ABSTRACT
Chicory is a food with high nutritional. The use of beneficial elements in plants, such as sodium (Na) and silicon (Si), may be important to mitigate nutritional disorders, such as potassium (K) deficiency, but research is lacking on this topic. The objective was to evaluate the effects of sodium and nano-silicon on the nutritional, physiological, growth, and quality parameters of chicory under K deficiency and sufficiency. We used a concentration for sufficient K (3.0 mmol L-1), K-deficiency (1.5 mmol L-1), combined with the lack or presence of Na (2.0 mmol L-1) and Si (2.0 mmol L-1). The experiment was carried out in a greenhouse with six treatments corresponding to K sufficiency, K-sufficiency with Na, K-sufficiency with Si, K deficiency, K-deficiency with Na, and K-deficiency with Si, with six replications. The following growth variables were evaluated: (i) plant height, (ii) stem diameter, (iii) number of leaves, (iv) leaf area, and (v) plant biomass. Potassium and Si contents in the above ground part and K utilization efficiency were assessed, and the accumulation of K, Na, and Si was calculated. The efficiency of the quantum yield of photosystem II (Fv/Fm) and the photosynthetic pigments was determined. Electrolyte leakage index and relative water content, as well as phenolic compounds, ascorbic acid, and leaf firmness index were also determined. We found that supplying nano-Si and Na to a K-deficient nutrient solution increased K accumulation by 60% and 50% and K use efficiency by 79% and 62% compared to plants without supply of those elements. Nano-Si reduced electrolyte leakage, being 41% less than Na in K-deficient chicory. However, when Na was added to a nutrient solution with sufficient potassium, the K use efficiency decreased by 48% compared to sufficient potassium without Na. Under the same condition of sufficient supply of potassium and Na, K accumulation decreased by 20% in chicory compared to sufficient potassium without Na, and the photosynthetic pigments-total chlorophyll and carotenoids-were reduced by 5% and 10%, respectively. Our findings contribute to improve cultivation systems with low supply of K as the supply of Na and nano-Si mitigates the damage caused to the metabolism of chicory under K deficiency.
Subject(s)
Cichorium intybus , Potassium , Silicon , Sodium , Silicon/metabolism , Potassium/metabolism , Sodium/metabolism , Cichorium intybus/metabolism , Photosynthesis , Potassium Deficiency/metabolism , Plant Leaves/metabolism , Chlorophyll/metabolismABSTRACT
Dietary factors can modify the function of the intestinal barrier, causing permeability changes. This systematic review analyzed evidence on the link between diet or dietary interventions and changes in intestinal barrier permeability (IBP) in healthy individuals. A systematic search for primary studies was conducted using the virtual databases EMBASE, PubMed, Web of Science, CINAHL, and Scopus. This review adhered to PRISMA 2020 guidelines, assessing the methodological quality using the Newcastle-Ottawa scale for observational studies and ROB 2.0 for randomized clinical trials. Out of 3725 studies recovered, 12 were eligible for review. Chicory inulin and probiotics reduced IBP in adults with a moderate GRADE level of evidence. The opposite result was obtained with fructose, which increased IBP in adults, with a very low GRADE level of evidence. Only intervention studies with different dietary components were found, and few studies evaluated the effect of specific diets on the IBP. Thus, there was no strong evidence that diet or dietary interventions increase or decrease IBP in healthy individuals. Studies on this topic are necessary, with a low risk of bias and good quality of evidence generated, as there is still little knowledge on healthy populations.
Subject(s)
Diet , Intestinal Mucosa , Permeability , Humans , Diet/methods , Intestinal Mucosa/metabolism , Probiotics/administration & dosage , Adult , Inulin/administration & dosage , Inulin/pharmacology , Healthy Volunteers , Fructose/administration & dosage , Intestines/physiology , Female , Male , Cichorium intybus/chemistry , Intestinal Barrier FunctionABSTRACT
Halophilic archaea are capable of producing fructans, which are fructose-based polysaccharides. However, their biochemical characterization and biological and technological properties have been scarcely studied. The aim of this study was to evaluate the production, chemical characterization, biological and technological properties of a fructan inulin-type biosynthesized by a halophilic archaeon. Fructan extraction was performed through ethanol precipitation and purification by diafiltration. The chemical structure was elucidated using Fourier Transform-Infrared Spectroscopy and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR). Haloarcula sp. M1 biosynthesizes inulin with an average molecular weight of 8.37 × 106 Da. The maximal production reached 3.9 g of inulin per liter of culture within seven days. The glass transition temperature of inulin was measured at 138.85 °C, and it exhibited an emulsifying index of 36.47 %, which is higher than that of inulin derived from chicory. Inulin from Haloarcula sp. M1 (InuH) demonstrates prebiotic capacity. This study represents the first report on the biological and technological properties of inulin derived from halophilic archaea.
Subject(s)
Cichorium intybus , Haloarcula , Inulin , Fructans , EthanolABSTRACT
A putative new virus with sequence similarity to members of the genus Cavemovirus in the family Caulimoviridae was identified in wild chicory (Cichorium intybus) by next-generation sequencing (NGS). The putative new virus was tentatively named "chicory mosaic cavemovirus" (ChiMV), and its genome was determined to be 7,775 nucleotides (nt) long with the typical genome organization of cavemoviruses. ORF1 encodes a putative coat protein/movement polyprotein (1,278 aa), ORF2 encodes a putative replicase (650 aa), and ORF3 encodes a putative transactivator factor (384 aa). The first two putative proteins have 46.2% and 68.7% amino acid sequence identity to the CP/MP protein (YP_004347414) and replicase (YP_004347415), respectively, of sweet potato collusive virus (SPCV). ORF3 encodes a protein with 38.5% amino acid sequence identity to the putative transactivator factor (NP_056849) of cassava vein mosaic virus (CsVMV). The new putative viral genome and those of three cavemoviruses (epiphyllum virus 4 [EpV-4], SPCV, and CsVMV) differ by 24-27% in the nt sequence of the replicase gene, which exceeds the species demarcation cutoff (>20%) for the family.
Subject(s)
Caulimoviridae/genetics , Cichorium intybus/virology , Amino Acid Sequence , Caulimoviridae/classification , Genome, Viral/genetics , Open Reading Frames/genetics , Phylogeny , Plant Diseases/virology , Plant Leaves/virology , RNA, Viral/genetics , Species Specificity , Viral Proteins/geneticsABSTRACT
The accumulation of zinc (Zn) in Cichorium intybus and effects of phytotoxicity during 90 days of growth on (natural) non-contaminated and Zn-contaminated soils were studied. The phytotoxicity effects were monitored by evaluating the leaf area, leaf biomass, leaf length and root length of the vegetable. The Zn concentrations ranged from 5.35 ± 1.05 to 37.5 ± 3.89 mg kg-1 in leaves of plants grown on natural soil, and from 334.0 ± 25.6 to 2232 ± 16.7 mg kg-1 when grown on Zn-contaminated soils. Zn accumulation caused a decrease in growth on contaminated soils and an increase in phytotoxicity. These effects were associated to high metal concentration, mobility and bioavailability in the soil as well as changes in the translocation mechanism from the roots to the leaves. Then, it must be avoided the organic fertilization of soils with either animal manure or other agricultural inputs containing high zinc concentrations.
Subject(s)
Cichorium intybus/drug effects , Soil Pollutants/toxicity , Zinc/toxicity , Animals , Biological Availability , Cichorium intybus/metabolism , Fertilizers , Metals , Plant Leaves/chemistry , Plant Roots/chemistry , Plants , Soil , Soil Pollutants/analysis , Vegetables , Zinc/analysisABSTRACT
This study aimed to evaluate the stability of natural antioxidants in minimally processed Anredera cordifolia and Lactuca canadensis and their physical-chemical and antioxidant characteristics at time zero of storage (T0) and after 3, 6, 9 and 12 days, at temperature of 7 °C. For the attribute color, L. canadensis did not show significant differences between the parameters, whereas A. cordifolia showed variation in its lightness from the third day of storage. Both vegetables had significant increments of pH, which ranged from 5.77 to 6.16 in A. cordifolia and from 6.23 to 6.43 in L. canadensis. The contents of soluble solids also increased significantly, from 2.28 to 4.17 °Brix and from 4.89 to 6.30 °Brix in A. cordifolia and L. canadensis, respectively. No significant difference was observed in total titratable acidity at any of the times evaluated (p>0.05). Among the bioactive compounds of the minimally processed vegetables, the contents of carotenoids, tannins and total phenolic compounds were affected by storage, demonstrating that this process has influence on the concentrations of the natural antioxidants studied.
O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a estabilidade de antioxidantes naturais em bertalha e almeirão-de-árvore minimamente processados, bem como suas características físico-químicas, no ato do armazenamento (T0) e após 3, 6, 9 e 12 dias, na temperatura de 7 °C. Em relação ao atributo cor, o almeirão não apresentou diferença significativa entre os parâmetros, já a bertalha, a partir do terceiro dia de armazenamento, demostrou variação em sua luminosidade. As duas hortaliças apresentaram aumentos significativos de pH, variando de 5.77 a 6.16 para a bertalha e de 6.23 a 6.43 para o almeirão. Os teores de sólidos solúveis também aumentaram significativamente, 2.28 a 4.17 °Brix e de 4.89 a 6.30 °Brix para bertalha e almeirão, respectivamente. Já a acidez total titulável não apresentou diferença significativa para nenhum dos tempos avaliados (p>0.05). Dentre os compostos bioativos das hortaliças minimamente processadas, os carotenoides, taninos e compostos fenólicos totais sofreram interferência do armazenamento sobre o seu conteúdo, demonstrando haver influência desse processo sobre as concentrações dos antioxidantes naturais estudados.
Subject(s)
Antioxidants , Cichorium intybus , Phytochemicals , VegetablesABSTRACT
This study aimed to evaluate the stability of natural antioxidants in minimally processed Anredera cordifolia and Lactuca canadensis and their physical-chemical and antioxidant characteristics at time zero of storage (T0) and after 3, 6, 9 and 12 days, at temperature of 7 °C. For the attribute color, L. canadensis did not show significant differences between the parameters, whereas A. cordifolia showed variation in its lightness from the third day of storage. Both vegetables had significant increments of pH, which ranged from 5.77 to 6.16 in A. cordifolia and from 6.23 to 6.43 in L. canadensis. The contents of soluble solids also increased significantly, from 2.28 to 4.17 °Brix and from 4.89 to 6.30 °Brix in A. cordifolia and L. canadensis, respectively. No significant difference was observed in total titratable acidity at any of the times evaluated (p>0.05). Among the bioactive compounds of the minimally processed vegetables, the contents of carotenoids, tannins and total phenolic compounds were affected by storage, demonstrating that this process has influence on the concentrations of the natural antioxidants studied.(AU)
O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a estabilidade de antioxidantes naturais em bertalha e almeirão-de-árvore minimamente processados, bem como suas características físico-químicas, no ato do armazenamento (T0) e após 3, 6, 9 e 12 dias, na temperatura de 7 °C. Em relação ao atributo cor, o almeirão não apresentou diferença significativa entre os parâmetros, já a bertalha, a partir do terceiro dia de armazenamento, demostrou variação em sua luminosidade. As duas hortaliças apresentaram aumentos significativos de pH, variando de 5.77 a 6.16 para a bertalha e de 6.23 a 6.43 para o almeirão. Os teores de sólidos solúveis também aumentaram significativamente, 2.28 a 4.17 °Brix e de 4.89 a 6.30 °Brix para bertalha e almeirão, respectivamente. Já a acidez total titulável não apresentou diferença significativa para nenhum dos tempos avaliados (p>0.05). Dentre os compostos bioativos das hortaliças minimamente processadas, os carotenoides, taninos e compostos fenólicos totais sofreram interferência do armazenamento sobre o seu conteúdo, demonstrando haver influência desse processo sobre as concentrações dos antioxidantes naturais estudados.(AU)
Subject(s)
Antioxidants , Cichorium intybus , Phytochemicals , VegetablesABSTRACT
Plantain and chicory are interesting forage species since they present good nutritional quality and are more resistant to drought than many temperate grasses. The fatty acid (FA) profile in milk and meat is related to a growing concern for the consumption of healthy foods, that is, with a lower content of saturated FA, higher polyunsaturated FA (PUFA) and a favourable n-6 : n-3 FAs ratio. Our objective was to evaluate the FA content in ewe's milk and lamb's meat fed a plantain-chicory mixture (PCH) or a grass-based permanent sward (GBS) dominated by perennial ryegrass. Eighteen Austral ewes in mid-lactation were allocated to PCH and GBS treatments. Milk samples were obtained during September (spring). Thirty weaned lambs were finished on both treatments from November to December (7 weeks), slaughtered and their meat sampled. Fat from milk and meat samples was extracted and stored until analysed by gas chromatography. Milk fat from GBS was higher than from PCH (P < 0.05) in C18:0 (11 385 v. 5874 mg/100 g FA), 9c-18:1 (15 750 v. 8565 mg/100 g FA), 11 t-18:1 (4576 v. 2703 mg/100 g FA) and 9c,11 t-18:2 (1405 v. 921 mg/100 g FA) and lower in 18:2n-6 (827 v. 1529 mg/100 g FA) and 18:3n-3 (943 v. 1318 mg/100 g FA) FA. Total mono-unsaturated FA was higher in GBS than PCH (P < 0.05). Meat fat from PCH swards presented a higher (P < 0.05) content than GBS for 18:2n-6 (46.8 v. 28.2 mg/100 g FA), linolenic (24.6 v. 14.2 mg/100 g FA), polyunsaturated FA (119.7 v. 73.4 mg/100 g FA), n-6 (65.9 v. 40.8 mg/100 g FA) and n-3 (53.8 v. 32.5 mg/100 g FA), respectively. No effect of treatment (P > 0.05) was detected for 9c-18:1 (283.9 v. 205.8 mg/100 g FA), 11 t-18:1 (26.2 v. 19.3 mg/100 g FA) and 9c,11 t-18:2 (10.1 v. 7.6 mg/100 g FA), for PCH and GBS. These results suggest that grazing a PCH mixture results in a higher concentration of PUFA in ewes' milk and in lambs' fat, as compared to a GBS sward.
Subject(s)
Animal Feed/analysis , Cichorium intybus , Fatty Acids/chemistry , Milk/chemistry , Plantago , Poaceae , Animals , Diet/veterinary , Fatty Acids, Unsaturated/analysis , Female , Lactation , Lolium/chemistry , Meat/analysis , Nutritive Value , SheepABSTRACT
Red chicory leaves are appreciated sensorially and their constituents contain bioactive properties. The objectives of this study were as follows: to use an experimental design to extract anthocyanins from red chicory in aqueous solution at pH 2.5; to determine the stability of the extracts in relation to temperature and pH; and to evaluate the antioxidant activity and in vitro cytotoxic effect of the lyophilized and purified extracts. The best extraction conditions for the bioactive compounds from red chicory were a temperature of 64.2 °C for 25 min; the anthocyanin content was 73.53 ± 0.13 mg per 100 g fresh weight basis sample. The EC50 (Half maximal effective concentration) value for the antioxidant activity assay in relation to DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) with optimized extract was 0.363, which corresponds to a concentration of 39.171 µmol/L of anthocyanins. The activation energy for the degradation reaction of the anthocyanins from the red chicory extract was 84.88 kJ/mol. The optimized extract, which was rich in anthocyanins, showed chemical and biological antioxidant activity (protection against erythrocyte hemolysis) and inhibited lipid peroxidation in vitro. The Cichorium intybus L. extracts interfered on the levels of reactive oxygen species generation and the crude extract did not present procarcinogenic effect. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Red chicory is basically consumed as a part of traditional dishes worldwide. Here, we developed a process to extract and purify the anthocyanins from Cichorium intybus leaves and test the extracts in terms of the chemical composition, thermal stability, antioxidant activity, and antiproliferative effects. The anthocyanin-rich extract presented antioxidant activity in chemical and biological assays and low cytotoxicity and cytoprotective effects in relation to HepG2, HCT8, and Caco-2 cell lines. Additionally, the red chicory extract protected human erythrocytes against hemolysis. This extract may be used as a natural colorant/antioxidant in foods.
Subject(s)
Anthocyanins/pharmacology , Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic/pharmacology , Antioxidants/pharmacology , Cichorium intybus/chemistry , Food Additives/pharmacology , Plant Extracts/pharmacology , Anthocyanins/isolation & purification , Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic/isolation & purification , Antioxidants/isolation & purification , Biphenyl Compounds/metabolism , Caco-2 Cells , Carcinogenesis/drug effects , Erythrocytes/drug effects , Food Additives/isolation & purification , Hep G2 Cells , Humans , Lipid Peroxidation/drug effects , Picrates/metabolism , Plant Extracts/chemistry , Plant Leaves/chemistryABSTRACT
Background/Aims: The selection of suitable raw materials in the cosmetic research and development is a key point, not only in order to obtain the expected results but also to avoid undesirable side effects. This study evaluated the in vitro toxicity potential of four different plant extracts and their in vivo acceptability studies. Methods: Spirulina, Palmaria palmata, Cichorium intybus and Medicago sativa extracts were analysed alone or in combination and added in cosmetic formulations. The in vitro toxicity evaluation, Hen's Egg Chorioallantoic Membrane Test (HET-CAM) and 3T3 NRU phototoxicity test were performed to evaluate in vitro potential ocular irritation and photo safety, respectively. Twenty subjects were enrolled in the acceptability studies, who were evaluated for the absence of harmful effects of the formulation by visual assessment and by transepidermal water loss, a biophysical technique, for 30 days. Results: HET-CAM assay showed that the studied extracts added to a gel-cream formulation had no irritant potential. In addition, the combination of Palmaria palmata, alfalfa and chicory extracts did not show phototoxic potential in vitro. Acceptability studies showed that the formulation containing the four extracts combined did not provoke any transepidermal water loss (TEWL) alteration, sensory irritation or erythema in the forearms for the period of analysis. Conclusion: The studied active ingredients, alone or in combination, present no cytotoxicity potential and when added to a gel-cream formulation had no irritant potential in vitro. These results predicting no harmful effects were confirmed in the acceptability tests, which showed no alteration on skin barrier function and no report of irritation perception of sign of erythema, suggesting the potential of these extracts for the development of safe cosmetic products.
Subject(s)
Cichorium intybus , Cosmetics/toxicity , Medicago sativa , Plant Extracts/toxicity , Rhodophyta , Spirulina , 3T3 Cells , Adult , Animals , Chickens , Chorioallantoic Membrane/drug effects , Dermatitis, Phototoxic , Humans , Mice , Middle Aged , Skin/drug effects , Skin/metabolism , Skin Cream , Toxicity Tests , Water Loss, Insensible/drug effectsABSTRACT
Abstract Research on the bio-activities and chemical composition of roasted C. intybus roots from India is very little. In present studies GC-MS analysis of volatile components of roasted C. intybus roots, phenolics and flavonoid content estimation and antioxidant potential of roasted C. intybus roots was carried out. Antioxidant potential was also evaluated using FRAP, DPPH, hydroxyl radical, nitric oxide and superoxide free radical scavenging method. Extracts were prepared by sequential Soxhlet extraction. GC-MS analysis of volatile components of roasted C. intybus root extracts revealed that 5-hydroxymethyl furfural was major volatile component in dichloromethane and methanol extract whereas lupeol and its derivative compounds were major constituents of hexane extract. Quantitative estimation for total phenols and flavonoids showed that the methanol extract of C. intybus roots contained highest phenolic and flavonoid content as compared to other extracts and also showed strong radical scavenging activities which were comparable with ascorbic acid used as standard. All extracts showed IC50 values less than 0.6 mg/mL furthermore, extracts of roasted C. intybus showed the high total antioxidant potential for the reduction of Fe3+ to Fe2+. The C. intybus roots possess good antioxidant capacity even after roasting and all the extracts showed good activities.
Subject(s)
Cichorium intybus/chemistry , Antioxidants , Solvents , PhytochemicalsABSTRACT
Increasing drug resistance in gastrointestinal (GI) parasites of livestock and concerns about chemical residues in animal products and the environment are driving the development of alternative control strategies that are less reliant on the use of synthetic drugs. An increasingly investigated approach is the use of bioactive forages with antiparasitic properties as part of the animal's diet (nutraceuticals) or as potential sources of novel, natural parasiticides. Chicory (Cichorium intybus) is a multi-purpose crop and one of the most promising bioactive forages in temperate regions, and numerous in vivo trials have explored its potential against parasitic nematodes in livestock. However, it is unclear whether chicory can induce a direct and broad activity against various GI parasites in different livestock species, and the levels of chicory in the diet that are required to exert an efficient antiparasitic effect. Moreover, the mechanisms leading to the reported parasiticidal activity of chicory are still largely unknown, and its bioactive phytochemicals have only recently been investigated. In this review, we summarise the progress in the study of the antiparasitic activity of chicory and its natural bioactive compounds against GI parasites in livestock, through examination of the published literature. The available evidence indicates that feeding chicory can reduce faecal egg counts and/or worm burdens of abomasal nematodes, but not infections with intestinal worms, in ruminants. Highly chicory-rich diets (≥ 70% of chicory dry matter in the diet) may be necessary to directly affect abomasal parasitism. Chicory is known to synthesise several bioactive compounds with potential antiparasitic activity, but most research has been devoted to the role of sesquiterpene lactones (SL). Recent in vitro studies have confirmed direct and potent activity of SL-rich extracts from chicory against different GI helminths of livestock. Chicory SL have also been reported to exhibit antimalarial properties and its potential antiprotozoal activity in livestock remains to be evaluated. Furthermore, the detailed identification of the main antiparasitic metabolites of chicory and their pharmacokinetics need further confirmation. Research gaps and perspectives on the potential use of chicory as a nutraceutical forage and a source of bioactive compounds for parasite control in livestock are discussed.
Subject(s)
Animal Feed/analysis , Antiparasitic Agents/administration & dosage , Cichorium intybus/chemistry , Dietary Supplements , Nematoda/drug effects , Animals , Anthelmintics/administration & dosage , Anthelmintics/chemistry , Antiparasitic Agents/chemistry , Cattle , Feces/parasitology , Gastrointestinal Tract/drug effects , Gastrointestinal Tract/parasitology , Helminthiasis/drug therapy , Humans , Intestinal Diseases, Parasitic/drug therapy , Livestock/anatomy & histology , Livestock/parasitology , Parasite Egg Count , SheepABSTRACT
The presence of arsenic (As) in groundwater is a major problem in several parts of Latin America. In the present work, non-destructive approaches to monitor the effects of As on plants of Cichorium intybus, an herbaceous Asteraceae, were explored. In this sense, the effects of As at different levels of water and radiation were evaluated on these crops. Plants were grown in a greenhouse, watered daily with As solutions and exposed to different water and/or light conditions for four months, using a three-factor (As, water, radiation) and two-level resource (As vs non As, field capacity vs half-field capacity condition, light vs shade condition) factorial design. The parameters most affected by this treatment were the area under the first derivative of the reflectance spectrum in the blue region, chlorophyll concentration, the Fred/Ffar-red fluorescence ratio and the quantum yield for the photophysical decay. These changes indicated the ability of this plant species to be a biomonitor for the presence of arsenic in irrigation water. Interestingly, it was further proved in this work that the biomonitoring capacity was enhanced in the presence of sunlight.
Subject(s)
Agricultural Irrigation/methods , Arsenic/toxicity , Cichorium intybus/physiology , Environmental Monitoring/methods , Sunlight/adverse effects , Cichorium intybus/drug effects , Cichorium intybus/radiation effects , Chlorophyll/chemistry , Fluorescence , Water/chemistryABSTRACT
The lack of research about escarole cultivars adapted to each region, as well as technical informationon plant growth have been some of the factors related to low yields. Therefore, the aim of this workwas to evaluate the growth of escarole crop in four seasons of year in Santa Maria, RS. The experimentwas conducted in a randomized complete block design, 1 x 4, being a escarole (cultivar EscorolaLisa®) evaluated in four seasons of year (summer, autumn, winter and spring), in six replications.The evaluations were performed in a destructive manner every seven days, from date of transplant toharvest point. The following components were analyzed: number of leaves, number of residues, drymass of leaves, dry mass of leaves, stem and residue. Thus, it was determined the parameters for growthanalysis. With the data obtained, we performed a variance analysis, and presented significant results,and the means of each season of the year submitted to the Tukey test at 5% of error probability. Theair temperature and global radiation influence crop cycle. Lower temperatures and lower incidenceof radiation result in cycle extended, as observed in autumn. The escarole growth is influenced byseasons of year in Rio Grande do Sul (RS), and summer and spring finish the cycle in advance to others,presenting a larger leaf area. Summer and spring are most indicated season to escarole crop in RS,Brazil.
A falta de pesquisas sobre cultivares de chicória adaptadas a cada região, bem como informaçõestécnicas sobre seu crescimento, tem sido alguns dos fatores relacionados a baixos rendimentos. Diantedisso, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o crescimento da cultura da Chicória em quatro estações doano em Santa Maria- RS. O experimento foi conduzido em delineamento de blocos ao acaso, 1 x 4,sendo uma cultivar de chicória (cultivar Escorola Lisa®) avaliada em quatro estações do ano (verão,outono, inverno e primavera), com seis repetições. As avaliações foram realizadas de forma destrutivaa cada sete dias, a partir da data do transplantio até o ponto de colheita. Analisaram-se os seguintescomponentes: número de folhas, número de restos, massa seca de discos, massa seca de folhas, caule erestos. Com os dados obtidos procedeu-se análise de variância, e apresentando resultados significativos,e as médias de cada estação do ano submetidas ao teste de Tukey a 5% de probabilidade de erro. Atemperatura do ar e a radiação global apresentaram influência sobre o ciclo da cultura. Temperaturasmais baixas e menor incidência de radiação resultaram no maior ciclo da cultura, observado no outono. O crescimento da chicória foi influenciado pelas estações do ano no Rio Grande do Sul (RS), sendoque o verão e primavera finalizaram o ciclo antecipadamente às demais, apresentando maior área foliar.Verão e primavera são as estações mais indicadas para o cultivo da chicória no RS, Brasil.
Subject(s)
Cichorium intybus/growth & development , Seasons , Crops, Agricultural/growth & development , Vegetables/growth & development , Brazil , 24444 , Drought IndexesABSTRACT
The lack of research about escarole cultivars adapted to each region, as well as technical informationon plant growth have been some of the factors related to low yields. Therefore, the aim of this workwas to evaluate the growth of escarole crop in four seasons of year in Santa Maria, RS. The experimentwas conducted in a randomized complete block design, 1 x 4, being a escarole (cultivar EscorolaLisa®) evaluated in four seasons of year (summer, autumn, winter and spring), in six replications.The evaluations were performed in a destructive manner every seven days, from date of transplant toharvest point. The following components were analyzed: number of leaves, number of residues, drymass of leaves, dry mass of leaves, stem and residue. Thus, it was determined the parameters for growthanalysis. With the data obtained, we performed a variance analysis, and presented significant results,and the means of each season of the year submitted to the Tukey test at 5% of error probability. Theair temperature and global radiation influence crop cycle. Lower temperatures and lower incidenceof radiation result in cycle extended, as observed in autumn. The escarole growth is influenced byseasons of year in Rio Grande do Sul (RS), and summer and spring finish the cycle in advance to others,presenting a larger leaf area. Summer and spring are most indicated season to escarole crop in RS,Brazil.(AU)
A falta de pesquisas sobre cultivares de chicória adaptadas a cada região, bem como informaçõestécnicas sobre seu crescimento, tem sido alguns dos fatores relacionados a baixos rendimentos. Diantedisso, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o crescimento da cultura da Chicória em quatro estações doano em Santa Maria- RS. O experimento foi conduzido em delineamento de blocos ao acaso, 1 x 4,sendo uma cultivar de chicória (cultivar Escorola Lisa®) avaliada em quatro estações do ano (verão,outono, inverno e primavera), com seis repetições. As avaliações foram realizadas de forma destrutivaa cada sete dias, a partir da data do transplantio até o ponto de colheita. Analisaram-se os seguintescomponentes: número de folhas, número de restos, massa seca de discos, massa seca de folhas, caule erestos. Com os dados obtidos procedeu-se análise de variância, e apresentando resultados significativos,e as médias de cada estação do ano submetidas ao teste de Tukey a 5% de probabilidade de erro. Atemperatura do ar e a radiação global apresentaram influência sobre o ciclo da cultura. Temperaturasmais baixas e menor incidência de radiação resultaram no maior ciclo da cultura, observado no outono. O crescimento da chicória foi influenciado pelas estações do ano no Rio Grande do Sul (RS), sendoque o verão e primavera finalizaram o ciclo antecipadamente às demais, apresentando maior área foliar.Verão e primavera são as estações mais indicadas para o cultivo da chicória no RS, Brasil.(AU)
Subject(s)
Cichorium intybus/growth & development , Seasons , Vegetables/growth & development , Crops, Agricultural/growth & development , Brazil , 24444 , Drought IndexesABSTRACT
The remediation of contaminated dredged sediments is necessary to eliminate the risk towards human beings or the environment when there is disposal on land. A greenhouse experiment was carried out to evaluate the chemically assisted phytoextraction to clean up dredged sediment contaminated with Cr, Cu, Pb, and Zn. The ability of castor bean and chicory to absorb, translocate, and accumulate metals from sediment to root and shoot was evaluated by applying EDTA (5 mM), NTA (5 mM), and citric acid (60 mM) to sediment, before the harvest. Citric acid 60 mM was the most effective treatment in increasing Cr, Cu, and Pb in castor bean and chicory shoot. Chicory could accumulate 1730 mg Cr kg-1 in shoot, and had greater values than one for the bioaccumulation and translocation factors when citric acid was added to the sediment. But, the Cr percentages removed per harvest of chicory were 0.05% and were lower for Cu, Pb, and Zn due to low biomass obtained. Citric acid-assisted phytoextraction with chicory can be a promising short time solution to reduce Cr concentration in sediment and reach the Cr level guide for industrial land use only if suitable agronomic practices could be implemented to increase crop yield.
Subject(s)
Cichorium intybus , Metals, Heavy/analysis , Ricinus communis , Soil Pollutants/analysis , Biodegradation, Environmental , Citric Acid , Edetic Acid , Humans , RicinusABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: The correct choice of raw materials in the development of cosmetic formulations is essential for obtaining stable and pleasant skin care products. Therefore, rheological, texture and sensory analyses are important to understand the behaviour and stability of the formulations. In this context, the aim of this study was to develop cosmetic formulations containing or not (vehicle) UV filters and chicory root extract, to evaluate their stability as well as to characterize their physical and texture properties and correlate them with the sensory attributes. METHODS: Four formulations containing organic UV filters and chicory extract, each alone or in combination, were developed and evaluated for 180 days with a cone and plate rheometer, a texture analyzer and consumer's sensorial analysis. Thus, the data obtained were correlated to observe the different influences. RESULTS: The developed formulations remained stable after 180 days regarding macroscopic aspects, organoleptic characteristics and pH values. The addition of the UV filters alone and in combination with the active substance resulted in significant increases in rheology properties, viscosity and consistency. The formulation with the active ingredient showed significant decreases in the texture parameters after 180 days, mainly due to its polysaccharide inulin. All formulations obtained high scores in sensorial parameters. A strong correlation was mainly found between spreadability and work of shear, and between the texture parameters. CONCLUSION: The raw materials strongly influenced the physical, texture and sensorial parameters. Finally, the UV filters showed a greater influence on the results of the formulations than the chicory root extract. In conclusion, the association of the mentioned methods allows the correct choice of ingredients and their combinations.
Subject(s)
Cosmetics , Cichorium intybus/chemistry , Humans , Plant Extracts , Rheology , Skin Physiological Phenomena , Ultraviolet RaysABSTRACT
During the aging process, the human skin suffers many alterations including dryness, skin barrier function damage. The skin barrier function is important to the prevention of skin alterations and maintenance of homeostasis. So, the objective of this study was to assess the clinical efficacy on skin barrier function of Cichorium intybus root extract in cosmetic formulations with or without UV filters. Fifty women, aged between 45 and 60 years, were divided into two groups. One group received vehicle formulations containing UV filters, and the other group received formulations without UV filters. Both groups received a formulation containing the extract and the vehicle. The formulations were applied twice daily to the upper arms after washing with sodium lauryl sulphate. Transepidermal water loss (TEWL) and skin microrelief were evaluated before and after a 14- and 28-day period of treatment. The control regions and regions where the vehicles were applied showed an increase in the TEWL. For the formulations containing the extract, decreased TEWL and improved microrelief were observed when compared to the vehicle and control areas after a 28-day period. In conclusion, Cichorium intybus root extract showed protective and restructuring effects on the skin and stands out as an innovative ingredient to improve skin barrier function.
Subject(s)
Cichorium intybus/chemistry , Cosmetics/administration & dosage , Skin/drug effects , Female , Humans , Middle Aged , Skin/metabolism , Water Loss, InsensibleABSTRACT
The use of compounds with antioxidant properties as a source of phelanoeid compounds is highly recommendable in the poultry industry. Therefore, the effect of Cichorium intybus L. herb on pathobiochemical indexes of chicken under heat stress was studied. After exposure to heat stress (from day 21 to day 42 of growth), hydroalcoholic extraction was provided to 270 broiler chicks randomly divided into six groups and placed in two distinct poultry houses (heat stress and normal conditions). The three groups were recipient group of Cichorium intybus L. (1); recipient group of vitamin C (2) and control group (3). The birds in one of the houses were exposed to heat stress conditions (35 °C for 8 hours) for a time period between 22 to 42 days and the birds in the other house were reared under normal conditions (20-22°C) for the same time period. Blood samples collected from the birds showed that Cichorium intybus L. herb caused significant decrease in uric acid, Triglyceride, Alanine aminotransferase (ALT), total body clearance factors (CL- factors) and right ventricular failure index (RVF) and significant increase in K+ under heat stress condition (p < 0.05). Vitamin C caused significant decrease in uric acid, ALT, CL- factors and RVF index and significant increase in K+ and Na+ under heat stress condition (p 0.05). A significant decrease in cholesterol and triglyceride in recipient group of Cichorium intybus L was observed compared to the recipient group of vitamin C under heat stress condition (p < 0.05). In a pathologic examination normal observations were in recipient group of Cichorium intybus L and recipient group of vitamin C compared to the control group. According to this study, use of Cichorium intybus L extract and vitamin C in chicken under heat stress induced improvement in liver, kidney activity and fat metabolism.
Subject(s)
Animals , Cichorium intybus/metabolism , Cichorium intybus/chemistry , Plant Extracts/metabolism , Chickens/metabolism , Heat Stress Disorders/veterinary , Antioxidants/therapeutic use , Blood Specimen Collection/veterinary , Hydroalcoholic Solution , Ascorbic Acid/analysisABSTRACT
The use of compounds with antioxidant properties as a source of phelanoeid compounds is highly recommendable in the poultry industry. Therefore, the effect of Cichorium intybus L. herb on pathobiochemical indexes of chicken under heat stress was studied. After exposure to heat stress (from day 21 to day 42 of growth), hydroalcoholic extraction was provided to 270 broiler chicks randomly divided into six groups and placed in two distinct poultry houses (heat stress and normal conditions). The three groups were recipient group of Cichorium intybus L. (1); recipient group of vitamin C (2) and control group (3). The birds in one of the houses were exposed to heat stress conditions (35 °C for 8 hours) for a time period between 22 to 42 days and the birds in the other house were reared under normal conditions (20-22°C) for the same time period. Blood samples collected from the birds showed that Cichorium intybus L. herb caused significant decrease in uric acid, Triglyceride, Alanine aminotransferase (ALT), total body clearance factors (CL- factors) and right ventricular failure index (RVF) and significant increase in K+ under heat stress condition (p < 0.05). Vitamin C caused significant decrease in uric acid, ALT, CL- factors and RVF index and significant increase in K+ and Na+ under heat stress condition (p 0.05). A significant decrease in cholesterol and triglyceride in recipient group of Cichorium intybus L was observed compared to the recipient group of vitamin C under heat stress condition (p < 0.05). In a pathologic examination normal observations were in recipient group of Cichorium intybus L and recipient group of vitamin C compared to the control group. According to this study, use of Cichorium intybus L extract and vitamin C in chicken under heat stress induced improvement in liver, kidney activity and fat metabolism.(AU)