Development of Genotype-Specific Anti-Bovine Rotavirus A Immunoglobulin Yolk Based on a Current Molecular Epidemiological Analysis of Bovine Rotaviruses A Collected in Japan during 2017-2020.

Bovine rotavirus A (RVA), a major causative pathogen of diarrhea in dairy and Japanese beef calves, has led to severe economic losses in numerous countries. A dual genotyping system based on genomic segments encoding VP7 (G genotype) and VP4 (P genotype), comprising the outer layer of the virion, has been used to understand the epidemiological dynamics of RVAs at the national and global levels. This study aimed to investigate occurrence frequency of G and P genotypes for multiple bovine RVAs from calf diarrheic samples collected in Japan from 2017 to 2020. After we produced anti-bovine RVA immunoglobulin yolks (IgYs) from hens immunized with the two RVAs with different genotypes (G6P[5] and G10P[11]) selected on the basis of the current epidemiological survey, we investigated cross-reactivity against bovine RVAs with different G and P combinations owing to establish a useful strategy to protect calves from RVA infections using the two IgYs. Consequently, the two produced anti-bovine IgYs showed strong cross-reactivity against bovine RVAs with the same G and/or P genotypes in neutralization assay, respectively. Therefore, our data suggest the possibility of a passive immunization to protect calves from a bovine RVA infections epidemic in Japan via oral administration of the two IgYs into calves. The findings presented herein will provide important information that IgY is one of the effective tools to prevent infections of various pathogens.

An historical view of the experimental leptospiral infection in ruminants.

The first experimental infections with Leptospira in ruminants were conducted in the 1950s, primarily assessed the pathogenesis caused by serovar Pomona in cows. Throughout the decades, experimental infections have also demonstrated the clinical aspects of the infection by other strains, mainly Hardjo. Despite the important outcomes observed in experimental infections in ruminants, there is still a large discrepancy regarding the ideal dose, route, strain, model species or animal age that should be used to reproduce the acute and chronic leptospirosis in ruminants. In this context, the present study aimed to review the historical processes involved on the experimental leptospiral infection in ruminants. The inclusion criteria were papers that clearly described inoculation route, strain, dose, clinical signs and animal age. Overall, 37 experiments were noted. The most frequently reported clinical signs were fever, prostration, hematuria and death, with the majority of them occurring in young animals infected by incidental strains. Regarding reproductive problems, they occurred in the majority of the experiments and were also more related to incidental strains. In this context, abortions, retained placenta and weak fetuses were the most frequent symptoms. Noteworthy that although the mechanisms of the clinical acute disease either systemic or reproductive, is reasonably well understood, the physiopathology involved on reproductive problems due to the silent chronic infection is less discussed and remains to be elucidated. In this context, it is evident the need for studies focused on the genital infection and reproductive aspects of leptospiral infection in ruminants.

The 1711 rinderpest in Bernardino Ramazzini's XIII Oration and the COVID-19 public health emergency: facts and common aspects.

Although Bernardino Ramazzini is usually regarded only as the father of occupational medicine, his approach to fight the devastating rinderpest epidemic in 1711 is worth mentioning in the light of the public health emergency represented by Coronavirus Disease-2019 (COVID-19). This commentary (i) focuses on Ramazzini's xiii oration describing that event, (ii) analyses the approach suggested to fight the cattle epidemic and economic threats, (iii) highlights some similar aspects between the 1711 rinderpest epidemic and the current COVID-19 pandemic (team expertise, contagion transmissibility, drug treatment, preventive measures, decision timeliness).

Serosurvey for Influenza D Virus Exposure in Cattle, United States, 2014-2015.

Influenza D virus has been detected predominantly in cattle from several countries. In the United States, regional and state seropositive rates for influenza D have previously been reported, but little information exists to evaluate national seroprevalence. We performed a serosurveillance study with 1,992 bovine serum samples collected across the country in 2014 and 2015. We found a high overall seropositive rate of 77.5% nationally; regional rates varied from 47.7% to 84.6%. Samples from the Upper Midwest and Mountain West regions showed the highest seropositive rates. In addition, seropositive samples were found in 41 of the 42 states from which cattle originated, demonstrating that influenza D virus circulated widely in cattle during this period. The distribution of influenza D virus in cattle from the United States highlights the need for greater understanding about pathogenesis, epidemiology, and the implications for animal health.

Cattle diseases in Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil: a 24-year survey (1995-2018) / Doenças de bovinos em Mato Grosso do Sul, Brasil: uma pesquisa de 24 anos (1995-2018)

We reviewed the records of 5,083 cattle necropsies performed from January 1995 to December 2018 and filed at the Laboratory of Anatomic Pathology (LAP) of the "Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul" (UFMS). These necropsies were performed either by LAP-UFMS faculty (22.33%) or by field veterinary practitioners (77.67%) who subsequently submitted material for histological evaluation at the LAP-UFMS. Conclusive diagnoses were reached in 46.21% of the protocols (2,349 cases), and approximately 65% of the cases were classified as inflammatory or parasitic diseases, with rabies being the most diagnosed disease (20.82% of total conclusive diagnosis). There were a large number of protocols in which the diagnosis was of nonsuppurative meningoencephalitis of unknown cause (NSMUC). Those were the main differentials for rabies and bovine herpesvirus-5 necrotizing meningoencephalitis (NME); that is, the number of rabies cases may be even higher if one considers that many cases of NSMUC might be undiagnosed rabies cases. Toxic and toxic-infectious diseases were the second most prevalent category, and botulism cases represented 41% of this category. The other categories corresponded to less than 20% of the total diagnoses and were distributed in decreasing order of frequency as degenerative diseases (9.79%), diseases caused by physical agents (3.87%), other diseases (2.13%), neoplasms and tumor-like lesions (1.79%), metabolic or nutritional disorders (1.75%) and congenital malformations (0.64%). The large number of inconclusive diagnoses was mainly due to improper conditions of mailed-in material for histopathological evaluation, namely, nonrepresentative samples of all organs, autolysis, and the absence of epidemiological and clinical-pathological information.(AU)

Em um levantamento sobre doenças de bovinos, revisamos os protocolos de 5.083 necropsias de bovinos realizadas no período de janeiro de 1995 a dezembro de 2018 e arquivados no Laboratório de Anatomia Patológica (LAP) da Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS). Essas necropsias foram realizadas pelos veterinários e professores do LAP-UFMS (22,33%) ou por médicos veterinários de campo (77,67%) que, posteriormente, submeteram ao LAP-UFMS material para avaliação histológica. Diagnósticos foram conclusivos em 46,21% dos casos protocolados (2349), e aproximadamente 65% deles foram classificados como doenças inflamatórias ou parasitárias, sendo a raiva a doença mais diagnosticada (20,82% dos diagnósticos conclusivos). Havia um grande número de protocolos nos quais o diagnóstico era de encefalite/meningoencefalite não supurativa de causa indeterminada, para o qual os dois principais diferenciais são raiva e meningoencefalite necrosante por herpesvírus bovino; isso sugere que o número de casos de raiva pode ser ainda maior, se considerarmos que muitos destes podem ser casos de raiva não diagnosticados adequadamente. As doenças tóxicas e toxi-infecciosas foram a segunda categoria mais prevalente; dentre elas, os casos de botulismo compuseram 41%. As demais categorias corresponderam a menos de 20% do total de diagnósticos e foram distribuídas em ordem decrescente de frequência, em doenças degenerativas (9,79%), doenças causadas por agentes físicos (3,87%), outras doenças (2,13%), neoplasmas e lesões tumoriformes (1,79%), distúrbios metabólicos ou nutricionais (1,75%) e malformações congênitas (0,64%). O grande número de diagnósticos inconclusivos deveu-se principalmente às condições inadequadas do material enviado ao LAP-FAMEZ para avaliação histopatológica, ou seja, amostras não representativas de todos os órgãos, autolisadas ou acompanhadas de poucas de informações epidemiológicas e clínico-patológicas.(AU)

Discovery of Eurytrema Eggs in Sediment from a Colonial Period Latrine in Taiwan.

In this study we take a closer look at the diseases that afflicted Japanese police officers who were stationed in a remote mountainous region of Taiwan from 1921 to 1944. Samples were taken from the latrine at the Huabanuo police outpost, and analyzed for the eggs of intestinal parasites, using microscopy and ELISA. The eggs of Eurytrema sp., (possibly E. pancreaticum), whipworm and roundworm were shown to be present. True infection with Eurytrema would indicate that the policemen ate uncooked grasshoppers and crickets infected with the parasite. However, false parasitism might also occur if the policemen ate the uncooked intestines of infected cattle, and the Eurytrema eggs passed through the human intestines. These findings provide an insight into the diet and health of the Japanese colonists in Taiwan nearly a century ago.

Influenza C Virus in Cattle with Respiratory Disease, United States, 2016-2018.

We identified influenza C virus (ICV) in samples from US cattle with bovine respiratory disease through real-time PCR testing and sequencing. Bovine ICV isolates had high nucleotide identities (≈98%) with each other and were closely related to human ICV strains (≈95%). Further research is needed to determine bovine ICV's zoonotic potential.

Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia within the 19th century miasmatic landscape.

When contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP) was first detected on a farm north of Melbourne, at Bundoora, in 1858, the predominant theory of miasma was being challenged by contagionist theories of disease transmission. This well-documented case was recorded during a period of change in the scientific assessment of disease and therefore affords an exploration of what aspects of the landscape were considered important for livestock health at the time. Although the introduction, vaccination programs and eventual eradication of CBPP on mainland Australia has been well explored, scholars have neglected this aspect of the disease's history. By comparing 19th century records of farmland with how the site appears today, it is also possible to highlight the limited information provided by contemporary texts, while at the same time developing an appreciation of the ways in which the perception of the rural landscape has changed. This differing perception has implications for the utilisation of these sources for veterinary and environmental historians seeking to understand the mid-19th century agricultural landscape and how it relates to animal health.

Influenza D Virus Circulation in Cattle and Swine, Luxembourg, 2012-2016.

We detected antibodies against influenza D in 80.2% of the cattle sampled in Luxembourg in 2016, suggesting widespread virus circulation throughout the country. In swine, seroprevalence of influenza D was low but increased from 0% to 5.9% from 2012 to 2014-2015.

Thomas Wilson Groves.

Tom was a kind, gentle and knowledgeable man who lived a long and interesting life.

The remarkable Dr Robertson.

Muriel Robertson (1883-1973) was a pioneering protozoologist who made a staggering number of important contributions to the fields of parasitology, bacteriology and immunology during her career, which spanned nearly 60 years. These contributions were all the more remarkable given the scientific and social times in which she worked. While Muriel is perhaps best known for her work on the life cycle and transmission of the African trypanosome, Trypanosoma brucei, which she carried out in Uganda at the height of a major Sleeping Sickness epidemic, her work on the Clostridia during the First and Second World Wars made significant contributions to the understanding of anaerobes and to the development of anti-toxoid vaccines, and her work on the immunology of Trichomonas foetus infections in cattle, carried out in collaboration with the veterinarian W. R. Kerr, resulted in changes in farming practices that very quickly eradicated trichomoniasis from cattle herds in Northern Ireland. The significance of her work was recognized with the award of Fellow of the Royal Society in 1947 and an Honorary Doctorate of Law from the University of Glasgow, where she had earlier studied, in 1948.

Ageing Cattle: The Use of Radiographic Examinations on Cattle Metapodials from Eketorp Ringfort on the Island of Öland in Sweden.

In this paper conventional X-ray analysis of cattle metapodials is used to study the age structure of slaughtered cattle at Eketorp ringfort on the island of Öland, Sweden. The X-ray analyses suggest that several animals in both phases were slaughtered aged 4-8 years. More oxen/bulls than cows reached the advanced age of over 8 years, yet in phase III more oxen/bulls seem to have been slaughtered between the ages of 2 and 8 years. These differences may reflect a change in demand for meat related to the character of the site. The results also show a correlation between metapodials with a pathology connected to biomechanical stress and older animals. This suggests that male cattle were used both in meat production and as draught animals. Asymmetry in male metatarsals such as distal broadening of the lateral part of the medial trochlea was visible on the X-ray images. The bone element also indicates a denser outer cortex of the medial diaphysis in comparison to the inner medulla. This could be the result of repetitive mechanical stress. Two metatarsals from cows were documented with distal asymmetry indicating that cows were also used as working animals. Bone elements with changes in the articular surfaces were more common in metapodials from cows with an X-ray age of over 3-4 years. These results highlighted the slaughter age difference between oxen/bulls and cows, enabling a better understanding of animal husbandry and the selection of draught cattle at Eketorp ringfort.

Loss of diversity within Mycoplasma bovis isolates collected in France from bovines with respiratory diseases over the last 35 years.

Mycoplasma (M.) bovis has recently emerged as a major, worldwide etiological agent of bovine respiratory diseases leading to huge economic losses mainly due to high morbidity and mortality as well as poor growth rates. The spread of M. bovis infections between different animals, herds, regions or countries has been often reported to be connected to the movement of animals. However, despite recent considerable efforts, no universal subtyping method is yet available to trace M. bovis isolates circulation at an international scale. Moreover in France, the overall population diversity of M. bovis isolates has not been assessed since the early 1990s. This study was conducted to fill in these gaps. The genotypic diversity between sixty isolates collected in France over the last 35 years was assessed using two molecular subtyping methods that addressed either the long-term epidemiological relationships (Multi Locus Sequence Typing, MLST) or the genetic microvariations (Multiple Locus VNTR Analysis, MLVA) between isolates. Phenotypic diversity was also analyzed by using Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization-Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) to compare the main protein patterns of isolates. All proposed subtyping approaches were optimized and led to the same pattern in the French M. bovis population that consisted of two clusters, the first one comprising isolates collected before 2000 and the second, those collected after 2000. Recent strains were further shown to be more homogeneous than older ones, which is consistent with the spread of a single clone throughout the country. Because this spread was concomitant with the emergence of multiresistant M. bovis isolates, several hypotheses are discussed to explain the homogeneity of M. bovis isolates in France, even though the M. bovis species is fully equipped to generate diversity.

[Mycobacterium infection in prehistoric humans: co-evolution in remote ages]. / L'infezione da micobatteri nell'uomo preistorico. Un cammino parallelo (co-evoluzione) dimostrato già in epoche remote.

The introduction of agriculture and animal husbandry at the end of the Mesolithic era, despite enabling a significant demographic growth through an increase in food storage and availability, caused new infectious noxae to enter the pathocoenosis. However in the Palaeolithic era, hunter-gatherers were already in contact with infectious diseases of animal origin, albeit episodically. Modern biomedical technologies allow us to estimate, with better approximation, how long mankind has been in contact with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Archaeological finds, including human and animal remains (especially the aurochs), are particularly studied by palaeopathologists, as mycobacteria frequently cause bone involvement and this characteristic is of particular interest for palaeopathological (even macroscopic) studies; the interest is to detect the ancient DNA of MT, which is the cause of bone tuberculosis in skeletal remains as well as in mummies. According to our present knowledge, palaeopathological findings, confirmed by molecular techniques, suggest that tuberculosis in human skeletons goes back at most to 9000 years ago, while, in a veterinary environment, the most ancient DNA of MTBC to be detected in an American bison dates back about 17,000 years. The possibility of discovering archaeological finds making even more ancient human remains available leaves opens up the possibility of dating back to previous eras the transmission of MTBC infection to mankind. Phylogenetic works examining the available materials (DNAa) suggest that Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the cause of tuberculosis infection in humans and cattle (Aurochs), would have had a co-evolutionary process. On the basis of recent phylogenetic studies, the MTBC genome would have had a wide span of time to reach a suitable adjustment, co-evolving in geographical environments both at high and low host density. It is likely that the strains that did not show this strong "flexibility" underwent extinction, in favour of more versatile, adaptable strains, that are able to infect susceptible hosts "always" and in any environmental condition.

Influenza D virus in cattle, France, 2011-2014.

A new influenza virus, genus D, isolated in US pigs and cattle, has also been circulating in cattle in France. It was first identified there in 2011, and an increase was detected in 2014. The virus genome in France is 94%-99% identical to its US counterpart, which suggests intercontinental spillover.

DNA typing of ancient parasite eggs from environmental samples identifies human and animal worm infections in Viking-age settlement.

Ancient parasite eggs were recovered from environmental samples collected at a Viking-age settlement in Viborg, Denmark, dated 1018-1030 A.D. Morphological examination identified Ascaris sp., Trichuris sp., and Fasciola sp. eggs, but size and shape did not allow species identification. By carefully selecting genetic markers, PCR amplification and sequencing of ancient DNA (aDNA) isolates resulted in identification of: the human whipworm, Trichuris trichiura , using SSUrRNA sequence homology; Ascaris sp. with 100% homology to cox1 haplotype 07; and Fasciola hepatica using ITS1 sequence homology. The identification of T. trichiura eggs indicates that human fecal material is present and, hence, that the Ascaris sp. haplotype 07 was most likely a human variant in Viking-age Denmark. The location of the F. hepatica finding suggests that sheep or cattle are the most likely hosts. Further, we sequenced the Ascaris sp. 18S rRNA gene in recent isolates from humans and pigs of global distribution and show that this is not a suited marker for species-specific identification. Finally, we discuss ancient parasitism in Denmark and the implementation of aDNA analysis methods in paleoparasitological studies. We argue that when employing species-specific identification, soil samples offer excellent opportunities for studies of human parasite infections and of human and animal interactions of the past.