesia por cateter peridural no pós-operatório, nas condições do presente estudo, revelou-se procedimento com baixo risco de colonização bacteriana em pacientes de enfermarias cirúrgicas. .

OBJETIVOS: El aumento del uso de analgesia por vía epidural con el uso de catéteres nos lleva a la necesidad de demostrar la seguridad del método. El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo conocer la incidencia de la colonización de catéteres insertados para la analgesia epidural en el postoperatorio y las bacterias responsables de estas colonizaciones. MÉTODOS: En el período de noviembre de 2011 a abril de 2012, se evaluaron pacientes operados electivamente que fueron mantenidos bajo analgesia por catéter epidural en el postoperatorio. La punta del catéter fue recolectada para análisis microbiológico semicuantitativo y cualitativo. RESULTADOS: Seis (8,8%) puntas de los 68 catéteres cultivados presentaron cultivos positivos. Ningún paciente presentó infección superficial o profunda. El tiempo medio de permanencia del catéter fue de 43,45 h (18-118 h) (p = 0,0894). El tipo de cirugía (contaminada o no contaminada), estado físico de los pacientes y tiempo quirúrgico no mostraron relación con la colonización de los catéteres. Los microorganismos aislados de la punta del catéter fueron Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa y Sphingomonas paucimobilis. CONCLUSIÓN: Concluimos que la analgesia por catéter epidural en el postoperatorio, en las condiciones del presente estudio, mostró ser un procedimiento con bajo riesgo de colonización bacteriana en pacientes quirúrgicos. .

Recogida de urocultivo por sondaje vesical en niños: una observación sistemática / Coleta de urocultura por sonda vesical em criança: uma observação sistemática / Collect of uroculture by urinary catheter in child: a systematic observation

La infección urinaria se caracteriza por la invasión de microorganismos en el tracto urinario, siendo una de las patologías más frecuentes en todos los grupos de edad, especialmente en niños. El urocultivo se considera el método estándar-oro para el diagnóstico de laboratorio, ofreciendo un alto valor predictivo positivo, si se garantiza una técnica aséptica durante la recolección. El estudio de tipo evaluativo, prospectivo y cuantitativo, tiene por objeto comparar los resultados de los urocultivos por sondaje vesical recogidos por enfermeras del Ambulatorio y Enfermería de un Hospital Universitario Pediátrico teniendo en cuenta el material y la técnica utilizada en el procedimiento.La población de estudio consistió en 12 enfermeros, 4 residentes y los resultados de 300 muestras de cultivos de orina en el período junio-agosto de 2012. Los datos fueron recolectados a través de la observación sistemática y la documentación técnica. Los resultados mostraron una mayor contaminación del procedimiento en la enfermería (13,3%) que en el Ambulatorio (1,3%), donde se utilizó kit específico de urocultivo (AU)

A infecção urinária se caracteriza pela invasão de microrganismos no trato urinário, sendo uma das patologias mais frequentes em todas as faixas etárias, principalmente, em crianças. A urocultura é considerada o método padrão-ouro de diagnóstico laboratorial por oferecer alto valor preditivo positivo, se garantida uma técnica asséptica durante a coleta da urina. O estudo do tipo avaliativo, prospectivo e quantitativo objetivou comparar os resultados das uroculturas por sonda vesical coletada por enfermeiros do Ambulatório e Enfermaria de um Hospital Universitário Pediátrico, considerando o material e a técnica utilizada no procedimento. A população estudada foi composta por 12 enfermeiros, 4 residentes de enfermagem e pelos resultados das 300 amostras das uroculturas no período de junho a agosto de 2012. Os dados foram coletados mediante observação sistemática e técnica documental. Os resultados apontaram maior contaminação do procedimento na Enfermaria (13,3%) do que no Ambulatório (1,3%), onde se utilizou kit específico de urocultura

Urinary tract infection is characterized by invasion of microorganisms in the urinary tract, one of the most frequent pathologies in all age groups, especially in children. The uroculture is considered the gold standard method of diagnosis for offering high positive predictive value, if guaranteed aseptic technique during the urine collected. The assessment study, prospective and quantitative aimed to compare the results of urine cultures for catheter collected by nurses in the clinic and infirmary of a University Hospital Pediatric, considering the material and the technique used in the procedure. The study population consisted of 12 nurses and 4 nursing home residents and the results of 300 samples of uroculture in the period June-August 2012. Data were collected through systematic observation and technical documentation. Results showed higher contamination procedure Infirmary (13.3%) than in the Clinic (1.3%), which we used urine specific kit (AU)

Can MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry be used with intravascular catheters?

INTRODUCTION: The use of the matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry has shown to be effective and fast in some clinical specimens for the identification of colonizing microorganisms. The objective of the study was to analyze the validity values for the prediction of colonization and catheter-related bloodstream infection (C-RBSI) of the MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry performed at all intravascular catheters that arrived in the microbiology laboratory. Methods Catheter tips (after performing the roll-plate technique) were tested by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry during a period of 3-months. The gold standard for colonization and C-RBSI were, respectively: the presence of ≥ 15 cfu/plate in the catheter tip culture; and the isolation of the same microorganism(s) in blood cultures as well as in the colonized catheter (during the 7 days before or after catheter withdrawal).Results A total of 182 intravascular catheters were collected. The overall colonization rate detected by roll-plate technique and MAL-TOF mass spectrometry was 31.9% and 32.4%, respectively. Overall, there were 33 (18.1%) episodes of C-RBSI. The validity values of the MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry for the identification of colonization and C-RBSI were, respectively: sensitivity (69.0%/66.7%), specificity (84.7%/75.2%), positive predictive value (65.6%/36.1%), and negative predictive value (86.8%/92.6%). Conclusion MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry could be an alternative diagnostic tool for ruling out C-RBSI. However, despite it showing to be faster than conventional culture, future studies are required in order to improve the pre-analytical process

INTRODUCCIÓN: La espectrometría de masas MALDI-TOF ha demostrado ser rápida y eficaz en la identificación de microorganismos que colonizan determinadas muestras clínicas. Nuestro objetivo fue analizarlos valores de validez de la espectrometría de masas MALDI-TOF para predecir colonización y bacteriemia relacionada con el catéter (BRC) en todos los catéteres que llegaran al laboratorio de Microbiología. MÉTODOS: Durante 3 meses, la espectrometría de masas MALDI-TOF se realizó sobre las puntas de catéter recibidas (previo rodamiento para cultivo). Las reglas de oro de colonización y BRC fueron, respectivamente, la presencia de ≥ 15 ufc/placa en el cultivo de la punta de catéter y el aislamiento del (de los)mismo(s) microorganismo(s) tanto en los hemocultivos como en el catéter colonizado (7 días antes o después de la retirada del catéter). RESULTADOS: Se incluyeron un total de 182 catéteres intravasculares. La tasa global de colonización detectada por la técnica del rodamiento y la espectrometría de masas MALDI-TOF fue del 31,9 y del 32,4%, respectivamente. Hubo un total de 33 (18,1%) episodios de BRC. Los valores de validez de la espectrometría de masas MALDI-TOF para predecir colonización y BRC fueron, respectivamente: sensibilidad (69,0/66,7%), especificidad (84,7/75,2%), valor predictivo positivo (65,6/36,1%) y valor predictivo negativo (86,8/92,6%). CONCLUSIÓN: La espectrometría de masas MALDI-TOF puede ser una herramienta de diagnóstico alternativa para descartar BRC. Sin embargo, a pesar de haber demostrado ser más rápida que el cultivo convencional, son necesarios futuros estudios que mejoren el proceso pre-analítico

Late onset sepsis and intestinal bacterial colonization in very low birth weight infants receiving long-term parenteral nutrition / Sepse de ataque tardio e colonização bacteriana intestinal em neonatos de muito baixo peso recebendo nutrição parenteral total

INTRODUCTION: The purpose of this study was to establish the late onset sepsis (LOS) rate of our service, characterize the intestinal microbiota and evaluate a possible association between gut flora and sepsis in surgical infants who were receiving parenteral nutrition (PN). METHODS: Surveillance cultures of the gut were taken at the start of PN and thereafter once a week. Specimens for blood culture were collected based on clinical criteria established by the medical staff. The central venous catheter (CVC) tip was removed under aseptic conditions. Standard laboratory methods were used to identify the microorganisms that grew on cultures of gut, blood and CVC tip. RESULTS: 74 very low birth weight infants were analyzed. All the infants were receiving PN and antibiotics when the gut culture was started. In total, 21 (28.4%) infants experienced 28 episodes of LOS with no identified source. Coagulase negative staphylococci were the most common bacteria identified, both in the intestine (74.2%) and blood (67.8%). All infections occurred in patients who received PN through a central venous catheter. Six infants experienced episodes of microbial translocation. CONCLUSIONS: In this study, LOS was the most frequent episode in neonates receiving parenteral nutrition who had been submitted to surgery; 28.6% of this infection was probably a gut-derived phenomenon and requires novel strategies for prevention.

INTRODUÇÃO: O objetivo deste estudo foi estabelecer a taxa de sepse de ataque tardio (LOS) do nosso serviço, caracterizar a microbiota intestinal e avaliar uma possível associação entre a flora intestinal e sepse em recém-nascidos cirúrgicos que estavam recebendo nutrição parenteral (NP). MÉTODOS: Culturas do intestino foram colhidas no início da nutrição parenteral e, posteriormente, uma vez por semana. As amostras para a cultura de sangue foram coletadas com base em critérios clínicos estabelecidos pela equipe médica. A ponta do cateter venoso central (CVC) foi removida sob condições assépticas. Métodos laboratoriais padrão foram usados para identificar os microrganismos que cresceram em culturas de sangue, do intestino, e da ponta do CVC. RESULTADOS: Foram analisados 74 recém-nascidos de muito baixo peso. Todas as crianças estavam recebendo nutrição parenteral e antibióticos quando a cultura do intestino foi iniciada. No total, 21 (28,4%) crianças apresentaram 28 episódios de sepse tardia sem fonte identificada. Os estafilococos coagulase negativo foram os mais comuns das bactérias identificadas, tanto no intestino (74,2%) como no sangue (67,8%). Todas as infecções ocorreram em pacientes que receberam nutrição parenteral através de um cateter venoso central. Seis crianças experimentaram episódios de translocação microbiana. CONCLUSÕES: Neste estudo LOS foi o episódio mais frequente em recém-nascidos recebendo nutrição parenteral e submetidos a cirurgia, 28,6% da infecção provavelmente foi um fenômeno derivado do intestino o que exige novas estratégias para a prevenção.

Comparação entre citrato trissódico e heparina como solução para selo de cateter em pacientes em hemodiálise / Comparison of trisodium citrate and heparin as catheter-locking solution in hemodialysis patients

INTRODUÇÃO: A elevada incidência de pacientes iniciando ou sendo mantidos em tratamento dialítico através de cateteres venosos tem aumentado o número de infecções da corrente sanguínea relacionadas aos cateteres e suas consequências, obrigando a busca de substâncias que tenham propriedades anticoagulantes e que também impeçam a contaminação dos mesmos. OBJETIVOS: Comparar a utilização de heparina e citrato trissódico como selo de cateteres de longa permanência quanto à ocorrência de pirogenia, bacteremia, internações hospitalares relacionadas à infecção, trombose e óbito. MÉTODOS: Estudo retrospectivo por meio de dados do registro de infecção do Programa de Controle e Prevenção de Infecções e Eventos Adversos, onde foram incluídos todos os pacientes que entre abril de 2006 e março de 2008 utilizaram cateteres de longa permanência. Nos primeiros 365 dias, o selo do cateter foi feito com heparina (Grupo Heparina) e nos 365 dias seguintes foi feito com citrato trissódico a 46,7 por cento (Grupo Citrato). Sessenta e cinco pacientes fizeram parte do estudo utilizando noventa e dois cateteres. Os grupos foram comparados para ocorrência de pirogenia, bacteremia, hospitalização, trombose de cateter e óbito. RESULTADOS: A ocorrência de bacteremia relacionada ao cateter e o tempo de hospitalização foram significantemente menores no Grupo Citrato. Houve uma tendência a menor ocorrência de hospitalização relacionada à infecção de acesso no Grupo Citrato (p = 0.055), e não houve diferença quanto à trombose de cateteres levando a disfunção. O tempo livre de bacteremia e de hospitalização foram maiores no Grupo Citrato. A ocorrência de bacteremia esteve associada a ser diabético e a pertencer ao Grupo Heparina. Na análise multivariada, apenas pertencer ao Grupo Heparina esteve associada à sua ocorrência.

INTRODUCTION: The high incidence of patients beginning dialysis treatment with venous catheters, as well as the growing number of patients with permanent catheter access, has increased catheter- related blood infections and their consequences. Thus the search for substances with anticoagulant properties that also prevent catheter contamination is necessary. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed at comparing heparin and trisodium citrate used as long-term catheter locking solutions regarding the occurrence of pyrogenic reaction, bacteremia, infection- related hospitalizations, thrombosis, and death. METHODS: Retrospective study on the infection data from the Infection and Adverse Event Prevention Control Program registry, which included all hemodialysis patients using long-term catheters from April, 2006 to March, 2008. During the first 365 days, catheters were locked with heparin (Heparin group) and, during the following 365 days, with 46.7 percent trisodium citrate (Citrate group). Sixty-five patients were included in the study using 92 catheters. The groups were compared regarding the occurrence of pyrogenic reaction, bacteremia, hospitalization, catheter thrombosis, and death. RESULTS: The catheter-related bacteremia episodes were significantly lower and hospitalization time was significantly shorter in the Citrate group when compared with those in the Heparin group. A tendency towards a lower occurrence of access site infection-related hospitalization was observed in the Citrate group (p = 0.055), and no difference was observed in catheter thrombosis leading to dysfunction between groups. Bacteremia-free and hospitalization-free times were longer in the Citrate group. The occurrence of bacteremia was associated with the presence of diabetes and heparin use. In multivariate analysis, being in the Heparin group was the only factor associated with bacteremia.

Infecciones de catéter venoso central y lock terapia en pacientes oncológicos / Infections of the central line and lock therapy in pediatric oncological children

Introduction: The use of a permanent Central Venous Catheter (CL) in oncologic patients allows a secure and rapid access. Infection is an important risk. "Lock therapy" (LT) consists of the application of a high concentration of antibiotics in the lumen of the catheter, for the purpose of eradicating bacteria. Objective: To describe the use of LT associated with the systemic use of antibiotics in CL infections occurring among pediatric oncological patients. Methods: A descriptive, retrospective review of charts of children seen at the Oncology Unit, Roberto del Rio Children's Hospital, 2005 to 2007. Evaluated parameters included culture and sensitivity studies, removal of CL and mortality. Results: There were 11 episodes of infection associated to CL in 8 patients, most frequently associated to Staphylococcus coagulase-negative. The CL was preserved in 7 patients. There was no mortality associated to infection. Conclusion: For this group, LT and systemic antibiotics preserved the CL in most patients. Randomized prospective studies are needed in a larger population to support these findings.

Introducción: El uso de catéter venoso central permanente (CVC) en pacientes oncológicos aporta un acceso venoso seguro y expedito. Sin embargo, la infección es una de las principales complicaciones asociadas a su uso. La "lock terapia" es una técnica que consiste en la aplicación en el lumen del catéter de una solución con alta concentración de antibiótico, con el objetivo de erradicar las bacterias presentes en el endolumen. Objetivo: Describir el uso de "lock terapia" asociada a antibióticos sistémicos en infecciones relacionadas a CVC en pacientes pediátricos oncológicos. Métodos: Estudio descriptivo, retrospectivo, donde se analizaron las infecciones asociadas a CVC que fueron tratadas con lock terapia y antibióticos sistémicos en la Unidad de Oncología del Hospital de Niños Roberto del Río entre los años 2005 y 2007. Los parámetros estudiados fueron: cultivo y antibiograma; retiro del CVC y mortalidad. Resultados: Se estudiaron 11 episodios de infección asociada a CVC en 8 pacientes. El microorganismo aislado con mayor frecuencia fue Staphylococcus coagulasa negativo. Se logró conservar el CVC en 7 pacientes. No hubo mortalidad asociada a infección. Conclusiones: En el grupo estudiado, el uso asociado de lock terapia y antibióticos sistémicos permitió conservar el CVC en la mayoría de los casos. Se requieren estudios prospectivos randomizados con un mayor número de pacientes que permitan corroborar estos hallazgos.

Differences in exoenzyme production and adherence ability of Candida spp. isolates from catheter, blood and oral cavity / Diferenças na produção de exoenzimas e habilidade de aderência entre isolados de espécies de Candida provenientes do cateter, sangue e cavidade bucal

Phospholipase and proteinase production and the ability of adhesion to buccal epithelial cells (BEC) of 112 Candida isolates originated from oral cavity of HIV infected patients and from blood and catheter of intensive care unit patients were investigated. The proteinase production was detected by inoculation into bovine serum albumin (BSA) agar and the phospholipase activity was performed using egg yolk emulsion. A yeast suspension of each test strain was incubated with buccal epithelial cells and the number of adherence yeast to epithelial cells was counted. A percentage of 88.1 percent and 55.9 percent of Candida albicans and 69.8 percent and 37.7 percent of non-albicans Candida isolates produced proteinase and phospholipase, respectively. Non-albicans Candida isolated from catheter were more proteolytic than C. albicans isolates. Blood isolates were more proteolytic than catheter and oral cavity isolates while oral cavity isolates produced more phospholipase than those from blood and catheter. C. albicans isolates from oral cavity and from catheter were more adherent to BEC than non-albicans Candida isolates, but the adhesion was not different among the three sources analyzed. The results indicated differences in the production of phospholipase and proteinase and in the ability of adhesion to BEC among Candida spp. isolates from different sources. This study suggests that the pathogenicity of Candida can be correlated with the infected site.

A produção de proteinase e fosfolipase e habilidade de adesão à célula epitelial bucal de 112 isolados de Candida originadas da cavidade bucal de pacientes infectados pelo HIV e de sangue e cateter de pacientes hospitalizados foram investigados. A produção de proteinase foi detectada por inoculação em ágar soro albumina bovina e a atividade de fosfolipase foi realizada usando emulsão de gema de ovo. A suspensão de levedura de cada isolado foi incubada com célula epitelial e o número de leveduras aderidas a célula epitelial foi contada. Uma porcentagem de 88,1 e 55,9 por cento de C. albicans e 69,8 e 37,7 por cento de isolados de Candida não albicans produziram proteinase e fosfolipase, respectivamente. Candida não albicans obtidas do cateter foram mais proteolíticos que isolados de Candida albicans (p < 0,001). Isolados do sangue foram mais proteolíticos do que isolados do cateter e cavidade bucal, enquanto isolados da cavidade bucal produziram mais fosfolipase do que aqueles isolados do sangue e cateter. C. albicans isoladas da cavidade bucal e do cateter foram mais aderentes à célula epitelial bucal do que isolados de Candida não albicans, mas não houve diferença na adesão entre os três locais analisados. Os resultados indicaram diferenças na produção de fosfolipase e proteinase e na habilidade de adesão à célula epitelial bucal entre os isolados de Candida das diferentes fontes. Este estudo sugere que a patogenicidade de Candida spp pode estar correlacionada ao local infectado.

Infecções em cateteres venosos centrais de longa permanência: revisão da literatura / Infection of long-term central venous catheters: review of the literature

Cateteres venosos de longa permanência são amplamente utilizados em pacientes com necessidade de acesso venoso por período prolongado. A infecção relacionada a esses cateteres permanece um desafio na prática clínica. Revisamos a literatura acerca da epidemiologia e tratamento das infecções relacionadas a cateteres. Staphylococcus aureus é a bactéria mais comumente isolada. Os cateteres semi-implantáveis apresentam taxas de infecção maiores que os totalmente implantáveis. O tratamento pode ser feito com locks, antibioticoterapia sistêmica e até mesmo com retirada do cateter, dependendo do tipo de infecção, do microrganismo isolado e das condições clínicas do paciente. O salvamento do cateter deve ser tentado sempre que possível.

Long-term venous catheters are widely used in patients with needs of venous access for prolonged periods. The infection related to these catheters remains a challenge in clinical practice. We reviewed the literature about infection epidemiology and treatment related to catheters. Staphylococcus aureus is the most common isolated bacteria. Tunneled catheters present higher infection rates than implanted ports. Treatment may consist in the use of locks, systemic antibiotics, and even catheter removal, depending on the kind of infection, the isolated microorganism, and the patient's clinical conditions. Catheter salvation should be tried whenever possible.

Bacteriemia relacionada a catéter por Ochrobactrum anthropi / Catheter-associated bacteremia caused by Ochrobactrum anthropi

Ochrobactrum anthtropi es un bacilo gram negativo aeróbico, no fermentador de la glucosa, anteriormente conocido como Achromobacter sp o CDC grupo Vd. Ha sido aislado del medio ambiente y de infecciones en seres humanos que generalmente presentaban algún tipo de inmunocompromiso. Las infecciones por este microorganismo fueron bacteriemias relacionadas a catéteres y en ocasiones endoftalmitis, infecciones urinarias, meningitis, endocarditis, absceso hepático, osteocondritis, absceso pelviano y absceso pancreático. Se presenta el caso de un paciente de sexo masculino, de 69 años de edad, que consultó a la guardia por hipotensión sostenida y síndrome febril de cuatro días de evolución, escalofrío, sudoración profusa y deterioro del sensorio. El paciente tenía diabetes de tipo 2 y antecedente de accidente cerebrovascular. Debido a insuficiencia renal crónica presentaba un catéter de doble lumen para la diálisis. Se documentó una bacteriemia relacionada a catéter por cultivo de sangre a través de catéter y de vena periférica, utilizando el sistema automatizado de hemocultivos Bact-Alert y la metodología de tiempo diferencial (>120min). La confirmación se realizó, una vez removido el catéter, por la técnica semicuantitativa de Maki (> 15 UFC). El microorganismo fue identificado por API 20NE y Vitek 1 como Ochrobactrum anthropi.

Ochrobactrum anthropi is a non-glucose fermentative, aerobic gram-negative bacillus, formerly known as Achromobacter sp or CDC group Vd. It has been isolated from the environment and from infections in usually immunocompromised human beings. The documented infections frequently involved catheter related bacteremia whereas endophthalmitis, urinary infections, meningitis, endocarditis, hepatic abscess, osteochondritis, pelvic abscess and pancreatic abscess were rarely involved. Here it is presented the case of a male patient aged 69 years with sustained hypotension, four day febrile syndrome, chill, lavish perspiration and sensorium deterioration. He had type 2 diabetes and antecedent of cerebrovascular accident. A double-lumen dialysis catheter was present due to chronic renal insufficiency. An episode of catheter-related bloodstream infection was documented by using Bact-Alert Blood Culture System and Differential-Time-to-Positivity Method for central venous catheter versus peripheral blood cultures (>120 min). Once removed, it was confirmed through Maki semi quantitative technique (>15 FCU). The microorganism was identified by API 20NE and Vitek 1 as Ochrobactrum anthropi.

Microbiological and host features associated with corynebacteriosis in cancer patients: a five-year study

During a five-year period, 932 clinical isolates from cancer patients treated in a Brazilian reference centre were identified as corynebacteria; 86 percent of the cultures came from patients who had been clinically and microbiologically classified as infected and 77.1 percent of these patients had been hospitalised (71.1 percent from surgical wards). The adult solid tumour was the most common underlying malignant disease (66.7 percent). The univariate and multivariate analyses showed that hospitalised patients had a six-fold greater risk (OR = 5.5, 95 percent CI = 1.15-26.30 p = 0.033) related to 30-day mortality. The predominant species were Corynebacterium amycolatum (44.7 percent), Corynebacterium minutissimum (18.3 percent) and Corynebacterium pseudodiphtheriticum (8.5 percent). The upper urinary tracts, surgical wounds, lower respiratory tracts, ulcerated tumours and indwelling venous catheters were the most frequent sources of C. amycolatum strains. Corynebacterium jeikeium infection occurred primarily in neutropenic patients who have used venous catheters, while infection caused by C. amycolatum and other species emerged mainly in patients with solid tumours.