[Values of cerebrospinal fluid cytochemistry in pediatric patients with ventriculoperitoneal shunt]. / Valores del análisis citoquímico de líquido cefalorraquídeo en pacientes con derivación ventrículo-peritoneal.

BACKGROUND: The ventriculo-peritoneal shunt (VPS) is the treatment for hydrocephalus, the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is evaluated for the management of its complications; however, information on the values of the cytochemistry in this population is insufficient. AIM: To describe the characteristics of the CSF cytochemistry of children in VPS management. METHODS: Descriptive observational study, developed in Bogotá (Colombia), from 2008 to 2016. VPS and related procedures records were reviewed. Patients between 6 months and 18 years were included. RESULTS: A total of 285 records were reviewed, 31 samples were entered. The CSF values were, respectively, for the median and 90% percentile: total leukocytes: 0 and 7 cells/mm3, neutrophils: 0 and 6.8 cells/mm3, lymphocytes: 0 and 2 cells/mm3, proteins: 13.4 and 67.2 mg/dL, glucose: 59 and 27.4 mg/dL. DISCUSSION: Glucose values evinced a normal rank towards the widest inferior limit with protein values exceeding the values expected. Cellularity is the variable with the lowest variation. CONCLUSIONS: The values of the CSF cytochemistry in patients with VPS are not comparable to those of the healthy population and should be interpreted according to the characteristics of this population.

Valores del análisis citoquímico de líquido cefalorraquídeo en pacientes con derivación ventrículo-peritoneal / Values of cerebrospinal fluid cytochemistry in pediatric patients with ventriculoperitoneal shunt

Resumen Introducción: La derivación ventrículo-peritoneal (DVP) es el tratamiento para la hidrocefalia. El líquido cefalorraquídeo (LCR) se evalúa para el manejo de sus complicaciones; sin embargo, la información de los valores del citoquímico en esta población es insuficiente. Objetivo: Describir las características del citoquímico del LCR de niños en manejo con DVP. Materiales y Métodos: Estudio de tipo observacional descriptivo, desarrollado en Bogotá (Colombia), entre el año 2008 y 2016. Se revisaron los registros de procedimientos de DVP y relacionados. Se incluyeron pacientes entre 6 meses y 18 años de edad. Resultados: Se revisaron 285 registros e ingresaron 31 muestras. Los valores de LCR fueron, respectivamente, para la mediana y al percentil 90%: leucocitos totales: 0 y 7 céls/mm3, neutrófilos: 0 y 6,8 céls/mm3, linfocitos: 0 y 2 céls/mm3, proteínas: 13,4 y 67,2 mg/dL, glucosa: 59 y 27,4 mg/dL. Discusión: Los valores de glucosa presentan un rango normal hacia el extremo inferior más amplio, con valores de proteínas mayores a los valores esperados. El rango de celularidad es la variable que presenta menor variación. Conclusiones: Los valores del citoquímico de LCR en paciente con DVP no son equiparables a los de la población sana y deben interpretarse según las características propias de esta población.

Background: The ventriculo-peritoneal shunt (VPS) is the treatment for hydrocephalus, the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is evaluated for the management of its complications; however, information on the values of the cytochemistry in this population is insufficient. Aim: To describe the characteristics of the CSF cytochemistry of children in VPS management. Methods: Descriptive observational study, developed in Bogotá (Colombia), from 2008 to 2016. VPS and related procedures records were reviewed. Patients between 6 months and 18 years were included. Results: A total of 285 records were reviewed, 31 samples were entered. The CSF values were, respectively, for the median and 90% percentile: total leukocytes: 0 and 7 cells/mm3, neutrophils: 0 and 6.8 cells/mm3, lymphocytes: 0 and 2 cells/mm3, proteins: 13.4 and 67.2 mg/dL, glucose: 59 and 27.4 mg/dL. Discussion: Glucose values evinced a normal rank towards the widest inferior limit with protein values exceeding the values expected. Cellularity is the variable with the lowest variation. Conclusions: The values of the CSF cytochemistry in patients with VPS are not comparable to those of the healthy population and should be interpreted according to the characteristics of this population.

Kinetics-like equation for cerebrospinal fluid-blood diffusion models

Introduction: The diffusion of proteins from the blood to the cerebrospinal fluid is influenced by its molecular weight and by the intrinsic properties and biological properties of the protein. Methods: Paired samples of serum and cerebrospinal fluid were taken from normal subjects to quantify albumin and proteins of the lectin pathway of the complement system. The distribution of these with regard to the value of QAlbúmin = (Albumin in serum / albumin in cerebrospinal fluid) was evaluated because this protein is used as a marker of the passage of the barrier. Results: It was observed that some of these describe a saturation pattern which resembles the curves that describe the Michaelis-Menten reaction of enzymatic activity. This led to the consideration of two constants that will help to characterize the behavior of these proteins by spreading to the cerebrospinal fluid: the maximum Q of the protein, which is the maximum proportion found empirically between the concentrations in blood and cerebrospinal fluid and the value Kcdw which is the value of the average diffusion speed of Q albumin when the semi-maximal value of the Q of the protein under study is obtained. Conclusions: Empirically obtained constants will help the characterization and differentiation of the diffusion of these new proteins as they pass from the blood to the cerebrospinal fluid(AU)

Knowledge-base for interpretation of cerebrospinal fluid data patterns. Essentials in neurology and psychiatry.

The physiological and biophysical knowledge base for interpretations of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) data and reference ranges are essential for the clinical pathologist and neurochemist. With the popular description of the CSF flow dependent barrier function, the dynamics and concentration gradients of blood-derived, brain-derived and leptomeningeal proteins in CSF or the specificity-independent functions of B-lymphocytes in brain also the neurologist, psychiatrist, neurosurgeon as well as the neuropharmacologist may find essentials for diagnosis, research or development of therapies. This review may help to replace the outdated ideas like "leakage" models of the barriers, linear immunoglobulin Index Interpretations or CSF electrophoresis. Calculations, Interpretations and analytical pitfalls are described for albumin quotients, quantitation of immunoglobulin synthesis in Reibergrams, oligoclonal IgG, IgM analysis, the polyspecific ( MRZ- ) antibody reaction, the statistical treatment of CSF data and general quality assessment in the CSF laboratory. The diagnostic relevance is documented in an accompaning review.

Knowledge-base for interpretation of cerebrospinal fluid data patterns. Essentials in neurology and psychiatry / Bases do conhecimento para interpretação de padrões de dados em líquido cefalorraquidiano. Essenciais em neurologia e psiquiatria

ABSTRACT The physiological and biophysical knowledge base for interpretations of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) data and reference ranges are essential for the clinical pathologist and neurochemist. With the popular description of the CSF flow dependent barrier function, the dynamics and concentration gradients of blood-derived, brain-derived and leptomeningeal proteins in CSF or the specificity-independent functions of B-lymphocytes in brain also the neurologist, psychiatrist, neurosurgeon as well as the neuropharmacologist may find essentials for diagnosis, research or development of therapies. This review may help to replace the outdated ideas like “leakage” models of the barriers, linear immunoglobulin Index Interpretations or CSF electrophoresis. Calculations, Interpretations and analytical pitfalls are described for albumin quotients, quantitation of immunoglobulin synthesis in Reibergrams, oligoclonal IgG, IgM analysis, the polyspecific ( MRZ- ) antibody reaction, the statistical treatment of CSF data and general quality assessment in the CSF laboratory. The diagnostic relevance is documented in an accompaning review.

RESUMO As bases do conhecimento biológico e biofísico para interpretação de dados do líquido cefalorraquidiano (LCR), assim como das faixas de referência, são essenciais para o patologista clínico e para o neuroquímico. Com a descrição popular da função de barreira dependente do fluxo LCR, a dinâmica e os gradientes de concentração das proteínas derivadas do sangue, do cérebro e da leptomeninge no LCR, bem como as funções específico-independentes dos linfócitos B no cérebro também podem ser essenciais para o diagnóstico ou o desenvolvimento de terapias pelo neurologista, psiquiatra, neurocirurgião e neurofarmacologista. Essa revisão pode auxiliar na substituição de conceitos ultrapassados como os dos modelos de “ruptura” das barreiras, das interpretações lineares do índice de imunoglobulina ou da eletroforese do LCR. Cálculos, interpretações e armadilhas analíticas são descritos para quocientes de albumina, quantificação da síntese de imunoglobulinas em Reibergramas, IgG oligoclonal, análise de IgM, reação MRZ (anticorpo poliespecífico), tratamento estatístico de dados do LCR e qualidade geral das análises no laboratório de LCR. A relevância do diagnóstico está documentada em uma revisão anexa a este documento.

Analysis of cerebrospinal fluid in racemose form of neurocysticercosis / Análise do líquido cefalorraquidiano na forma racemosa da neurocisticercose

The present work aimed to evaluate the pattern of CSF alterations in patients diagnosed with neurocysticercosis (NCC) in racemose form.Method This is a retrospective cohort study of patients with diagnosis of NCC in racemose form. CSF samples from 26 patients were analyzed. After patient-chart analysis was performed descriptive analysis of case studies and comparison between sexes in relation to variables were obtained with CSF by Mann-Whitney and Student’s t-tests.Results The sexes did not differ statistically when compared to pleocytosis in CSF. Eosinophils were present in 31% in samples while the ELISA test presented 80% sensitivity in this case series. Of the patient total, 24 presented a meningitis pattern with lymphocytic predominance.Conclusion There was no difference in inflammatory pattern between the sexes, with predominance of lymphocytic meningitis and 80% sensitivity by ELISA test of CSF patients with racemose form of NCC.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o padrão de alterações do LCR de pacientes com diagnóstico de neurocisticercose (NCC) na forma racemosa.Método Trata-se de estudo de coorte retrospectiva, de pacientes com diagnóstico de forma racemosa da NCC. Foram analisadas amostras de LCR de 26 pacientes. Após análise de prontuário foi realizada análise descritiva da casuística e comparação entre sexos em relação às variáveis obtidas com o LCR por meio dos testes de Mann-Whitney e t-Student.Resultados Não houve diferença estatisticamente significante quando comparado à pleocitose no LCR entre os sexos. Houve presença de eosinofilorraquia em 31% das amostras e o teste ELISA apresentou sensibilidade de 80% nesta casuística. Do total de paciente, 24 apresentaram padrão de meningite com predomínio linfocítico.Conclusão Não houve diferença no padrão inflamatório entre os sexos, com predomínio de meningite linfocítica e sensibilidade de 80% ao teste ELISA do LCR de pacientes da forma racemosa de NCC.

Chemical and cytological analysis of cerebral spinal fluid after intrathecal injection of hypodense fluorescein / Análise química e citológica do líquor após injeção intratecal de solução hipodensa de fluoresceína

ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION: Intrathecal fluorescein has been effective for topographic diagnosis of rhinoliquorrhea. Nonetheless, there are no reports on the study of cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) after use of intrathecal fluorescein. OBJECTIVE: A prospective study attempting to evaluate CSF through chemical and cytological analysis, after injection of fluorescein. METHODS: Prospective analysis of 24 samples of CSF after intrathecal injection of fluorescein for topographic diagnosis of CSF fistulae, collected at the time of puncture and after 24 and 48 h, divided by cellularity: Group 1, up to five cells, and Group 2, with more than five cells. RESULTS: The yellow-greenish color of CSF remained after 48 h in 36%, evidencing permanence of fluorescein. No changes in protein and glucose levels were observed between 0-24 h and 0-48 h. In group 2, an increase in cell count was observed between 24 h and 48 h (p = 0.019). In both groups, there was an increase of neutrophils between 0 and 48 h (p = 0.048) and a decrease between 24 and 48 h (p = 0.05). CONCLUSION: Intrathecal fluorescein provoked discreet meningeal reactions, such as an increase of cells between 24 and 48 h and an increase of neutrophils at 24 h, with a subsequent decrease at 48 h with no correlation with symptomatology.

RESUMO Introdução: A fluoresceína intratecal tem sido efetiva no diagnóstico topográfico da rinoliquorréia. Entretanto, não há estudos no líquor após o uso de fluoresceína intratecal. Objetivo: Estudo prospectivo visando avaliar o líquor, através de análise química e citológica, após injeção de fluoresceína. Método: Análise prospectiva de 24 punções após injeção intratecal de fluoresceína para diagnóstico topográfico de fístula liquórica, coletado no momento da punção, 24 e 48 horas, divididos pela celularidade: grupo 1, com até 5 células e grupo 2 com mais de 5 células. Resultado: A coloração amarelo-esverdeada do líquor permaneceu após 48 horas em 36%, evidenciando permanência de fluoresceína. Observou-se ausência de mudanças no nível de proteína e glicose entre 0-24 horas e 0-48 horas. No grupo 2, um aumento na contagem celular foi observado entre 24 e 48 horas (p = 0,019). No dois grupos juntos, observou-se um aumento de neutrófilos entre 0 e 48 horas (p = 0,048) e uma diminuição entre 24 e 28 horas (p = 0,05). Conclusão: Fluoresceína intratecal provocou discretas reações meníngeas, como o aumento de células entre 24 e 48 horas e aumento dos dos neutrófilos em 24 horas com uma subsequente dimi nuição em 48 horas sem correlação com sintomas.

Chemical and cytological analysis of cerebral spinal fluid after intrathecal injection of hypodense fluorescein.

INTRODUCTION: Intrathecal fluorescein has been effective for topographic diagnosis of rhinoliquorrhea. Nonetheless, there are no reports on the study of cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) after use of intrathecal fluorescein. OBJECTIVE: A prospective study attempting to evaluate CSF through chemical and cytological analysis, after injection of fluorescein. METHODS: Prospective analysis of 24 samples of CSF after intrathecal injection of fluorescein for topographic diagnosis of CSF fistulae, collected at the time of puncture and after 24 and 48h, divided by cellularity: Group 1, up to five cells, and Group 2, with more than five cells. RESULTS: The yellow-greenish color of CSF remained after 48h in 36%, evidencing permanence of fluorescein. No changes in protein and glucose levels were observed between 0-24h and 0-48h. In group 2, an increase in cell count was observed between 24h and 48h (p=0.019). In both groups, there was an increase of neutrophils between 0 and 48h (p=0.048) and a decrease between 24 and 48h (p=0.05). CONCLUSION: Intrathecal fluorescein provoked discreet meningeal reactions, such as an increase of cells between 24 and 48h and an increase of neutrophils at 24h, with a subsequent decrease at 48h with no correlation with symptomatology.

Analysis of cerebrospinal fluid in racemose form of neurocysticercosis.

The present work aimed to evaluate the pattern of CSF alterations in patients diagnosed with neurocysticercosis (NCC) in racemose form.Method This is a retrospective cohort study of patients with diagnosis of NCC in racemose form. CSF samples from 26 patients were analyzed. After patient-chart analysis was performed descriptive analysis of case studies and comparison between sexes in relation to variables were obtained with CSF by Mann-Whitney and Student's t-tests.Results The sexes did not differ statistically when compared to pleocytosis in CSF. Eosinophils were present in 31% in samples while the ELISA test presented 80% sensitivity in this case series. Of the patient total, 24 presented a meningitis pattern with lymphocytic predominance.Conclusion There was no difference in inflammatory pattern between the sexes, with predominance of lymphocytic meningitis and 80% sensitivity by ELISA test of CSF patients with racemose form of NCC.

Reibergrama para evaluar la síntesis intratecal de Lectina de unión a Manosa / Reibergram to evaluate the Mannan binding Lectin intrathecal synthesis

INTRODUCCIÓN: la dinámica particular de las proteínas derivadas del cerebro en el líquido cefalorraquídeo es diferente a la dinámica de las proteínas derivadas de la sangre. OBJETIVO: describir los datos empíricos de la lectina de unión a manosa y brindar una interpretación teórica de la dinámica de esta proteína a través de la confección un nuevo reibergrama. MÉTODOS: la lectina de unión a manosa en suero y líquido cfalorraquídeo, fue medida en 40 adultos normales a través de un ensayo inmunofluorométrico. El criterio diagnóstico estuvo basado en; muestras controles (pacientes normales) y muestras de pacientes con enfermedades que cursaron con disfunción de barrera sangre-líquido cefalorraquídeo. RESULTADOS: el coeficiente de correlación entre la lectina de unión a manosa en el líquido cefalorraquídeo y en el suero, fue muy bajo. El reibergrama de la lectina de unión a manosa se diseñó de acuerdo con procedimientos previos. CONCLUSIONES: bajo cualquier condición de barrera sangre-líquido cefalorraquídeo, el reibergrama puede identificar la ocurrencia de síntesis intratecal de lectina de unión a manosa.

BACKGROUND: The dynamics of brain derived proteins in cerebrospinal fluid is different from the dynamics of blood-derived proteins. Aim: To describe the empirical data for mannan binding lectin and gives a theoretical interpretation of the dynamics of this protein in cerebrospinal fluid through a new reibergram. METHODS: Serum and cerebrospinal fluid mannan binding lectin were measured in 40 normal adults by immunofluorometric assays. The diagnostic criteria were based in; normal control samples defined clinically and diseases with blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier dysfunction. RESULTS: Correlation coefficient between cerebrospinal fluid MBL and serum MBL was very low. Mannan binding lectin reibergram was designed according with previous procedures. CONCLUSION: Under all conditions of the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier, the reibergram can identify the occurrence of intrathecal mannan binding lectin synthesis.

Cerebrospinal fluid analysis in the context of CNS demyelinating diseases.

The central nervous system demyelinating diseases are a group of disorders with different etiologies, characterized by inflammatory lesions that are associated with loss of myelin and eventually axonal damage. In this group the most studied ones are multiple sclerosis (MS), neuromyelitis optic (NMO) and acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM). The cerebrospinal fluid is essential to differentiate between these different syndromes and to define multiple sclerosis, helping to assess the probability of Clinical Isolated Syndrome turn into multiple sclerosis.

Cerebrospinal fluid analysis in the context of CNS demyelinating diseases / Analise do liquido cefalorraquiano no contexto das doencas desmielinizantes do SNC

The central nervous system demyelinating diseases are a group of disorders with different etiologies, characterized by inflammatory lesions that are associated with loss of myelin and eventually axonal damage. In this group the most studied ones are multiple sclerosis (MS), neuromyelitis optic (NMO) and acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM). The cerebrospinal fluid is essential to differentiate between these different syndromes and to define multiple sclerosis, helping to assess the probability of Clinical Isolated Syndrome turn into multiple sclerosis.

As doenças desmielinizantes do sistema nervoso central são um grupo de desordens de diferentes etiologias, caracterizadas por lesões inflamatórias associadas a perda da mielina e eventualmente dano axonal. Neste grupo de doenças, as mais estudadas são a esclerose múltipla (EM), a neuromielite óptica e a encefalomielite aguda disseminada. O estudo de liquido cefalorraquiano é essencial para o diagnóstico diferencial entre as diferentes síndromes e para a definição de EM, ajudando a estimar a probabilidade da transformação da síndrome clínica isolada em EM.

Mielopatia torácica por calcificação do ligamento amarelo cursando com hiperproteinorraquia e resposta à corticoterapia: relato de caso / Thoracic myelopathy due to calcification of the ligamentum flavum with hyperproteinorachia and responsive to steroid therapy: case report

Calcificação e ossificação do ligamento amarelo ou do ligamento longitudinal posterior são causas de mielopatia compressiva, mais frequentes nos níveis torácicos inferiores e bastante raras em populações ocidentais. A descompressão cirúrgica é a única terapia proposta, mas a doença costuma ser progressiva e sua recorrência após a cirurgia não é incomum. Mediadores inflamatórios podem ter algum papel na progressão da mielopatia compressiva, mas não se tem notícia de qualquer proposta de abordagem terapêutica envolvendo agentes anti-inflamatórios. Neste contexto, relatamos um caso de mielopatia compressiva por calcificação do ligamento amarelo em que se observou hiperproteinorraquia e resposta à corticoterapia. Tais informações são inéditas e podem fornecer novas ideias para a compreensão da doença.

Calcification and ossification of the ligamentum flavum or of the posterior longitudinal ligament are causes of compressive myelopathy, more frequent in the lower thoracic levels, and extremely rare in Western populations. Surgical decompression is the only therapy, but the disease is usually progressive, and its recurrence after surgery is common. Inflammatory mediators might play a role in the progression of compressive myelopathy, but, to our knowledge, the therapeutic approach involving anti-inflammatory agents has never been tried before. We report a case of compressive myelopathy due to calcification of the ligamentum flavum, in which hyperproteinorachia and response to steroid therapy have been observed. Those data have not been published before and might provide new ideas for the disease understanding.

Thoracic myelopathy due to calcification of the ligamentum flavum with hyperproteinorachia and responsive to steroid therapy: case report.

Calcification and ossification of the ligamentum flavum or of the posterior longitudinal ligament are causes of compressive myelopathy, more frequent in the lower thoracic levels, and extremely rare in Western populations. Surgical decompression is the only therapy, but the disease is usually progressive, and its recurrence after surgery is common. Inflammatory mediators might play a role in the progression of compressive myelopathy, but, to our knowledge, the therapeutic approach involving anti-inflammatory agents has never been tried before. We report a case of compressive myelopathy due to calcification of the ligamentum flavum, in which hyperproteinorachia and response to steroid therapy have been observed. Those data have not been published before and might provide new ideas for the disease understanding.

Is the presence of depression independent from signs of disease activity in patients with neurocysticercosis?

Neurocysticercosis (NCC) is a common central nervous system (CNS) infection caused by Taenia solium metacestodes. Depression is present in 53-85% of the NCC patients. The present study was aimed to evaluate the correlation of signs of NCC activity (evolution phase of NCC cysts and CSF characteristics) with depression. The study group consisted of 65 patients subdivided into two groups: NCC with epilepsy (48) and NCC without epilepsy [17]. Depression was assessed and quantified by the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HRSD-21) and compared with CSF inflammatory characteristics (increase of WBCs and total protein) and presence of calcifications or cysts. There was no difference between the scores of depression in the group with CNS calcifications or cysts. CSF signs of active disease, specifically increase of CSF TP, were significantly more frequent in patients with mild depression and in non-depressant patients. The depression scores were inversely proportional to the CSF TP levels in the groups with depression. Although immunological factors could be associated with the development of depression, the data above lead us to make assumptions about the association of other factors such as genetic predisposition, or social and cultural factors.

Criptococosis meníngea asociada al SIDA: análisis de los pacientes varones HIV (+) con criptococosis meníngea internados en la Sala 11 del Hospital Francisco J Muñiz / Meningeal cryptococcosis: associated AIDS

La criptococosis es una micosis sistémica oportunista con distribución universal causada por una levadura capsulada, el Cryptococcus neoformans (C neoformans). El C neoformans infecta al hombre y a animales susceptibles por vía inhalatoria, provocando en huéspedes inmunocompetentes una primoinfección asintomática. Crece preferentemente en ambientes ricos con componentes nitrogenados, principalmente a partir de las excretas desecadas de las palomas que son ricas en nitrógeno y creatinina, con alto contenido en sales y pH alcalino, cualidades que facilitan la supervivencia del hongo. La diseminación hematógena del agente causal provoca múltiples localizaciones, las cuales se hacen clínicamente evidentes en pacientes con deterioro de la inmunidad mediada por células. A partir de la eclosión del SIDA se produjo un aumento significativo del número de casos, transformándose esta última condición en la causa predisponente más importante de esta micosis. La mayoría de los pacientes con SIDA y criptococosis del SNC presentan signos y síntomas de meningitis o meningoencefalitis subagudas como cefalea, fiebre, parálisis de nervios craneales, letargo, coma o amnesia de varias semanas de evolución. La anfotericina B es el pilar terapéutico del tratamiento. En nuestro estudio analizamos las características demográficas, epidemiológicas, clínicas, el líquido cefalorraquídeo, el diagnóstico micológico y el tratamiento empleado en los pacientes hospitalizados en Sala 11 con diagnóstico de criptococosis meníngea. En la criptococosis meníngea asociada al SIDA el diagnóstico puede realizarse por el análisis de distintos tipos de especímenes biológicos, siendo los principales el examen microscópico directo del LCR con tinción de tinta china y el cultivo.(AU)

Cryptococcosis is a fungal opportunistic infection systemic who has universal distribution, caused by capsulated yeast, Cryptococcus neoformans. C neoformans infects humans and susceptible animals by inhalation, causing an asymptomatic primary infection in immunocompetent hosts. It grows preferentially in rich environments with nitrogen components, mainly from dried excreta of pigeons that are rich in nitrogen and creatinine, with a high salt content and alkaline pH, qualities which facilitate the survival of the fungus. Haematogenous dissemination of the causative agent leads to multiple locations, which are clinically evident in patients with impairment of cell-mediated immunity. Since the emergence of AIDS, it was a significant increase in the number of cases, who becomes in the most important predisposing cause of this mycosis. Most patients with AIDS and CNS cryptococcosis have signs and symptoms of subacute meningitis or meningoencephalitis as headache, fever, cranial nerve palsy, lethargy, coma or amnesia of several weeks of evolution. Amphotericin B therapy is the mainstay of treatment. We analyzed the demographic, epidemiological, clinical, cerebrospinal fluid, mycological diagnosis and treatment used for hospitalized patients in the unit 11 of the Infectious Disease Hospital Muñiz with the diagnosis of meningeal cryptococcosis. In meningeal cryptococcosis associated with AIDS, the diagnosis can be performed by the analysis of different types of biological specimens, mainly direct microscopic examination of CSF with India ink staining and culture.(AU)

Tuberculous meningitis in HIV-infected and non-infected patients: comparison of cerebrospinal fluid findings.

We performed a retrospective comparison of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) characteristics and drug susceptibility profile in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infected and non-infected patients with a diagnosis of tuberculous meningitis. HIV-infected patients had a higher frequency of non-inflammatory CSF (absence of pleocytosis) and of infection by multidrug-resistant strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Protein CSF levels were lower in HIV-infected patients, while and glucose concentration was similar in both groups. Hospital mortality was significantly higher in HIV-infected patients (63.3% [64/101] vs. 17.5% [7/40]).